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PubMed2006

Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Preliminary evidence suggests a comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. This study was carried out to identify the clinical characteristics of obese adolescents with a higher probability of ADHD and advance the understanding of the potential factors underlying the comorbidity between obesity and ADHD. We evaluated the association between ADHD symptoms and bulimic behaviors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, degree of obesity, pubertal stage, age and gender in a clinical sample of obese adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Ninety-nine severely obese adolescents aged 12-17 years. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects filled out the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Their parents completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale, which assesses ADHD symptoms. The degree of overweight was expressed as body mass index-z score. Puberty development was clinically assessed on the basis of Tanner stages. RESULTS: Bulimic behaviors were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms after controlling for depressive and anxiety symptoms. The degree of overweight, pubertal stage, age and gender were not significantly associated with ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION: Obese adolescents with bulimic behaviors may have a higher probability to present with ADHD symptoms independently from associated depressive or anxiety symptoms. The degree of overweight, pubertal stage, age and gender might not be useful for detecting obese adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Therefore, we suggest systematic screening for ADHD in obese adolescents with bulimic behaviors. Further studies are needed to understand which specific dimension of ADHD primarily accounts for the association with bulimic behaviors. Future research should also investigate the causal link between bulimic behaviors and ADHD and explore potential common neurobiological alterations. This may lead to a better understanding of the effectiveness of stimulants for the treatment of bulimic behaviors in obese subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Driving and riding avoidance following motor vehicle crashes in a non-clinical sample: psychometric properties of a new measure.

Three studies were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a measure that we developed using a non-clinical sample of university undergraduates, the Driving and Riding Avoidance Scale (DRAS). Study 1 indicated that the scale was internally consistent (alpha=0.92) and that a four-factor model (general avoidance, avoidance of traffic and busy roads, avoidance of weather or darkness, and riding avoidance) provided the best fit to the data in a sample of 386 crash survivors. This study also revealed that survivors who received medical treatment for their crash-related injuries reported significantly greater avoidance than people who were uninjured or injured and not medically treated. Study 2 revealed that the DRAS possessed acceptable test-retest reliability (r=0.83) over a 4-week interval in a sample of 67 crash survivors. Using a sample of 118 survivors, study 3 examined the instrument's convergent and divergent validity through correlations with the Accident Fear Questionnaire (AFQ), the Mobility Inventory (MI), the Fear Survey Schedule-II (FSS-II), and the Fear Questionnaire (FQ). The strongest relationships were observed between the DRAS and the AFQ and with a driving subscale created from the MI items. The DRAS exhibited significantly weaker relationships with the FQ subscales that assessed other kinds of phobic avoidance.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

WAIS-III Matrix Reasoning test performance in a mixed clinical sample.

This study examined the relationship between the Matrix Reasoning subtest (MRT) of the WAIS-III and a selected number of neuropsychological tests in a heterogeneous clinical sample of English-speaking American (n = 41), and non-English-speaking immigrant (n = 14) adults. A moderate association between the Halstead Category Test and the MRT (-.58) was found in the English-speaking sample. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between measures of verbal abstract reasoning and verbal fluency, and performance on the MRT. Among the immigrant sample, the MRT was also found to be significantly associated with verbal fluency task performance, as well as with the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence. Correlational analyses therefore suggest a strong verbal mediation element in the MRT, and that labeling it a nonverbal task may be misleading.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Normative data for the HADS from a large non-clinical sample.

OBJECTIVES: To provide normative data for the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). DESIGN: Repeated measures and correlational. METHODS: The HADS was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1792) in terms of the distributions of age, gender and occupational status. Correlational analysis was used to determine the influence of demographic variables on HADS scores. RESULTS: Demographic variables had only very modest influences on HADS scores. The reliability of the HADS is acceptable; the Anxiety and Depression scales are moderately correlated (.53). Tables to convert raw scores to percentiles are presented for females and males. CONCLUSIONS: The present normative data allow clinicians to assess the rarity of a given HADS score, and thus provide a useful supplement to existing cut-off scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Self-others perception in a clinical sample of obese women.

