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PubMed2003

Predictors of the prevalence of bacterial STI among young disadvantaged Indigenous people in north Queensland, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify sexually transmitted infections in rural and remote Indigenous communities in north eastern Australia and examine factors that may influence prevalence. METHODS: A cross sectional survey of 26 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in northern Queensland was carried out. 3313 people (2862 Indigenous) aged 15 years and over resident in participating communities during the period March 1998 to December 2000. The main outcome measures were community and population prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea and independently associated risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 238 cases of chlamydia, 66 cases of gonorrhoea, and 37 cases of co-infection were detected among Indigenous participants. Prevalence of chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea ranged from 23.0% among 15-19 year olds to 3.5% among those 40 years and older. In the adjusted analysis younger age, female sex, lower socioeconomic status, the use of alcohol and tobacco, and the structure of community health services were independently associated with a higher prevalence of bacterial STI. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for improved STI control in north Queensland Indigenous communities through strategies to improve the reach and accessibility of primary healthcare services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of bupropion in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Smoking rates are high in indigenous populations and contribute to their poor health. In New Zealand the indigenous Maori population has a high rate of smoking, with around 50% of adults being smokers compared with 20% of the adult European population. A study was undertaken to determine whether bupropion is effective in the treatment of smoking cessation in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand. METHODS: A randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, parallel group study was performed in 134 Maori smokers aged 16-70 years who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. The main outcome measures were continued abstinence from smoking at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: At each time point continued abstinence was better for the subjects allocated to bupropion, with a risk ratio for abstinence over all time points of 2.44 (95% CI 1.22 to 4.88). The rates of continued abstinence in the bupropion and placebo groups at 3 months were 44.3% and 17.4%, respectively, with a risk ratio of 2.54 (95% CI 1.30 to 5.00). The corresponding figures at 12 months were 21.6% and 10.9%, respectively, with a risk ratio of 1.99 (95% CI 0.79 to 5.00). CONCLUSION: Bupropion is an effective treatment for smoking cessation in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Viability of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in whole saliva with varying concentrations of indigenous antimicrobial agents.

We have studied the possible relationship between indigenous salivary antimicrobial agents, indigenous mutans streptococci and the capability of added mutans streptococci to grow in saliva. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 19 healthy donors. Saliva samples were sterilized, supplemented with glucose and inoculated with Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus sobrinus. The mixtures were incubated for 20 h followed by counting of viable cells. Saliva samples were analysed, both before and after sterilization, for indigenous antimicrobial agents and the bacterial flora. The subjects could be divided into two groups: those (n = 9) whose saliva promoted and those (n = 10) whose saliva inhibited the growth of the inoculated streptococci. A statistically significant correlation (+0.82, p < 0.001) was found between the numbers of viable cells of S. mutans and S. sobrinus after incubation in saliva. The sterilization procedure reduced the content of all antimicrobial proteins. Salivary antimicrobial factors, or levels of indigenous mutans streptococci, did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that none of the individual salivary antimicrobial factors alone can explain the large individual differences in growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting patterns of saliva on S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Inter-individually, saliva either supports or inhibits the growth of mutans streptococci, indicating a similar response of these two species in relation to the properties of saliva.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Determinants of help-seeking behaviour in cases of epilepsy attending a teaching hospital in India: an indigenous explanatory model.

Psychosocial factors determining the choice of health facility in 30 cases of epilepsy attending the psychiatric outpatient department (OPD) of a teaching (referral) hospital in India were studied. The majority of those who chose indigenous healers as their first contact treatment facility did so on the decision of the family. A belief in the supernatural causation of epilepsy combined with family decision was associated with the choice of indigenous health facility. Belief in the physical cause of epilepsy and the participation of social network in decision making were, on the other hand, closely associated with the choice of practitioners of modern medicine. The time-lag between onset of illness and first contact for treatment was short when indigenous healers were consulted first, however these patients usually took a long time to reach the referral centre when they passed through the indigenous healers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mutual obligation, shared responsibility agreements & indigenous health strategy.

