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PubMed2000

Effect of He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and Polygen on CHO cells.

OBJECTIVE: We determined the effect of He-Ne laser biostimulation in combination with Polygen (PG) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. BACKGROUND DATA: Several studies have shown that He-Ne laser (632.8 nm), growth factors, and growth hormone can enhance cellular proliferation and that the use of low-level laser stimulation combined with growth factor stimulation has scientific support. PG, an animal protein extract containing a blend of growth factors and growth hormone, was used together with a He-Ne laser to determine their efficacy in the enhancement of cellular proliferation. METHODS: The dose-response curves for the colony-forming ability of CHO cells in 5% FCS-MEM with 6-125 microg/ml PG and He-Ne laser with an optimum power density of 1.25 mW/cm2 and cumulative doses of 60-600 mJ/cm2 was given for 3 consecutive days. The combined effects of He-Ne laser 180 mJ/cm2 with 6 and 12 microg/ml PG were determined. Quadruplicate cultures were performed. The student's t-test was used to ascertain differences of treated groups from controls. RESULTS: The mean number of colonies (MNC) was increased using 180 mJ/cm2 laser by 13.2% (p < 0.01); 6 and 12 microg/ml PG by 19.2% (p < 0.0025) and 13.2% (p = 0.01); laser + PG 6 microg/ml by 23.2% (p < 0.001) and laser + PG 12 microg/ml by 20.5% (p < 0.001). An additional significant increase of 8.8% (p < 0.05) and an insignificant 6.4% (p = 0.086) by laser + PG 6 microg/ml and laser + PG 12 microg/ml were observed, respectively, when compared to the solitary effect of laser. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the He:Ne laser or PG can stimulate CHO cell proliferation and that further stimulation can be achieved by using the He:Ne laser and PG simultaneously. This combination could be useful as a new treatment modality.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Protection of skeletal muscles from ischemic injury: low-level laser therapy increases antioxidant activity.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on ischemic-reperfusion (I-R) injury in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat. BACKGROUND DATA: Ischemic injury in skeletal muscle is initiated during hypoxia and is aggravated by reoxygenation during blood reperfusion and accumulation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen superoxides. LLLT has been found to biostimulate various biological processes, such as attenuation of ischemic injury in the heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The injury was induced in the gastrocnemius muscles of 106 rats by complete occlusion of the blood supply for 3 h, followed by reperfusion. Another group of intact rats served to investigate the effect of LLLT on intact nonischemic muscles. Creatine phosphokinase, acid phosphatase, and heat shock protein were determined 7 days after I-R injury and antioxidant levels 2 h after reperfusion. RESULTS: Laser irradiation (Ga-As, 810 nm) was applied to the muscles immediately and 1 h following blood supply occlusion. It was found that laser irradiation markedly protects skeletal muscles from degeneration following acute I-R injury. This was evident by significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of creatine phosphokinase activity and lower (p < 0.05) activity of acid phosphatase in the LLLT-treated muscles relative to the injured non-irradiated ones. The content of antioxidants and heat shock proteins was also higher (p < 0.05) in the LLLT-treated muscles relative to that of injured non-irradiated muscles. CONCLUSION: The present study describes for the first time the ability of LLLT to significantly prevent degeneration following ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscles, probably by induction of synthesis of antioxidants and other cytoprotective proteins, such as hsp-70i. The elevation of antioxidants was also evident in intact muscle following LLLT. The above phenomenon may also be of clinical relevance in scheduled surgery or microsurgery requiring extended tourniquet applications to skeletal muscle followed by reperfusion.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Simultaneous imaging of Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 populations expressing three different autofluorescent proteins in the rhizosphere: new perspectives for studying microbial communities.

