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PubMed2006

Lateral components in the cone terminals of the rabbit retina: horizontal cell origin and glutamate receptor expression.

We examined the identities of horizontal cell (HC) lateral components in cone terminals and the expression of glutamate receptors on the tips of HC dendrites. We injected A-type horizontal cells (AHCs) with neurobiotin and demonstrated that neurobiotin labeled completely all AHCs within a patch of retina. We converted neurobiotin by using diaminobenzidine and considered labeled processes to be from AHCs and unlabeled processes to be from B-type horizontal cells (BHCs). Three possible combinations of HC dendrites could exist in cone pedicles: both lateral components originating from AHCs, both from BHCs, or one from an AHC and the other from a BHC. EM observations revealed that a majority of cone terminals contained about equal numbers of lateral components originating from each of the two types of HCs and that each of the three possible combinations was present in equal numbers. Localization of different types of glutamate receptors on HC dendritic tips showed that 55% of AHC dendritic tips expressed AMPA receptors and 30% expressed kainate receptors, whereas, in the case of BHCs, 22% of dendritic tips expressed AMPA receptors and 33% expressed kainate receptors. This study suggests that cone photoreceptors feed the light signal equally into networks of AHCs and BHCs and that differential expression of AMPA/kainate receptors by different HCs could account for different functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Impaired tumor phenotypes in class II major histocompatibility complex antigen-inducible cells originated from human lung adenocarcinoma.

The class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens play important roles in T cell activation and are thought to be involved in tumor development. Using anti-class II antibodies with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), we have here selected class II MHC antigen positive cancer cells from the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, which is originally negative (> 95%) for the antigens. A part of the class II antigen-positive cells presented a flat morphology, which was not observed in the parental A549 cells. Class II antigen expression in these flat cells was IFN-gamma inducible; there was a correlation between the inducibility and phenotypic changes. A class II antigen-inducible flat subline restored the ability of contact inhibition and anchorage-dependent growth as well as lost tumorigenicity in athymic mice.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Binding of sheep erythrocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemias of B-cell origin.

Two patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia having leukemic cells that bind sheep red blood cells by different mechanisms are described. In the first case, rosette formation was mediated by the anti-sheep erythrocyte activity of a monoclonal surface IgMk, related to Forssman antigen. In the second, E-rosette formation was found to be independent of both surface immunoglobulins and the classic E-rosette receptor since the leukemic cells were recognized neither by the OKT-11 monoclonal antibody nor by other markers specific to T-cell lineage. Evaluation of these rare cases emphasizes that detection of surface immunoglobulins and spontaneous rosetting are not sufficient for the characterization of leukemic clones and raises some doubts concerning the use of available surface markers in the characterization of lymphoproliferative disorders.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Schwann cells: origins and role in axonal maintenance and regeneration.

The Schwann cell plays a vital role in maintaining the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells are derived from neural crest cells, and come in two types either myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cells. Both play a pivotal role in the maintenance and regeneration of axons of the neurons in the PNS. The regulation of Schwann cells is mediated a number of different neurotrophic factors which signal to transcription factors such as Krox-20, Oct-6 and Sox-10. Schwann cells are affected in a number of demyelinating disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Guillain-Barré Syndrome, infected by Mycobacterium leprae to cause leprosy and are responsible for the tumors seen in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 2. The Schwann cell is under investigation as a therapeutic agent for demyelinating diseases and spinal cord injuries. Further research on Schwann cells will help understand these diseases and perhaps lead to new treatments.

Axons↗
PubMed1988

Large cell lymphoma of bone. A report of three cases of B-cell origin.

Clinicopathological and immunohistological features of three cases of large cell lymphoma of bone are reported. On histological grounds, all the cases were diagnosed as histiocytic lymphomas (Rappaport) or primary centroblastic lymphomas, polymorphic subtype (Kiel). On immunophenotyping, malignant cells strongly reacted with the anti-leucocyte antibodies PD7/26 and ROS-220C, thereby indicating their lymphomatous nature, and expressed the B-cell antigens CD19 and CD22. Further studies are warranted to determine whether the B-cell phenotype observed in our cases is typical of the majority of primary large cell lymphomas of bone. Immunohistological analysis with monoclonal antibodies is expected to be of great value not only in defining the immunological phenotype of this rare pathological entity, but also in differentiating it from other neoplasms that involve the skeleton, either primarily or secondarily.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Single-cell analysis of CD30+ cells in lymphomatoid papulosis demonstrates a common clonal T-cell origin.

