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PubMed2003

Cytotoxicity study of homopolymers and copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and some alkyl acrylates for potential use as temporary skin substitutes.

The cytotoxicities of both homopolymers and copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and various alkyl acrylates (AA) were investigated using cell culture techniques. The particular alkyl acrylates used were methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA) and butyl acrylate (BA). The AA contents of the polymers studied were in the range of 0-25% by weight. They were synthesized via bulk polymerization in the form of thin sheets of 0.5+/-0.1 mm thickness. After sterilization using ethylene oxide gas, cytotoxicity tests, including both direct and indirect contact tests, were performed using cell lines of L929 and normal human dermal fibroblasts. The results showed that P(HEMA-co-EA) with EA contents of 15-25% and P(HEMA-co-BA) with BA contents of 10-25% appeared to be non-cytotoxic and attractive for more specific cytocompatibility tests and in vivo studies with a view to their use as temporary skin substitutes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis and characterisation of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polyelectrolyte complexes.

Copolymerisation of charged and neutral monomers is a well-known methodology to introduce charged moieties in a polymeric chain to obtain polyelectrolytes. New polyelectrolyte complexes have been synthesised by radical copolymerisation of neutral methacrylic monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with cationic 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and anionic 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulphonic acid monomers in 10:1:1 and 10:1:2 stechiometric ratio. Chemical structure of the synthesised terpolymers was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the presence of a cationic charge excess on the 10:1:2 terpolymer surface with respect to 10:1:1 terpolymer. Swelling studies for 10:1:2 terpolymers showed a high water content in the swollen state and a "smart behaviour" upon changes in external stimuli such as pH, while, 10:1:1 terpolymer presented the behaviour of a neutral polymer. Mechanical and differential scanning calorimetry analysis confirmed that terpolymer networks were stabilised by ionic co-operative interactions. Infact, the inclusion of oppositely ionic charges in the polymeric network of p(HEMA) represent a way to achieve higher elastic modulus as they stabilise the terpolymer networks. Cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility studies demonstrated that all materials were not toxic, moreover, the presence of a cationic charge excess on 10:1:2 terpolymer surface was able to promote fibroblast adhesion.

Absorption↗
PubMed2026

Reversed unidirectional transport in a Janus polyurethane/alginate dressing for directional postbiotic delivery to infected wounds.

Probiotic-derived postbiotics exhibit significant potential for infected wound control; however, their effective and localized delivery at wound sites remains a challenge. This study developed a polyurethane/alginate composite nonwoven via electrospinning to establish a postbiotic delivery platform for Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 (PU/Alg/BD-1). The beaded fibrous hydrophobic PU layer and hydrophilic Alg layer form a wettability gradient, enabling reversed unidirectional fluid transport toward the wound interface while inhibiting backflow. In vitro results showed that PU/Alg/BD-1 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and good cytocompatibility with a hemolysis rate of <5%. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed multiple organic acids in the BD-1 metabolites, which contributed to its antibacterial activity. In vivo microbial analysis verified that PU/Alg/BD-1 effectively reduced the relative abundance of Staphylococcus at the wound site while increasing the proportions of Corynebacterium and Psychrobacter. This microbial modulation contributed to infection control in a rat full-thickness infected wound model, accompanied by a shift in the macrophage phenotype and the downregulation of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-&#x3b1;, and TGF-&#x3b2; in the PU/Alg/BD-1 group. Compared with the blank control, conventional gauze, PU/Alg, and BD-1 groups, PU/Alg/BD-1 significantly promoted wound contraction and re-epithelialization and enhanced collagen deposition. Hence, this study provides an effective material construction strategy for the application of probiotic-derived postbiotics to promote wound healing, demonstrates the potential of BD-1 to regulate the wound microenvironment and accelerate healing, and thereby offers a novel approach for the treatment of infected wounds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Cytotoxic effects of gingival retraction cords on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.