Since 2004 the Howard Coalition government has implemented a new policy framework and administrative arrangements as part of its program of reform in Indigenous affairs. In this paper I will describe both the parameters of this reform program and review the processes established to support the implementation of national Indigenous health strategy. In particular, I will consider both the shift from a policy framework based on 'self-determination' to one based on 'mutual obligation', and the implementation of Shared Responsibility Agreements (SRAs) that are based on the latter principle. I will use the example of the Mulan SRA to illustrate the difficulties in articulating the 'new arrangements' with current approaches to Indigenous health planning and strategy implementation. I conclude that 'new arrangements' pose a number of problems for Indigenous health planning and strategy that need to be addressed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

An innovative Australian point-of-care model for urine albumin: creatinine ratio testing that supports diabetes management in indigenous medical services and has international application.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in Australia's indigenous people. The measurement of urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) as a marker for early renal disease is an important component of the management of indigenous patients with diabetes. METHODS: An innovative national program (Quality Assurance for Aboriginal Medical Services [QAAMS]) for point-of-care (POC) urine ACR testing on the DCA 2000 analyser (Bayer Diagnostics) was established to monitor microalbuminuria in indigenous people with diabetes in 30 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander medical services across Australia. Aboriginal health workers perform the ACR test. The QAAMS model provides ongoing education and training, an annual workshop, monthly quality assurance testing and a telephone help hotline. Quality assurance testing is conducted using paired, linearly related samples with a wide range of ACR concentrations (1-25 mg/mmol). RESULTS: The average participation rate across four six-monthly QAAMS ACR testing cycles was 83%. In all, 94% of 1163 quality assurance tests performed were within the preset limits of acceptability. The median precision (coefficient of variation percent for ACR quality assurance testing averaged 5.4%, well within desirable performance specifications. Between-site accuracy was excellent. CONCLUSION: This unique POC model for supporting diabetes management is the first of its type to be developed for indigenous communities and has considerable potential to be adopted worldwide.

Albuminuria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tuberculosis among indigenous populations in Rondonia, Amazonia, Brazil].

Tuberculosis persists as a serious public health problem in Brazil. Prevalence rates are alarming in certain social groups, including indigenous peoples. This article presents an epidemiological analysis of records in the Rondonia State Tuberculosis Control Program, identifying the disease's profile among indigenous groups, which are socially more vulnerable and have different issues involved in controlling the disease. The study includes a descriptive statistical and multivariate multinomial analysis of cases reported in 1992 and from 1994 to 1998, attempting to identify factors associated with tuberculosis-related deaths, treatment drop-out, and missing data. Associations were identified between variables related to the disease, to the health service, and to treatment results. There is evidence that the indigenous populations in Rondonia have an increased risk of acquiring and dying from tuberculosis as compared to other residents of the State. Attention is called to the need for prevention and control measures specifically tailored to the reality of indigenous peoples.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electric power generation and transmission: the impact on indigenous peoples in Brazil].

This paper presents an overview of the effects of electric power generation and transmission on indigenous communities in Brazil. According to data from FUNAI (the Brazilian government's Board of Indian Affairs), there are 156 cases of direct impact, present or future, of the electric power sector on Indian settlements geographically distributed throughout Brazil, 65% of which are located in the Northern Region of the country. The principal complaints by indigenous communities relate to the direct effects of flooding following construction of hydroelectric dams, destruction of sacred sites like cemeteries, mosquito proliferation, and health-related hazards such as malaria and other infectious diseases, decrease in game for hunting, crowding out of farm land, and increased invasion of indigenous lands. Future perspectives include a scenario with further construction of hydroelectric dams, especially in the Amazon region, with possible similar effects on indigenous communities.

Brazil↗
PubMed2005

[Proximal determinants of fertility: reproductive behavior among Chamibida indigenous women in Antioquia, Colombia].