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) represents an intriguing cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with a histologic appearance resembling malignant lymphoma. This finding strongly contrasts with the benign clinical course of the disease. However, in 10% to 20% of cases, LyP can precede, coexist with, or follow malignant lymphoma. In these cases, the same T-cell population has been shown to be present in the LyP as well as in the associated lymphoma. In most LyP cases, there is-despite the sometimes extremely long course of the disease-no evolution of a secondary lymphoma. The investigation of these uncomplicated LyP cases for the presence of clonal T-cell receptor rearrangements has produced heterogeneous results. This might be explained by biologic or technical reasons arising from analyzing whole tissue DNA extracts. To definitively clarify whether the large atypical CD30(+) cells in LyP without associated lymphoma all belong to the same clone or represent individually rearranged T cells, we analyzed the T-cell receptor-gamma rearrangements of single CD30+ as well as of single CD30- cells isolated from 14 LyP lesions of 11 patients. By using this approach we could demonstrate that the CD30+ cells represent members of a single T-cell clone in all LyP cases. Moreover, in 3 patients the same CD30+ cell clone was found in anatomically and temporally separate lesions. In contrast, with only a few exceptions, the CD30- cells were polyclonal in all instances and unrelated to the CD30+ cell clone. Our results demonstrate that LyP unequivocally represents a monoclonal T-cell disorder of CD30+ cells in all instances.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Simian adenovirus type 7 (SA-7) induces tumours of nerve-supporting or paraneural cell origin in newborn hamsters.

Simian adenovirus type 7 (SA-7) was found to induce tumours originating from nerve-supporting or paraneural cells in newborn hamsters, regardless of injection site or tissues. SA-7 induces glioblastomas characterized by definite localization (subependymal regions) and its main cell type, bipolar spongioblast-like cells, in the brain of hamsters inoculated as newborns. When the eyes of newborn hamsters were directly inoculated, SA-7 failed to induce retinoblastoma (0/27), but retro or peri-bulbar SA-7 tumours frequently occurred in tissues closely related to the peripheral nerve apparatus, including the oculomotor nerve or ciliary ganglion. These tumour cells were situated like stromal cells in these nerve tissues. The histological features of the orbital tumours were similar to those of SA-7-induced subcutaneous tumours but not to brain tumours. In contrast with other hamster brain tumours induced by human adenovirus type 12 or human papova JC virus, medulloepithelioma or medulloblastoma, SA-7 induced tumours exhibit distinctive histological and localization characteristics.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mast cell origin studied by H3-thymidine radioautography].

Reproduction of mast cells has been investigated by means of H3-thymidine radioautography in 26 mature mice of CC-57 White line and in 40 new-born nonlinear albino rats under normal conditions and experimental cold effect. It is established that differentiated mast cells incorporate H3-thymidine and can enter the phase of DNA synthesis of a proliferative cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Primary mediastinal germ cell tumor with intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis--further support for germ cell origin of these tumors: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The histogenesis of extragonadal germ cell tumors remains an enigma. The majority of patients with retroperitoneal tumors are male, and careful histologic evaluation reveals preinvasive intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) or scars in the testis suggesting a so-called "burnt out" germ cell tumor. However, in the testes of patients with primary mediastinal germ cell tumors, no ITGCN has been described in the literature to date. The authors report the first case of simultaneous germ cell neoplasia in the mediastinum and the testis, providing further insights into the biology and origin of these lesions. METHODS: The authors report the pathologic features and cytogenetic findings in an adult male with a mediastinal germ cell tumor and asymmetric testis. This patient died shortly after diagnosis. RESULTS: A locally invasive mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor was associated with ITGCN in one testis. Metastases were not present clinically or on autopsy during a detailed and systematic examination of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and other viscera. Neither an invasive germ cell tumor nor a scar was found in either testis (both testes were serially sectioned and entirely examined histologically). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the mediastinal tumor is a primary neoplasm with concomitant in situ lesion in one testis, suggesting a more generalized defect of germ cell and thus providing new information about the unresolved issue of the histogenesis of extragonadal germ cell tumors. This article presents a review of the literature concerning the issues highlighted by this case and discusses the hypotheses regarding the development of extragonadal germ cell tumors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebrospinal fluid cytomorphology identification of benign cells originating in the central nervous system.

The chief cellular consituents of CSF are the "free cells" of the pia-arachnoid, ependyma, and choroid. These cells are of diverse types, but have their mesenchymal origin in common. Usually they offer no difficulty in identification since they are predominantly histiocytic. However, these "free cells" may be morphologically changed in reaction to an appropriate stimulus, and may therefore be a source of error in diagnostic material. Cells having mesothelial characteristics are not found in the CSF compartment and therefore the term pia-arachnoid mesothelial cells appears inappropriate. The only neuroectodermal derivative that was easily identifiable was the choroidal cell. It is distinctive and unequivocal. We were unable to recognize ependymal cells in our present study. Glial cells (protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes) and neurons can be recognized when neural tissue is penetrated in the process of collecting CSF.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A unique cell surface antigen identifying lymphoid malignancies of B cell origin.