The objective of this study was to determine the cytocompatibility of three different extracts of gingival retraction cords and to compare the cytotoxic effect of these materials on human gingival fibroblasts. Gingival retraction cords impregnated with aluminium sulphate (Gingi-Aid), dl-adrenaline HCl (Gingi-Pak) and non-drug-impregnated cord (Gingi-Plain) were eluted with culture medium for 10 min and 24 h. Cytotoxicity was judged using a tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Our data demonstrated that gingival retraction cords applied alone almost completely inhibited cell viability (P < 0.05). In addition, the results also showed that the eluates from aluminium sulphate-impregnated cord, dl-adrenaline HCl-impregnated cord and non-drug-impregnated cord were cytotoxic to primary human gingival fibroblast cultures (P < 0.05). The cell viability of incubation of gingival fibroblasts containing 10-min eluates of aluminium sulphate, dl-adrenaline HCl and non-drug-impregnated cord was 61, 21 and 70%, respectively. The cell viability of incubation of gingival fibroblasts containing 24 h eluates of aluminium sulphate, dl-adrenaline HCl and non-drug-impregnated cord was 68, 58 and 72%, respectively. It was found that dl-adrenaline HCl-impregnated gingival retraction cord was the most toxic gingival retraction cord among the materials tested in all cultures (P < 0.05). The cytotoxicity decreased in an order of dl-adrenaline HCl-impregnated cord > aluminium sulphate-impregnated cord > non-drug-impregnated cord. The extent or degree of the cytotoxicity depended on the materials tested. Gingival retraction cords have significant potential for gingival toxicity. Careful management of gingiva retraction cords would lower the risk of potential gingival tissue damage during clinical application procedure and thus increase the success of prosthodontic procedures.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2001

A bone replaceable artificial bone substitute: cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity.

Cellular toxicity, cell adhesion and proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were investigated for an artificial bone substitute composed of heated carbonate apatite (CAp) and Type I atelocollagen (AtCol) extracted from bovine tail skins (88/12 in %wt/wt). To enhance the intramolecular crosslinking between collagen molecules, the CAp-AtCol substitutes were irradiated by ultraviolet rays (wave length 254 nm) at 4 degrees C for 4 h or vacuum dried at 150 degrees C for 2 h. Cytotoxicity tests by a direct contact method and an extract dilution method revealed that the CAp-AtCol substitutes were cytocompatible for balb 3T3 fibroblasts. Osteoblast adhesion studies demonstrated that the substitute disks composed of 980 degrees C-heated CAp and AtCol were significantly more adhesive for osteoblasts than those of 1,200 degrees C-sintered CAp and AtCol (p < 0.05). Proliferation studies showed that the number of osteoblasts grown in the media containing substitutes of 980 degrees C-heated CAp and AtCol was statistically higher than grown in those of 1,200 degrees C-sintered CAp and AtCol after 5 days (p < 0.05). It was found that osteoblasts grown in the substitutes of 980 degrees C-heated CAp and AtCol only expressed similar ALP activity to the controls. These results suggested that the substitutes consisting of 980 degrees C-heated CAp and AtCol show more favorable interactions with osteoblasts than those of 1,200 degrees C-sintered CAp and AtCol.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2002

Cytotoxicity of resin-based restorative materials on human pulp cell cultures.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the cytocompatibility of 5 different extracts of resin-based restorative materials (2 resin-modified glass ionomer cements, 1 compomer, and 2 composite resins) on human pulp cells. STUDY DESIGN: Set specimens from 2 resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (Fuji II LC and Fuji IX), 1 compomer (Dyract), and 2 composite resins (Tetric and Superfil) were eluted with culture medium for 2 and 5 days. The effects of resin-based restorative materials on human pulp cells were evaluated with cytotoxicity and mitochondrial activity assays. RESULTS: The results showed that the eluates from resin-modified glass-ionomer, compomer, and composite resins were cytotoxic to primary human pulp cells. In addition, Superfil, Fuji IX, and Tetric demonstrated an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial activity of human pulp cells. It was found that composite resin Superfil was the most toxic restorative material among the chemicals tested. CONCLUSION: The influence of the cytotoxicity depended on the materials tested. Compomer or light-curing resin-modified glass ionomer may initially react more favorably to pulp cells.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary development of a novel resorbable synthetic polymer fiber scaffold for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