The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive timing used by Chamibida indigenous women in Antioquia, Colombia. This socio-demographic study used the reproductive history technique and was conducted in the year 2000. Two hundred and thirty-four homes on the Cristianía indigenous reservation were visited to obtain 253 reproductive histories (83.1% of the women ages 15 to 49). Reproductive behavior was characterized by sexual debut at age 17.8 years (mean), with short intergenesic intervals in 69.0% and an adjusted fertility rate of 5.12 children. This reproductive pattern differs from all other indigenous groups and subgroups in Antioquia. As an explanation, Chamibida women are familiar with and accept Western birth control methods, besides having more access to formal schooling. Current Colombian health system policies are far from appropriate, since they fail to take the indigenous groups' specificities into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Self-reported diabetes and health behaviors in remote indigenous communities in northern queensland, australia.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines associations between self-reported diabetes and self-reported smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit consumption, and participation in adequate exercise in remote indigenous communities, using data from the Well Persons' Health Check (WPHC). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The WPHC was a cross-sectional survey of 2,862 indigenous individuals (1,602 Aborigines, 1,074 Torres Strait Islanders, and 186 persons of joint descent) aged > or =15 years. The study was conducted in 26 remote communities in northern Queensland, Australia, between March 1998 and October 2000. RESULTS: A total of 32% of individuals with self-reported diabetes and 25% of other individuals reported eating enough fruit, according to National Health and Medical Research Council criteria: odds ratio (OR) 1.407 (95% CI 1.108-1.786), P = 0.006. After adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity, no significant difference could be observed: adjusted OR 1.22 (0.944-1.574), P = 0.128. A total of 58% of participants who reported diabetes and 51% of others reported adequate exercise: OR 0.761 (0.609-0.952), P = 0.018. This difference was not significant after adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity: adjusted OR 0.896 (0.705-1.14), P = 0.370. A total of 43% of individuals who reported diabetes and 72% of others reported consuming alcohol: OR 0.295 (0.235-0.369), P < 0.001. After adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity, this difference was still significant: adjusted OR 0.550 (0.428-0.709), P < 0.001. Diabetic drinkers consumed alcohol at harmful levels similar to those of nondiabetic drinkers (P = 0.691). A total of 40% of individuals who reported diabetes and 63% of other persons were tobacco smokers: OR 0.403 (0.322-0.505), P < 0.001. Although this crude difference was attenuated by adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity, persons with self-reported diabetes were still significantly less likely to smoke tobacco than other participants: adjusted OR 0.666 (0.521-0.852), P = 0.001. Smoking prevalence among the diabetic indigenous participants was more than double that in nondiabetic nonindigenous Australians. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that indigenous individuals with diabetes living in rural and remote communities are not adopting lifestyle changes required for optimal self-management of the disease. This contributes to the large excess of mortality and morbidity experienced by this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Double talk: changing and conflicting constructions of indigenous mental health.

OBJECTIVE: The method by which psychiatric professionals and the profession itself have addressed the mental health needs of Indigenous Australians is explored. METHOD: A sociohistorical frame is utilised to explore the changing nature of psychiatric engagement in this field since the Second World War. RESULTS: A series of distinct phases are definable, each of which demonstrates particular characteristics that relate to the social and political circumstances of indigenous Australia and changing investment on the part of mental health professionals. Significant difficulties have emerged at various stages and there exist quite different interpretations and uses of language relating to indigenous mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Current relations between mental health professionals and members of indigenous communities in Australia are informed by a history of which we should be aware. It has had and continues to have consequences that include significant differences in the ways in which mental health needs are conceived and articulated. These, in turn, are consequential in terms of policy and practice.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

Blood concentrations of persistent toxic substances in the indigenous communities of the Russian Arctic.