The purpose of this research, using correspondence analysis on responses to semantic differential scores, was both to examine self-perception in a clinical sample of 120 obese women and to compare this with their attitudes toward obese, thin, and normal persons. Analyses allow us to conclude that, if obese women, as reported previously, consider obesity as a largely negative condition, they have an ambivalent attitude towards themselves. Even though they share the negative connotations socially attributed to obesity, emotionally these obese women not only tend not to recognize their "abnormality" but strongly desire it.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Coping style and climacteric symptoms in a clinical sample of postmenopausal women.

Hormonal changes as well as sociocultural and personal factors account for climacteric symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate in a clinical population the correlation between the severity of hot flashes and vaginal dryness and the 'coping-ineffectiveness of coping' construct. Out of 120 women consecutively referring to the University Menopause Clinic, 85 subjects were evaluated for their climacteric complaints including anxiety and depression and for their coping style assessed with the Italian version of the Utrechtse Coping Lijst. Daily hot flashes and severe vaginal dryness were reported by almost half of the studied population, regression analyses were performed in order to investigate how much of the variance in such symptoms was explained by the psychosocial variables and by the coping mechanisms. A more recent menopause, a lower educational level and an active coping predict a higher severity of hot flashes; a longer time since last menstrual period and a coping of avoidance predict a higher severity of vaginal dryness. The present study suggests that the severity of hot flashes and vaginal dryness among a clinical sample of postmenopausal women is not only determined by biological and social variables, but personal resources also explain part of the variance of such climacteric complaints.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

[Detection of Pneumocystis carinii in clinical samples by the polymerase chain reaction. Comparison with the methenamine silver technique].

BACKGROUND: A comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with methenamine silver stain was performed on clinical specimens for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. METHODS: 25 clinical samples (10 induced sputa, 12 transthoracic needle aspirations and 2 bronchoalveolar lavages) from 17 patients with AIDS and respiratory symptoms were studied. We performed DNA amplification by using 2 primers that amplify the mitochondrial large rDNA sequence of P. carinii. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR technique were 92.8% and 100% respectively, with a positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 92.3%. The sensitivity of the silver stain were 65%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 63%. CONCLUSION: The PCR technique is more sensitive than the methenamine silver stain for detecting Pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens from patients with pneumonia. Consequently it could be a very good alternative to classical methods in diagnosis of P. carinii infections.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

High resolution melting analysis for the rapid and sensitive detection of mutations in clinical samples: KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The development of targeted therapies has created a pressing clinical need for the rapid and robust molecular characterisation of cancers. We describe here the application of high-resolution melting analysis (HRM) to screen for KRAS mutations in clinical cancer samples. In non-small cell lung cancer, KRAS mutations have been shown to identify a group of patients that do not respond to EGFR targeted therapies and the identification of these mutations is thus clinically important. METHODS: We developed a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay to detect somatic mutations in exon 2, notably codons 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene using the intercalating dye SYTO 9. We tested 3 different cell lines with known KRAS mutations and then examined the sensitivity of mutation detection with the cell lines using 189 bp and 92 bp amplicons spanning codons 12 and 13. We then screened for KRAS mutations in 30 non-small cell lung cancer biopsies that had been previously sequenced for mutations in EGFR exons 18-21. RESULTS: Known KRAS mutations in cell lines (A549, HCT116 and RPMI8226) were readily detectable using HRM. The shorter 92 bp amplicon was more sensitive in detecting mutations than the 189 bp amplicon and was able to reliably detect as little as 5-6% of each cell line DNA diluted in normal DNA. Nine of the 30 non-small cell lung cancer biopsies had KRAS mutations detected by HRM analysis. The results were confirmed by standard sequencing. Mutations in KRAS and EGFR were mutually exclusive. CONCLUSION: HRM is a sensitive in-tube methodology to screen for mutations in clinical samples. HRM will enable high-throughput screening of gene mutations to allow appropriate therapeutic choices for patients and accelerate research aimed at identifying novel mutations in human cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Ambiguous-handedness: incidence in a non-clinical sample.