To visualize simultaneously different populations of pseudomonads in the rhizosphere at the single cell level in a noninvasive way, a set of four rhizosphere-stable plasmids was constructed expressing three different derivatives of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), namely enhanced cyan (ECFP), enhanced green (EGFP), enhanced yellow (EYFP), and the recently published red fluorescent protein (RFP; DsRed). Upon tomato seedling inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 populations, each expressing a different autofluorescent protein followed by plant growth for 5 days, the rhizosphere was inspected using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We were able to visualize simultaneously and clearly distinguish from each other up to three different bacterial populations. Microcolonies consisting of mixed populations were frequently observed at the base of the root system, whereas microcolonies further toward the root tip predominantly consisted of a single population, suggesting a dynamic behavior of microcolonies over time. Since the cloning vector pME6010 has a broad host range for gram-negative bacteria, the constructed plasmids can be used for many purposes. In particular, they will be of great value for the analysis of microbial communities, for example in processes such as biocontrol, biofertilization, biostimulation, competition for niches, colonization, and biofilm formation.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Enrichment and identification of bacteria capable of reducing chemical oxygen demand of anaerobically treated molasses spent wash.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial strains capable of using recalcitrant compounds of molasses spent wash as sole carbon source from the soils of abandoned sites of distillery effluent discharge and characterize their ability of reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the spent wash. METHODS AND RESULTS: The isolates were grouped into six haplotypes by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and BOX-PCR. The phylogenetic position of the representatives of the six main haplotypes strains was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. They showed maximum similarity to six genera viz. Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter and Klebsiella. The extent of COD (44%) reduced collectively by the six strains was equal to that reduced individually by Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. With spent wash as sole carbon source, the COD reducing strains grew faster at 37 degrees C than 30 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial strains capable of degrading some of the recalcitrant compounds of anaerobically digested molasses spent wash can be isolated from the soils of abandoned sites of distillery effluent discharge. Biostimulation of these bacteria, which can degrade 44% of the carbon compounds of anaerobically digested molasses spent wash can be achieved by nitrogen fertilization and relatively higher temperature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Supplementation of nitrogen source and controlling the temperature can be used in evolving strategies for in situ bioremediation of anaerobically digested spent wash from distilleries.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Enhanced biodegradation of diesel oil by a newly identified Rhodococcus baikonurensis EN3 in the presence of mycolic acid.

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize a bacterium, strain EN3, capable of using diesel oil as a major carbon and energy source, and to analyse the enhancement of diesel oil degradation by this organism using synthetic mycolic acid (2-hexyl-3-hydroxyldecanoic acid). METHOD AND RESULTS: An actinomycete with the ability to degrade diesel oil was isolated from oil contaminated soil and characterized. The strain had phenotypic properties consistent with its classification in the genus Rhodococcus showing a 16S rRNA gene similarity of 99.7% with Rhodococcus baikonurensis DSM 44587(T). The ability of the characterized strain to degrade diesel oil at various concentrations (1000, 5000, 10 000 and 20 000 mg l(-1)) was determined. The effect of synthetic mycolic acid on the biodegradation of diesel oil was investigated at the 20 000 mg l(-1) concentration; the surfactant was added to the flask cultures at three different concentrations (10, 50 and 100 mg l(-1)) and degradation followed over 7 days. Enhanced degradation was found at all three concentrations of the surfactant. In addition, the enhancement of diesel oil degradation by other surfactants was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The synthetic mycolic acid has potential for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated sites from both an economic and applied perspective as it can stimulate biodegradation at low concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study showed that the synthesized mycolic acid can be used for potential applications in the bioremediation industries, for example, in oil spill clean-up, diesel fuel remediation and biostimulation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Effect of low intensity laser irradiation on surgically created bony defects in rats.