OBJECTIVES: Investigation was carried out within the framework of the large-scale international project "Persistent Toxic Substances (PTS), Food Security and Indigenous People of the Russian North" under RAIPON/AMAP/GEF aegis. Objectives of the project are to obtain comprehensive information on exposure of indigenous populations to contaminants through food chains (and other sources), and to investigate the possible health effects connected to this exposure. Four regions of Russia are involved in the project: Kola Peninsula (Murmansk oblast), Nenetsk okrug (Pechora river basin), Taimyr Peninsula, Chukotka Peninsula. METHODS: Questionnaire and paired sampling of maternal/cord blood among indigenous women at childbirth (more than 250 persons) as well as among general indigenous population (more than 1,400 persons), additionally breast milk sampling of lactating women (more than 50 persons) in Chukotka was conducted. About 700 blood samples have been analyzed at the Center for Environmental Chemistry, SPA "Typhoon" (Obninsk, Russia), the Regional Center "Monitoring of the Arctic", RCMA (St. Petersburg, Russia), the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU (Tromso, Norway) and at INSPQ (Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: On the whole, PTS in human blood of the Russian Arctic natives are similar to those in the coastal areas of Greenland and Canada, and for some POPs such as toxaphenes and mirex, these levels are lower.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMed2005

Estimation of traditional food intake in indigenous communities in Denendeh and the Yukon.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic non-communicable diseases related to excessive or unbalanced dietary intakes are on the rise among some Indigenous populations in Canada. Nutritional problems of Indigenous peoples arise in the transition from a traditional diet to a market diet characterized by highly processed foods with reduced nutrient density. This study aimed at assessing traditional food intake of Indigenous people in 18 communities. STUDY DESIGN: This study was cross-sectional with a sample size of 1,356. METHODS: This study used food frequency and 24-hour recall questionnaires to quantify traditional food intake in 18 communities in the McKenzie basin of the Northwest Territories (Denendeh and the Yukon). RESULTS: Typical daily intakes of groups of traditional food items were generated and intake of an extensive list of traditional food detailed for adult men and women. Per capita intake of traditional food items was also calculated. CONCLUSION: Reliance on traditional food intake is still high in Denendeh, as well as in the Yukon. The detailed description of the traditional food system presented here allows an accurate identification of the contribution of traditional food items to nutrient and contaminant intake by Indigenous people for future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Nutrigenomics: A tool to unlock genetic potential of Nigerian indigenous goat breeds.

Nigerian indigenous goats represent a valuable genetic resource for meat and milk production. However, their productivity often falls below their genetic potential because of sub-optimal nutrition. Nutrigenomics offers a revolutionary approach to bridge this gap by exploring the interactions between nutrients and goat genes. This study explores how nutrigenomic tools can be used to identify gene variants associated with feed efficiency, meat quality, and milk production. Various technologies are designed to ensure the realization of genetic potential. Nutrigenomics is aimed at exploiting the noncoding section of an individual's genome, which is disregarded in traditional animal nutrient requirement assessment. Nutrigenomic technology has the potential to unlock the genetic potential of animals and essentially help to confront nutritional challenges and sub-optimal use of available feed resources, particularly in Nigerian indigenous goats, of which there is a dearth of information on their nutritional needs and requirements. This review discusses the potential of nutrigenomics to unlock the genetic potential of Nigerian indigenous goats. In addition, the review discusses the challenges and future directions of nutrigenomic research in Nigerian goats. By implementing nutrigenomic strategies, Nigerian goat production can be revolutionized, leading to increased productivity, improved product quality, and enhanced farmer livelihoods. It is hoped that this review will provide vital information to aid research into the nutrigenomics potential of unlocking the genetic potentials and reproductive performance of Nigerian indigenous goats through nutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Biological leaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and sulfur waste in a closed system.

The utilization of indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and sulfur waste was investigated in order to remove heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge economically. Indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria existing in anaerobically digested sewage sludge were activated by adding elemental sulfur to the sludge and then the bacteria were isolated. It was found that indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria could utilize sulfur waste generated by desulfurization of digestion gas as a substrate. Then, biological leaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge was carried out using indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and sulfur waste. By adding sulfur waste to sewage sludge, sulfuric acid was produced by the bacteria and the sludge pH decreased. Heavy metals in sewage sludge were effectively removed owing to the decrease of pH. The optimum amount of sulfur waste added to decrease the pH sufficiently was 5g/L when the sludge concentration was 2%. It was presented that the biological leaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge can be carried out in a closed system, where all required materials are obtained in a sewage treatment plant.