Using a handedness demonstration preference test under simple and complex task conditions, incidence rates for right, left, and mixed hand preferences were identified in a non-clinical sample. A relatively low incidence rate of ambiguous-handedness was also demonstrated, supporting earlier hypotheses that this subtype is rare among normals.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Kerstersia gyiorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Alcaligenes faecalis-like organism isolated from human clinical samples, and reclassification of Alcaligenes denitrificans Rüger and Tan 1983 as Achromobacter denitrificans comb. nov.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on nine isolates recovered from various human clinical samples. Phenotypically, these isolates resembled Alcaligenes faecalis. Whole-cell protein analysis distinguished two different species, and this was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridizations. Cellular fatty acid analysis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that these isolates were related to the genera Alcaligenes, Bordetella, Achromobacter and Pigmentiphaga and belonged to the family Alcaligenaceae. On the basis of the results of this study, the organisms were classified in a novel genus, Kerstersia gen. nov. This genus comprises one species, Kerstersia gyiorum sp. nov. (type strain LMG 5906(T)=API 184-2-84(T)=CCUG 47000(T)), and several unnamed isolates. The DNA G+C content of members of the genus Kerstersia is between 61.5 and 62.9 mol%. On the basis of previously published DNA-DNA hybridization results and data from chemotaxonomic studies, it is proposed that Alcaligenes denitrificans Rüger and Tan 1983 be reclassified as Achromobacter denitrificans comb. nov.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed2003

A validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample.

The purpose of this study is to further previous research that has shown that common neuropsychological tests can do "double duty" as test of motivation/malingering. Using a large clinical sample of 796 participants, it was found that the nine neuropsychological tests (when used together) were able to correctly identify litigant and nonlitigating groups. Failure on any two of the malingering tests suggested motivational/malingering issues. The groups consisted of mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain-injured patients; chronic pain, depressed, community controls, and "malingering actors." Institutionalized and noninstitutionalized patient performance were also examined. This method showed 83% sensitivity and 100% specificity. A 0% false positive rate was found, suggesting good reliability especially in litigating settings. A group of patients for whom this method of motivational assessment might not be appropriate was also identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Comparison of Cobas Amplicor system and microscopic examination with bactec radiometric method for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples].

Tuberculosis is still a major health problem all around the world. Since the patients with tuberculosis spread the infection by means of aerosols containing tuberculosis bacilli, it is critically important to detect these patients and start the treatment as soon as possible. Therefore there is a need for highly sensitive and specific reliable diagnostic methods. In this study, Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelsen (EZN) staining method and Cobas Amplicor system were evaluated for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in comparison with the standard reference Bactec radiometric method. A total of 2098 clinical samples collected between July 2002 and February 2004 in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Hacettepe University Adult Hospital, were studied by Bactec radiometric system for diagnosis of tuberculosis and M. tuberculosis was detected in 107 (5.1%) samples. The specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of EZN staining method were found to be 98.5%, 42.9%, 62.1% and 96.9%, respectively. The specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of Cobas Amplicor system were detected as 99.3%, 67.3%, 83.5% and 98.4%, respectively. These results were in concordance with the results of previous studies. In conclusion, microscopic examination and nucleic acid amplification methods should always be used together with culture methods for the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

The prevalence and perceived aetiology of male sexual problems in a non-clinical sample.

