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PubMed1982

Effects of hypothesis testing and variable format training on generalization of a verbal abstraction strategy by EMR learners.

The effectiveness of a training program, varying in presentation format (single vs. multiple task), in promoting the acquisition and generalization of a verbal abstraction strategy was evaluated for 38 female and 42 male EMR learners. Although the training program enhanced the acquisition and near generalization of the verbal abstraction strategy, no far generalization was observed. Presentation format had no effect on acquisition nor on near or far generalization. The results were interpreted in terms of prior findings, and an alternate definition of generalization was offered.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypothesis tests.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2001

Evaluating statistical difference, equivalence, and indeterminacy using inferential confidence intervals: an integrated alternative method of conducting null hypothesis statistical tests.

Null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) has been debated extensively but always successfully defended. The technical merits of NHST are not disputed in this article. The widespread misuse of NHST has created a human factors problem that this article intends to ameliorate. This article describes an integrated, alternative inferential confidence interval approach to testing for statistical difference, equivalence, and indeterminacy that is algebraically equivalent to standard NHST procedures and therefore exacts the same evidential standard. The combined numeric and graphic tests of statistical difference, equivalence, and indeterminacy are designed to avoid common interpretive problems associated with NHST procedures. Multiple comparisons, power, sample size, test reliability, effect size, and cause-effect ratio are discussed. A section on the proper interpretation of confidence intervals is followed by a decision rule summary and caveats.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2002

The malleability of anchoring effects.

Anchoring effects--the assimilation of a numeric estimate to a previously considered standard--are typically described as very robust and persistent. Based on the assumption that judgmental anchoring involves a hypothesis-testing process in which judges actively seek and generate judgment-relevant target knowledge, it was assumed that anchoring effects might at the same time be fairly malleable. Specifically, subtle influences that change the nature of the tested hypothesis are likely to affect the magnitude of anchoring. Using a procedural priming task, judges were induced to focus on similarities versus differences during a series of anchoring tasks. The results demonstrate that the magnitude of the obtained effect critically depended on this manipulation. In particular, a more pronounced anchoring assimilation effect resulted for judges with a similarity rather than a difference focus. Implications of these findings for models of anchoring as well as for the nature of the anchoring phenomenon are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[A study on the effect of waiting time for operations in the operating room on preoperative patients].

This study was attempted to provide us with basic information on how to improve understanding with patients for operation, and to offer them better nursing and treatment. This kind of study will help scientific application to nursing practice and operating room. The data was collected by interviewing 29 patients who underwent the elective surgery under the general anesthesia at Y hospital in Seoul. The interview ran from October 15 to December 15, 1989. The research instrument was a anxiety measurement device (SAAI) originally developed by Spielberger, et al and modified by Jung-Tack Kim. 1. Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis one was that there would be a difference in state anxiety level according to a time difference in waiting for operation. This hypothesis was rejected (state anxiety level one hour before operation P greater than .05, r = .747, State anxiety level half an hour before operation P greater than .05, r = .1550, state anxiety level just before operation, P greater than .05, r = .1099). However, state anxiety level appeared to be associated with a longer waiting period, like one day before operation (P less than .05, r = .4628). Hypothesis two was that there would be a difference according to state anxiety level of patients for operation. This was rejected. (Change of blood pressure in systolic P greater than .05, r = -.1082. Change of blood pressure in diastolic P greater than .05, r = -.088, Change of pulse rate, P less than .05, r = 1.909) 2. Examining trait anxiety and state anxiety levels, the average level of trait anxiety was 42.034, and the average level of state anxiety one day before operation was 43,000. The average level of state anxiety was averaged 42.356 in a waiting room for operation. 3. Examining the state anxiety level by time period, the level one hour before was 42.379, the level half an hour before 42.276, and the level just before operation 42.414. The low level of state anxiety was due to the fact that premedication was not eliminated. 4. Age and time period like one day before operation was related to state anxiety level (F = 5.271, P less than .001) and blood pressure in waiting room for operation. That is, state anxiety level and blood pressure of patients one day before operation appeared high. Sex was related to changes of blood pressure; the blood pressure of male patients appeared higher than that of female patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anxiety↗
PubMed1997

Effects of positive feedback on the social interactions of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the self-protective hypothesis.

Tested the hypothesis that inflated self-assessments offered by children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) serve a self-protective function. This was accomplished by examining the effects of positive feedback on self-perceptions and social interactions of boys with ADHD and comparison boys. Boys with ADHD and comparison boys, 8 to 11 years old, were paired in 60 dyads and interacted in two unstructured cooperative tasks. Following the first interaction, 1 boy in half of the dyads received positive feedback, supposedly from his partner, concerning his performance. Results indicated that following the first interaction, but prior to feedback, boys with ADHD had an overly positive view of how much their partner liked them. However, following the second interaction, boys with ADHD who received positive feedback actually showed a significant decrease in their self-perceptions, whereas comparison boys who received feedback showed an increase. These results are seen as supportive of the self-protective hypothesis that children with ADHD offer inflated self-perceptions to counter feelings of inadequacy. When presented with positive feedback, they are able to relax this defensive posture and offer more realistic self-assessments.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1994

[How to assess the size of a clinical trial?].

The interpretation of the results of a clinical trial, an experimental method now recognised as the agreed technique for studying new therapeutic modes of treatment in man, is based on a statistical study of data collected on a sample of patients enrolled in the study and treated till its fulfillment. This interpretation is often made using statistical inference techniques based on the construction of a decision rule associated with a statistical hypothesis test; this hypothesis test serves to formalize a research question in a precise manner, and allows the null hypothesis H0 to be tested against an alternative hypothesis H1. The decision rule will be constructed using a probability distribution, which assumes control against type I error, and consists of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis. However, the control of the risk of type II error, made error where one mistakenly takes a decision not to reject the null hypothesis, can only be achieved using a sufficiently large sample. The correct evaluation of the sample size is thus paramount if one does not wish to be doomed to the failure of a study, by including an insufficient number of patients to achieve the aimed objective. The aim of this report is to review how this evaluation can be due, in a practical manner without proof, in the context of simple situations which are used when Phase II or III clinical trials are put into action.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol and the compensation hypothesis: a test with cognitive and psychomotor tasks.

An experiment tested the hypothesis that moderately intoxicated subjects can compensate for the detrimental effects of alcohol. Subjects were assigned either to a Control group, a Low Incentive group, or a High Incentive group. The dose of alcohol was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. The rationale of the experiment was that the High Incentive group would be more inclined to try to compensate than would the Low Incentive group. A psychomotor and two different cognitive tasks were used. Analysis indicated that the psychomotor test was not at all affected by alcohol, so there was no possibility for compensation. On the Color Word Test, intoxicated subjects developed the strategy of taking longer time to complete the test and so keeping the number of errors low. On the Dot Test, men were not affected by alcohol and could not compensate while women were affected and successfully compensated for the detrimental effects of alcohol. The results were interpreted as a partial support of the hypothesis of compensation for alcohol effect.

Adult↗