Low intensity lasers have been used by clinicians to improve healing and reduce pain in humans. Lasing also results in new bone formation around hydroxyapatite implants and a significant increase in the total bone area. However, the exact mechanism of cell biostimulation by laser is still unclear. This study biochemically assessed the effects of low intensity laser (Gallium-Arsenide) using 4 and 22.4 mW cm(-2) power density on the bone healing process after surgically creating bony cavities in rat mandibles. Rats (n = 24) were divided into two groups each treated with specific energy, 4 or 22.4 mW cm(-2), for 3 min each day post-surgery. Surgical cavities were created on both sides of the mandible: the left served as an untreated control, the right was treated with laser. All rats were sacrificed after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. In the newly formed callus, accumulation of radiocalcium and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured to indicate osteogenic activity. One-way anova with repeated measures showed that the low intensity laser using 4 mW cm(-2) power density significantly increased radiocalcium accumulation from 2 weeks post-surgery, whereas 22.4 mW cm(-2) had no effect. No changes were noted in the activity of alkaline phosphatase with the laser treatment. These results suggest that laser therapy of low power density is effective on the bone healing process in artificially created osseous cavities by affecting calcium transport during new bone formation.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Evidence for in situ crude oil biodegradation after the Prestige oil spill.

In November 2002, the oil tanker Prestige sank off the Spanish coast after releasing approximately 17,000 tones of heavy fuel, coating several hundred kilometers of coastline in oil sludge. In December 2002 and February 2003, samples were collected from the shore of the Galician coast to analyse the indigenous population ability to carry out crude oil degradation in situ. Carbon isotopic ratio of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater samples was used as a rapid method to directly assess activity of microbes on the oil components. 12CO2/13CO2 ratio in samples from certain locations along the coast revealed degradation of a very delta13C-negative source such as the Prestige crude oil (-30.6 per thousand). Putative biodegradation processes taking place at areas with high income of fresh seawater could not be detected with this technique. Laboratory-scale biostimulation processes carried out in samples with the highest oil biodegradation activity showed that N/P deficiency in seawater is a limiting factor for crude oil degradation. The most probable number (MPN) of crude oil component degraders was estimated for several aromatic compounds (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene) and for undecane. Our results clearly show that bacteria present in the contaminated water are readily able to transform components of the crude oil into inorganic carbon.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1997

The current status of low level laser therapy in dentistry. Part 1. Soft tissue applications.

Despite more than 30 years of experience with low level laser therapy (LLLT) or 'biostimulation' in dentistry, concerns remain as to its effectiveness as a treatment modality. Controlled clinical studies have demonstrated that while LLLT is effective for some specific applications, it is not a panacea. This paper provides an outline of the biological basis of LLLT and summarizes the findings of controlled clinical studies of the use of LLLT for specific soft tissue applications in dentistry. Areas of controversy where there is a pressing need for further research are identified.

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Effect of fecal pollution on Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in an estuarine environment.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in the Narragansett Bay, R.I., estuary were found to significantly correlate with the level of fecal pollution in the water. Results of field investigations showed a definite association between the levels of this organism and those of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and enterococci. Densities of V. parahaemolyticus were greatest in the near-surface waters of contaminated areas and decreased sharply with both the distance from the sources of fecal pollution and the depth of the water column. A positive association with the amount of particulate matter in the water and specifically with its zooplankton content also was found. No association was obtained with any of the physical or chemical parameters examined except dissolved oxygen. The results of laboratory studies on the growth of V. parahaemolyticus in collected estuarine waters were consistent with the field observations in that nutrients in sewage did not directly produce any increase in natural or inoculated levels of the organism. Of several particulates added to the water, only chitin and net zooplankters (live or dead) supported the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. The addition of sewage to the water had no measurable effect, whether or not the various particulates also were present. The data show that wastewater effluents have an effect on V. parahaemolyticus densities in this estuary and indicate that the effect is indirect, probably mediated by biostimulation of the food chain and manifested at the level of the microfauna.

Feces↗
PubMed1995

Use of starvation promoters to limit growth and selectively enrich expression of trichloroethylene- and phenol-transforming activity in recombinant Escherichia coli [corrected].