Environmental Pollution↗
PubMed2003

Identifying musculoskeletal conditions among rural indigenous peoples.

OBJECTIVE: To critically review the methodological properties of previous musculoskeletal studies among Indigenous populations. In particular, non-rheumatic, musculoskeletal conditions of mechanical origin are examined as these appear to be commonly related to syndromes of pain and disability. DESIGN: Systematic review. SETTING: Rural, Indigenous communities throughout the world. SUBJECTS: Indigenous peoples aged 16 and over living in rural communities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Minimum requirements for methodologically sound musculoskeletal health research according to previously published criteria. RESULTS: Due to methodological limitations in the 14 studies reviewed, only five methodologically acceptable studies were found. CONCLUSION: Given the paucity of methodologically sound musculoskeletal studies among Indigenous populations, the true prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions in these communities remains largely unknown.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Study on polymorphisms of microsatellites DNA of six Chinese indigenous sheep breeds.

The polymorphisms of 17 microsatellites loci of six indigenous sheep breeds, including Mongolian sheep, Ujumuqin sheep, Kazakstan sheep, Aletai sheep and Tibetan sheep, were studied using polypropylene gel electrophoresis in order to investigate their genetic diversity,origin, differentiation and relationships. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in genetic diversity between different loci (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in PIC, Fis and observed heterozygosity (Obs. Het) among populations (P > 0.05), but a significant difference in gene diversity and expected heterozygosity (Exp. Het) (P < 0.05). Chinese indigenous sheep breeds had similar genetic diversity as those from Europe,but with higher inbreeding coefficient. It could be inferred from the cluster of individuals and populations that Chinese indigenous sheep breeds might originate from two ancestors. The cluster of populations showed that Mongolian sheep and Ujumuqin sheep had close relationship and did not differentiate obviously. Mongolian sheep and Tibetan sheep had far relationship and differentiated significantly. Aletai sheep differentiated from Kazakstan sheep but not significantly. Tan sheep,Aletai sheep and Tibetan sheep also had close relationships. The Fst of Chinese indigenous sheep breeds was close to some Spanish sheep breeds,but much smaller than that of other European sheep breeds. More loci and samples should be studied in the future in order to obtain more accurate results.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Utilization of indigenous systems of medicine & homoeopathy in India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Very little information is available on the utilization of Indian systems of medicine and homoeopathy (ISM&H) in India. A study was undertaken on the usage and acceptability of indigenous systems of medicine to provide estimate of utilization of different indigenous systems of medicine in the country along with the reasons for preferences as well as the cost of treatment. METHODS: The study covered 35 districts spreading over 19 States of the country. From 16 major States, two districts each were selected randomly one from the list of districts with high utilization level and another with low level of utilization. From other 3 States, one district each was selected randomly. From each selected district, 1000 households with at least one sick person were covered. This was achieved by selecting 50 Urban Frame Surveys (UFS)/villages and 20 sick persons each per village/UFS. Allocation of 50 First Stage Units (FSUs) among rural and urban sectors was made in proportion to rural-urban population of the district. From selected FSUs, 20 households with at least one sick person was selected randomly. The data were collected on the health seeking behaviour of persons who were sick (with common or serious ailments) in the last three months before survey including at the time of survey. RESULTS: About 45,000 sick persons from 33,666 households from 35 districts of the country were covered. The preference of ISM&H for common ailment was about 33 per cent while only 18 per cent preferred to use these systems in case of serious ailments in the country. The sick persons actually availing ISM&H treatment were about 14 per cent. Of those who preferred ISM&H, the reasons were mainly "no side effect" and low cost of treatment. Slow progress was the main reason for not preferring the indigenous systems. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that about 14 per cent sick persons utilizing indigenous system of medicine. Slow progress and non availability of practitioners were the main reasons for not preferring the ISM & H treatment.

Delivery of Health Care↗