We are developing novel resorbable fiber-based scaffolds for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). For the first time, we report fabrication of fibers from poly(DTE carbonate) polymer. Poly(L-lactic acid) fibers were also fabricated for comparison purposes. The study was performed in three phases. In phase I, first-generation fibers were found to promote tissue ingrowth in a subcutaneous model. In phase II, second-generation fibers were fabricated from poly(DTE carbonate) and poly(L-lactic acid), with diameters of 79 and 72 microm, ultimate tensile strengths of 230 and 299 MPa, moduli of 3.1 and 4.9 GPa, and molecular weights of 65000 and 170000, respectively. These fibers were evaluated on the basis of molecular weight retention, strength retention, and cytocompatibility. After 30 weeks of incubation in phosphate-buffered saline, poly(DTE carbonate) and poly(L-lactic acid) fibers had 87 and 7% strength retention, respectively. Similar trends were observed for molecular weight loss. Fibroblasts attached and proliferated equally well on both scaffold types in vitro. Finally, in phase III, a prototype ACL reconstruction device was fabricated from poly(DTE carbonate) fibers with strength values comparable to those of the normal ACL (57 MPa). Collectively, these data suggest that poly(DTE carbonate) fibers are potentially useful for development of resorbable scaffolds for ACL reconstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of a microbial transglutaminase cross-linked type II collagen scaffold.

This study investigated the effect on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of type II collagen scaffolds after cross-linking with microbial transglutaminase (mTGase). It is intended to develop a collagen-based scaffold to be used for the treatment of degenerated intervertebral discs. By measuring the amount of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide formed after cross-linking, it was determined that the optimal enzyme concentration was 0.005% (w/v). From the production of covalent bonds induced by mTGase cross-linking, the degradation resistance of type II collagen scaffolds can be enhanced. Rheological analysis revealed an almost sixfold increase in storage modulus (G') with 0.005% (w/v) mTGase cross-linked scaffolds (1.31 +/- 0.03 kPa) compared to controls (0.21 +/- 0.01 kPa). There was a significant reduction in the level of cell-mediated contraction of scaffolds with increased mTGase concentrations. Cell proliferation assays showed that mTGase crosslinked scaffolds exhibited similar cytocompatibility properties in comparison to non-cross-linked scaffolds. In summary, cross-linking type II collagen with mTGase imparted more desirable properties, making it more applicable for use as a scaffold in tissue engineering applications.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2006

Fibronectin functional domains coupled to hyaluronan stimulate adult human dermal fibroblast responses critical for wound healing.

Fibronectin (FN) facilitates dermal fibroblast migration during normal wound healing. Proteolytic degradation of FN in chronic wounds hampers healing. Previously, three FN functional domains (FNfd) have been shown to be sufficient for optimal adult human dermal fibroblast migration. Here we report the development of an acellular hydrogel matrix comprised of the FNfds coupled to a hyaluronan (HA) backbone to stimulate wound repair. Employing Michael-type addition, the cysteine- tagged FNfds were first coupled to a homobifunctional PEG derivative. Thereafter, these PEG derivative FNfd solutions, containing bifunctional PEG-derivative crosslinker were coupled to thiol-modified HA (HA-DTPH) to obtain a crosslinked hydrogel matrix. When evaluated in vitro, these acellular hydrogels were completely cytocompatible. While spreading and proliferation of adult human dermal fibroblasts plateaued at higher FNfd bulk densities, their rapid and robust migration followed a typical bell-shaped response. When implanted in porcine cutaneous wounds, these acellular matrices, besides being completely biocompatible, induced rapid and en masse recruitment of stromal fibroblasts that was not observed with RGD-tethered or unmodified hydrogels. Such constructs might be of great benefit in clinical settings where rapid formation of new tissue is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cytotoxicity evaluation of perforation repair materials on human periodontal ligament cells in vitro.