The expression of much useful bacterial activity is facilitated by rapid growth. This coupling can create problems in bacterial fermentations and in situ bioremediation. In the latter process, for example, it necessitates addition of large amounts of nutrients to contaminated environments, such as aquifers. This approach, termed biostimulation, can be technically difficult. Moreover, the resulting in situ bacterial biomass production can have undesirable consequences. In an attempt to minimize coupling between expression of biodegradative activity and growth, we used Escherichia coli starvation promoters to control toluene monooxygenase synthesis. This enzyme complex can degrade the environmental contaminants trichloroethylene (TCE) and phenol. Totally starving cell suspensions of such strains degraded phenol and TCE. Furthermore, rapid conversions occurred in the postexponential batch or very slow growth (dilution) rate chemostat cultures, and the nutrient demand and biomass formation for transforming a given amount of TCE or phenol were reduced by 60 to 90%. Strong starvation promoters have recently been clones and characterized in environmentally relevant bacteria like Pseudomonas species; thus, starvation promoter-driven degradative systems can now be constructed in such bacteria and tested for in situ efficacy.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1999

Soluble methane monooxygenase gene clusters from trichloroethylene-degrading Methylomonas sp. strains and detection of methanotrophs during in situ bioremediation.

The soluble MMO (sMMO) gene clusters from group I methanotrophs were characterized. An 8.1-kb KpnI fragment from Methylomonas sp. strain KSWIII and a 7.5-kb SalI fragment from Methylomonas sp. strain KSPIII which contained the sMMO gene clusters were cloned and sequenced. The sequences of these two fragments were almost identical. The sMMO gene clusters in the fragment consisted of six open reading frames which were 52 to 79% similar to the corresponding genes of previously described sMMO gene clusters of the group II and group X methanotrophs. The phylogenetic analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of sMMO demonstrated that the sMMOs from these strains were closer to that from M. capsulatus Bath in the group X methanotrophs than to those from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylocystis sp. strain M in the group II methanotrophs. Based on the sequence data of sMMO genes of our strains and other methanotrophs, we designed a new PCR primer to amplify sMMO gene fragments of all the known methanotrophs harboring the mmoX gene. The primer set was successfully used for detecting methanotrophs in the groundwater of trichloroethylene-contaminated sites during in situ-biostimulation treatments.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Group-specific monitoring of phenol hydroxylase genes for a functional assessment of phenol-stimulated trichloroethylene bioremediation.

The sequences of the largest subunit of bacterial multicomponent phenol hydroxylases (LmPHs) were compared. It was found that LmPHs formed three phylogenetic groups, I, II, and III, corresponding to three previously reported kinetic groups, low-K(s) (the half-saturation constant in Haldane's equation for trichloroethylene [TCE]), moderate-K(s), and high-K(s) groups. Consensus sequences and specific amino acid residues for each group of LmPH were found, which facilitated the design of universal and group-specific PCR primers. PCR-mediated approaches using these primers were applied to analyze phenol/TCE-degrading populations in TCE-contaminated aquifer soil. It was found that the aquifer soil harbored diverse genotypes of LmPH, and the group-specific primers successfully amplified LmPH fragments affiliated with each of the three groups. Analyses of phenol-degrading bacteria isolated from the aquifer soil confirmed the correlation between genotype and phenotype. Competitive PCR assays were used to quantify LmPHs belonging to each group during the enrichment of phenol/TCE-degrading bacteria from the aquifer soil. We found that an enrichment culture established by batch phenol feeding expressed low TCE-degrading activity at a TCE concentration relevant to the contaminated aquifer (e.g., 0.5 mg liter(-1)); group II and III LmPHs were predominant in this batch enrichment. In contrast, group I LmPHs overgrew an enrichment culture when phenol was fed continuously. This enrichment expressed unexpectedly high TCE-degrading activity that was comparable to the activity expressed by a pure culture of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. These results demonstrate the utility of the group-specific monitoring of LmPH genes in phenol-stimulated TCE bioremediation. It is also suggested that phenol biostimulation could become a powerful TCE bioremediation strategy when bacteria possessing group I LmPHs are selectively stimulated.