A monoclonal antibody (anti-B1) specific for a unique B cell surface differentiation antigen was used to characterize the malignant cells from patients with leukemias or lymphomas. All tumor cells from patients with lymphomas or chronic lymphocytic leukemias, bearing either monoclonal kappa lambda light chain, expressed the B1 antigen. In contrast, tumor cells from T cell leukemias and lymphomas or acute myeloblastic leukemia were unreactive. Approximately 50% of acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) of non-T origin and 50% of chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis were also anti-B1 reactive. moreover, 21 of 28 patients with the common ALL antigen (CALLA) positive form of ALL were anti-B1 positive, whereas 0 of 13 patients with CALLA negative ALL were reactive. These observations demonstrate that an antigen present on normal B cells is expressed on the vast majority of B cell lymphomas and on approximately 75% of CALLA positive ALL, suggesting that these tumors may share a common B cell lineage.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1977

Histiocytic lymphoma of B cell origin.

A histiocytic lymphoma with a terminal leukemic phase occurred in a 50-year-old man. Immunologic studies indicated that neoplastic cells from the peripheral blood sample, bone marrow aspirate, and lymph node carried surface immunoglobulin. Cytochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of this histiocytic lymphoma and its subsequent leukemic phase displayed a profile consistent with a lymphocytic rather than a histiocytic origin of the neoplastic cell.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed2003

Use of primary human liver cells originating from discarded grafts in a bioreactor for liver support therapy and the prospects of culturing adult liver stem cells in bioreactors: a morphologic study.

INTRODUCTION: The development of a bioreactor providing a three-dimensional network of interwoven capillary membranes with integrated oxygenation and decentralized mass exchange enables the culture of primary human liver cells from discarded donor organs for extracorporeal liver support. METHODS: Primary liver cells were isolated from 54 discarded organs (donor age 56.7+/-13.2 years). Between 2.8x10(10) and 6.4x10(10) parenchymal cells (PC) were cocultured with nonparenchymal cells (NPC) of the same organ in bioreactors (n=36). The metabolic activity of the cells was regularly determined during culture. The cell morphology and ultrastructure were investigated after culture periods of 1 to 5 weeks. RESULTS: Cell metabolism was maintained over at least 3 weeks after a phase of adaptation lasting 2 to 3 days. Through the use of transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, it was demonstrated that PC and NPC spontaneously formed tissue-like structures. Vascular cavities (CD 31 immunoreactivity [IR]) and bile duct-like channels (CK 19 IR), both exhibiting proliferation activity (Ki-67 IR), were regularly distributed. Some of the bile duct-like channels showed similarities to the Canals of Hering found in the natural liver. Cells expressing morphologic and antigenic characteristics of adult liver stem cells (CD 34 IR and c-kit IR) and areas with cells that showed both hepatocyte and biliary characteristics were detected. CONCLUSION: The results show that primary human liver cells obtained from discarded donor organs recover and can be maintained in bioreactors for clinical liver support therapy. In addition, initial observations on adult liver stem-cell culture in bioreactors are presented.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[The transformation of fibroblast-like cells originating from different tissue into osteoblasts].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss whether fibroblast-like cells can transform into osteoblasts under specific condition during distraction osteogenesis. METHODS: Fibroblast-like cells were cultured in vitro. BMP-2, TGF-beta(1), BMP-2 and TGF-beta(1) were added into the medium, and the cellular change were observed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods. The distraction was given on the membrane of fibroblast-like cells, and the cellular change were observed under the distraction. RESULTS: fibroblast-like cells from the joint could transform into osteoblasts under the effect of BMP-2 or BMP-2 with TGF-beta(1). Fibroblast-like cells from other regions could not transform into osteoblasts. CONCLUSION: The osteoblasts during distraction osteogenesis are multi-origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Childhood leukemia with simultaneously expressed myeloid and lymphoid markers suggesting stem cell origin.

A case study is presented of a leukemic patient whose cells express markers of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. Cells were identified from bone marrow which expressed either myeloid antigens, lymphoid antigens, or both myeloid and lymphoid antigens, indicating a possible common stem cell capable of differentiating along either a lymphoid or myeloid cell lineage. Using specific monoclonal antibodies, 40-70% of the cells were reactive with anti-T-cell antibodies, 50% of the cells were reactive with antibodies to the common ALL antigen (CALLA), and 80-90% of the cells were reactive with antibodies directed against myeloid antigens. Using double staining techniques, some cells were found to demonstrate only myeloid markers; others, only lymphoid markers; and others, both myeloid and lymphoid markers. These results suggest that a common stem cell is capable of differentiating along both lymphoid and myeloid lineages.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