Perforation of a tooth structure resulting in communication of the pulp space with periodontium occasionally occurs during endodontic therapy. For the best prognosis, the perforation area must be sealed as soon as possible. Because these materials will be in direct contact with periodontal tissues, their cytotoxic potential must be evaluated before clinical use. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytocompatibility of three perforation repair materials (amalgam, resin, and glass ionomer). Cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were used to evaluate the cellular response resulting from these materials by cell viability and proliferation assays. Twenty-seven 5 x 4 mm cylinders of each material were fabricated for this study. All tested materials were cytotoxic to human PDL cells. Both types of material and time affected cell viability and proliferation. Resin exhibited the most cytotoxic effects followed by glass ionomer and amalgam during a 14-day incubation period. Amalgam and glass ionomer slightly inhibited cell viability and growth in the first 24 hr, compared with the control. Amalgam or glass ionomer may initially react more favorably to PDL cells than resin. The present model of cultured human PDL cells is simple, relatively cheap, and easily established and propagated under standardized conditions in any laboratory. Furthermore, this method allows long-term observation of human cellular reactions and thus might be a preliminary screening test for initial biocompatibility of dental materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Cytotoxic evaluation of root canal filling materials on primary human oral fibroblast cultures and a permanent hamster cell line.

To date there has been very little data on the cytotoxic response of different cell lines to root canal sealers. The objective of this study was to determine the cytocompatibility of three different extracts of root canal sealers and to compare the cytotoxic response of these materials on two different primary human oral fibroblasts (derived from gingiva and buccal mucosa) and one permanent hamster cell line (V79 cells). Cytotoxicity was judged using an assay of tetrazolium bromide reduction. The results showed that root canal sealers (AH plus, Canals, and N2) were cytotoxic to primary human oral fibroblast cultures and V79 cells. It was found that N2 was the most toxic root canal sealer among those tested in all cultures. The toxicity decreased in an order of N2 > AH plus approximately = Canals. The sensitivity of toxicity depended on the materials tested and the cell culture system used.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Endothelial cell seeding on different polyurethanes.

Six polyurethanes (PUs) were tested with respect to their cytocompatibility. Initial adhesion, initial spreading, and the proliferation of endothelial cells were investigated. All smooth PUs showed similar initial adhesion. Initial spreading was faster on rough PUs. Collagen coating resulted in faster initial adhesion but not better proliferation of endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of biodegradable polyesters modified by type II collagen and Arg-Gly-Asp as tissue engineering scaffolding materials for cartilage regeneration.

Synthetic biodegradable polyesters poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) (50:50) modified by porcine type II collagen and an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing protein were evaluated as scaffolds for cartilage regeneration in this study. Cytocompatibility of the polymer films was tested using immortalized chondrocytes. Neocartilage formation in vitro on cell-seeded scaffolds was further examined using primary porcine chondrocytes. The inflammatory response of the scaffolds was evaluated subcutaneously in rats. A pilot animal study was conducted, in which rabbit allogeneic chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds were implanted to repair the defected rabbit knee cartilage. The results demonstrated that PLGA as well as its blends with PLLA had better cell growth than pure PLLA, and that type II collagen enhanced, but RGD inhibited cell proliferation. Scaffolds made of blended PLLA/PLGA had larger dynamic compressive modulus compared to scaffolds made of PLLA or PLGA single polymer. Chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds modified by type II collagen without RGD had the greater number of cells as well as higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents compared to scaffolds without type II collagen modification or scaffolds further modified with RDG. Type II collagen modification prevented infiltration by host tissue and capsule formation. Unmodified PLLA and PLLA/PLGA constructs demonstrated persisting inflammatory response after 6 months, while all type II collagen-modified PLLA/PLGA constructs showed complete repair and no inflammation. Partial or full repair was observed after 2 months of postimplantation in type II collagen-modified PLLA/PLGA constructs, with equal cellularity and 75-80% matrix contents of a normal rabbit articular cartilage. It was concluded that PLLA/PLGA blended scaffolds modified by type II collagen were a potential tissue engineering scaffold for cartilage regeneration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Characteristics of polyester arterial grafts coated with albumin: the role and importance of the cross-linking chemicals.