One hundred and nine men (38 per cent single, 48 per cent married) participated in a survey of the prevalence of erectile and ejaculatory difficulty in a non-clinical sample. Perceived aetiology of erectile difficulty was also investigated. Twenty-three per cent of the sample were currently experiencing sexual problems, with ejaculatory difficulty approximately three times as prevalent as erectile difficulty. Nearly one-quarter had experienced erection difficulties at some time and, of these, 68 per cent had remitted without formal treatment. Most frequently cited 'causes' of erectile difficulty were 'psychological' rather than 'physical', 'practical' or specifically 'sexual,' with relationship factors including communication between partners being perceived as particularly important. The presence of erectile and/or ejaculatory difficulty was related to sexual dissatisfaction but not to ratings of relationship happiness. Men having sexual relationships outside their permanent relationship found their partner less sexually attractive and rated themselves as less happy than those men not having affairs but the two groups did not differ in terms of presence of sexual difficulty or sexual dissatisfaction. The limitations of a sample biased towards younger, more educated men, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this systematic chart review were to determine the frequency of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), to compare ADHD symptoms in children with Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), to compare ADHD symptoms in individuals with and without ADHD-related chief complaints, and to determine the correlation between ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD RS) scores and age. METHOD: This systematic chart review examined data from children and adolescents who were consecutively referred to a university-based autism psychopharmacology program. All individuals were diagnosed by semistructured interview for ASD and ADHD, and ADHD symptoms were assessed using ADHD RS scores. RESULTS: Of 83 children, 78% fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD and exceeded the 93rd percentile norm for the ADHD RS. Hyperactivity-impulsivity scores were significantly greater in individuals with autism than those with other ASDs. DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis was represented equally in individuals with and without ADHD as their chief complaints. ADHD RS hyperactivity-impulsivity and total scores were negatively correlated with age. CONCLUSION: ADHD symptoms are pervasive in clinically referred children and adolescents with ASD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Taxonomic study of Weissella confusa and description of Weissella cibaria sp. nov., detected in food and clinical samples.

A taxonomic study was conducted to clarify the relationships of two bacterial populations belonging to the genus Weissella. A total of 39 strains originating mainly from Malaysian foods (22 strains) and clinical samples from humans (9 strains) and animals (6 strains) were analysed using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The methods included classical phenotyping, whole-cell protein electrophoresis, 16S and 23S rDNA RFLP (ribotyping), determination of 16S rDNA sequence homologies and DNA-DNA reassociation levels. Based on the results, the strains were considered to represent two different species, Weissella confusa and a novel Weissella species, for which the name Weissella cibaria sp. nov. is proposed. Weisella confusa possessed the highest 16S rDNA sequence similarity to Weisella cibaria, but the DNA-DNA reassociation experiment showed hybridization levels below 49% between the strains studied. The numerical analyses of Weisella confusa and Weisella cibaria strains did not reveal any specific clustering with respect to the origin of the strains. Based on whole-cell protein electrophoresis, and ClaI and HindIII ribotyping patterns, food and clinical isolates were randomly located in the two species-specific clusters obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Activity of cefotaxime and amikacin against 14,272 gram-negative bacteria from clinical samples in the period 1980 to 1985.

The sensitivity to cefotaxime and amikacin of 14,272 Gram-negative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli) isolated from clinical samples was studied during the period 1980 to 1985. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by means of diffusion in agar. Strains were considered resistant to cefotaxime and amikacin if the MIC values were greater than 16 mg/L and greater than 8 mg/L, respectively. The MIC90 reached the critical value for cefotaxime in the case of Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., and for amikacin in the case of Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp. and Serratia spp. Only Shigella spp. were sensitive to cefotaxime but not to amikacin, and only strains of Enterobacter spp. and Serratia spp. were sensitive to amikacin but not to cefotaxime.

Amikacin↗
PubMed2005

Molecular identification of adenoviruses in clinical samples by analyzing a partial hexon genomic region.

Here we present a system for adenovirus detection and genotyping based on PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis of a conserved hexon gene fragment. The system was validated using 157 sequences (86 previously typed and 71 clinical samples) and correctly identified species and serotype in 100% and 84% of sequences, respectively. Known associations between specific serotypes and clinical syndromes are verified. Possible new associations are described to allow further independent testing.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2003

Combined use of the fully automated Bactec MGIT 960 system and a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for routine detection and identification of mycobacteria from clinical samples.

The combined use of Bactec MGIT 960 system and a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was assessed for the rapid detection and identification of mycobacteria from clinical samples. The diagnostic sensitivity and the time of detection of MGIT 960 system were significantly higher than of Löwenstein-Jensen medium. PCR-RFLP identification analysis results were in concordance with those obtained by the conventional biochemical tests.

Bacteriological Techniques↗