Betaproteobacteria↗
PubMed2003

Expression of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase and chlorocatechol 2,3-dioxygenase genes in chlorobenzene-contaminated subsurface samples.

In order to evaluate the in situ degradative capabilities of microorganisms in an underground reactor facility housing two flowthrough columns filled with aquifer soil, we examined the distribution and phylogeny of gene transcripts encoding enzymes capable of catalyzing the cleavage of the chlorinated aromatic ring during transformation of the main pollutant, chlorobenzene. Initial biostimulation of the autochthonous bacteria in the originally anaerobic reactor columns was achieved by injecting nitrate and oxygen in the form of H(2)O(2). Two broad-range primer pairs were used for reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of partial subunit genes of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from RNA directly extracted from different groundwater and aquifer samples. Samples retrieved from the lowermost sections of the reactor columns, which were operated in upflow mode, were positive for the presence of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA. On the other hand, chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase RT-PCR products were detected in a larger part of each reactor column, up to a zone 5.5 m above the bottom. Phylogenetic analyses of these chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase sequences clearly separated them into two main clusters, one of which was closely affiliated with the broad-spectrum chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas chlororaphis RW71. Analysis of sequences obtained from RT-PCR products amplified with catechol 2,3-dioxygenase primers revealed that their closest relative was the chlorocatechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene cbzE from Pseudomonas putida GJ31 (A. E. Mars, J. Kingma, S. R. Kaschabek, W. Reineke, and D. B. Janssen, J. Bacteriol. 181:1309-1318, 1999), with sequence similarities between 97.8 and 99.0%.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Nitrilotriacetate stimulation of anaerobic Fe(III) respiration by mobilization of humic materials in soil.

An enrichment culture capable of naphthalene mineralization reduced Fe(III) oxides without direct contact in anaerobic soil microcosms when the Fe(III) was placed in dialysis membranes or entrapped within alginate beads. Both techniques demonstrated that a component in soil, possibly humic materials, facilitated Fe(III) reduction when direct contact between cells and Fe(III) was not possible. The addition of the synthetic Fe(III) chelator, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), to soil enhanced Fe(III) reduction across the dialysis membrane and alginate beads, with the medium changing from clear to a dark brown color. An NTA-soil extract was more effective in Fe(III) reduction than the extracted soil itself. Characteristics of the NTA extract were consistent with that of humic substances. The results indicate that NTA improved Fe(III) reduction not by Fe(III) solubilization but by extraction of humic substances from soil into the aqueous medium. This is the first study in which stimulation of Fe(III) reduction through the addition of chemical chelators is shown to be due to the extraction of electron-shuttling compounds from the soil and not to solubilization of the Fe(III) and indicates that mobilization of humic materials could be an important component of anaerobic biostimulation.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2026

Genomic exploration of Bacillus paralicheniformis TB197: an agrobiotechnological tool from the Sonoran Desert.

Climate change and the harmful effects of extensive agrochemical use for plant nutrition and pest control on soils, the environment, and human health are driving the search for sustainable alternatives that reduce their use while increasing plant resilience. In regenerative agriculture, microorganisms have become valuable tools, acting as biological control agents or biostimulants, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and/or to enhance plant performance under abiotic stress. The genus Bacillus is well known for its versatile interactions with plants. Specifically, Bacillus paralicheniformis TB197 has demonstrated high efficacy in controlling phytopathogenic nematodes and adapting to diverse soil and crop conditions. Based on these traits, we explored the agricultural potential of this strain through genomic analysis and in vitro and in vivo assays. Gene analysis identified functions related to three main areas: (i) stress resistance and plant colonization, (ii) plant growth promotion, and (iii) phytopathogen control. The strain showed high tolerance to salinity and temperature, promoted plant growth, and exhibited strong antifungal activity. These findings highlight the potential of the TB197 strain as a promising candidate for developing next-generation bioinoculants.IMPORTANCEThe use of beneficial microorganisms is a pivotal strategy for mitigating the environmental impacts of intensive agriculture while preserving crop productivity. Bacillus paralicheniformis TB197 is a native desert soil bacterium with genetic traits associated with stress tolerance, plant growth promotion, and suppression of plant pathogens. In this study, we employed a multifaceted approach integrating genomic analysis and functional assays to demonstrate the strain's multifunctional potential as an agricultural bioinoculant. The results of the study demonstrate that a singular bacterial strain can integrate multiple beneficial functions relevant to sustainable agriculture. This work contributes to the field of applied microbiology by expanding the understanding of how environmentally adapted bacteria can serve as biological alternatives to chemical inputs in agroecosystems.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1989