Preclotting is mandatory prior to implanting a knitted polyester arterial graft, unless the structure is made impermeable to blood by coating with a bioerodible material. Before achieving wide-spread clinical acceptance, the technique of impregnating with cross-linked albumin must be optimized in order to develop a graft that is immediately implantable, easy to handle and suture and has improved healing characteristics. The choice of the chemical to cross-link the albumin is of paramount importance. In this study two alternative candidates have been evaluated by using a series of tests to measure the physical properties, the morphology and the cytocompatibility of albumin-coated grafts. A carbodiimide cross-linking agent appears more promising than glutaraldehyde, since it is equally effective in producing a blood impermeable prosthesis, yet presents improved biocompatibility and provokes a less intense inflammatory response from the host.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2000

Surface photo-grafting of polyurethane with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate for promotion of human endothelial cell adhesion and growth.

Cytocompatible polyurethane (PU) surface was prepared by photo-grafting 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) onto the membrane surface. Graft polymerization was conducted by combining the use of the photo-oxidation and irradiation grafting. PU membrane was photo-oxidized to introduce the hydroperoxide groups onto the surface, then the membrane, immersed previously in monomer solution, was irradiated under UV light. The ATR-FTIR spectra, element spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle characterized the grafted copolymers and verified the occurrence of graft polymerization. The results showed that UV irradiation could realize the graft polymerization effectively and the grafting was confined within the surface layer. The grafted membrane showed minimal surface morphology. Human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells were seeded on the grafted surface. The performance of the surface in cell attachment and growth correlated with the oxygen content and mainly the carbonyl content on the surface. Cells were spread more extensively and grew faster on the surface with a higher oxygen content.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2003

Chitosan: potential use as a bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial/dental implants.

Chitosan is a biopolymer that exhibits osteoconductive, enhanced wound healing and antimicrobial properties which make it attractive for use as a bioactive coating to improve osseointegration of orthopaedic and craniofacial implant devices. Coatings made from 91.2% de-acetylated chitosan were chemically bonded to titanium coupons via silane-glutaraldehyde molecules. The bond strength of the coatings was evaluated in mechanical tensile tests, and their dissolution and cytocompatibility were evaluated in vitro using cell-culture medium and UMR 106 osteoblastic cells, respectively. The results showed that the chitosan coatings were chemically bonded to the titanium substrate and that the bond strengths (1.5-1.8 MPa) were not affected by gas sterilization. However, the chitosan bond strengths were less than those reported for calcium-phosphate coatings. The gas-sterilized coatings exhibited little dissolution over 8 weeks in cell-culture solution, and the attachment and growth of the UMR 106 osteoblast cells was greater on the chitosan-coated samples than on the uncoated titanium. These results indicated that chitosan has the potential to be used as a biocompatible, bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial implant devices.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2005

Novel biodegradable films and scaffolds of chitosan blended with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate).

In order to develop a novel biomaterial, films of chitosan blended with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were prepared by an emulsion blending technique and their properties were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that PHB microspheres were formed and were entrapped in chitosan matrices, which made the film surface rough. With increasing PHB content, the roughness of the film surface increased, while the swelling capability of the films decreased. In a wet state, the blended films exhibited a lower elastic modulus, a higher elongation-at-break and a higher tensile strength compared with chitosan films. Cell-culture experiments revealed that the blended films had better cytocompatibility than chitosan films. To explore the potential application of the blended material in tissue engineering, the porous blended scaffolds were fabricated and their pore morphology was observed by SEM. The results revealed that not only pore structure but also pore wall morphology of the blended scaffolds could be controlled by selecting the parameters of the fabrication process. These advantageous properties indicate that the blended chitosan/PHB material is promising for tissue engineering applications.

Absorbable Implants↗