Bioinhibition of human fibroblast cultures sensitized to Q-switch II dye and treated with the Nd: YAG laser: a new technique of photodynamic therapy with lasers.

Kodak Q-switch II dye has recently proven to be an effective biostimulative agent on normal human fibroblast cultures. The potential for this dye as a new chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of connective tissue diseases and wound healing with the Nd:YAG laser was examined. Two normal fibroblast cell lines were first sensitized to a nontoxic dose of Q-switch II dye, then subjected to treatment with an Nd:YAG laser at 1,060 nm, with varying levels of energy and temperatures determined by a reproducible method of dosimetry. The results indicate that Q-switch II dye at nontoxic doses of 0.1 micrograms/ml enhances the cytotoxic effects of the Nd:YAG laser at temperatures as low as 36 degrees C. Furthermore, at physiological temperature ranges as low as 24 degrees C to 34 degrees C, cell duplication was inhibited, but cell viability was not affected. Similar results were not observed when fibroblast cultures were treated with the laser alone. These observations suggest that Q-switch II dye is an effective chemosensitizing agent for the Nd:YAG laser and could potentially be used to reduce collagen deposits in conditions such as keloids and hypertrophic scars.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed1995

In situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents.

Chlorinated solvents and their natural transformation products are the most frequently observed groundwater contaminants in the United States. In situ bioremediation using anaerobic or aerobic co-metabolic processes is a promising means of cleaning up contaminated aquifers. Studies show that under natural conditions trichloroethylene can be anaerobically degraded to dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene. Pilot scale field studies of in situ aerobic co-metabolic transformations have shown that indigenous microbes grown on phenol are more effective at degrading trichloroethylene and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene than microbes grown on methane. Modeling studies support field observations and indicate that the removal of trichloroethylene and cis-dichloroethylene results from the biostimulation of an indigenous microbial population. Field tests and modeling studies indicate that, at high TCE concentration, degradation becomes stoichiometrically limited.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2005

Does the use of low-level laser influence wound healing in chronic venous leg ulcers?

OBJECTIVE: Venous leg ulcer treatment often requires months or years of regular wound care by trained staff. It has been suggested that low-level laser irradiation has a biostimulative and wound healing effect, but this has not been clinically verified by controlled studies. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of low-level laser irradiation with that of a placebo 'light source'. METHOD: Forty-four patients were assigned to two treatment groups (laser and placebo) or a third group (standardised treatment only) to quantify the effect of the laser therapy. Patients in all three groups received standardised wound care (disinfection, a hydrofibre dressing and compression bandaging). Ulcer size was measured at baseline (day 1), at the end of therapy (day 28) and then two months later (day 90). The relative difference in wound size was evaluated. RESULTS: The difference in the reduction in wound size was not statistically significant in all three groups. A positive effect of using the non-laser device (placebo effect) was demonstrated in some patients. CONCLUSION: These study results suggest that low-level laser does not stimulate wound healing in venous leg ulcers. Further controlled studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of low-level laser treatment as a wound-healing stimulant.

Adult↗