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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Interactive simulation of tooth cleaning with an interdental brush.

Proper cleaning of tooth interspaces is significant to sufficient caries prophylaxis. In this article we present a system for the simulation of this cleaning procedure using an interdental brush. Various application areas for the simulation are presented and the purpose of our work is explained. Simulation methods are shown, including data acquisition and preprocessing, an editor for the design of simulated interdental brushes and the mathematical methods on which the simulation of flexible parts of the brush is based. The presentation of the haptic user interface and a glance on the overall simulation system complete the chapter on methods. Afterwards we show first results of our work, and the article ends with a conclusion and a view on further work to be done in future.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

The social impact of medicine. Chapter 1.

This paper, an overview of medical history, is based on a course I taught at the University of Delaware's Academy of Life Long Learning, "Medicine, the Old and the New." It will not be a chronology of medical events and discoveries, but a discussion of the social aspects of medicine, how medicine affected the everyday lives of people, from the religion-based medicine of antiquity to the super-scientific medicine of today. It will consist of 25 chapters. Dr. Peter V. Rocca, Editor-in-Chief of the Delaware Medical Journal (DMJ), is planning to publish one chapter in each successive issue of the DMJ.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2005

Social networks and community prevention coalitions.

This study investigates the links between community readiness and the social networks among participants in Communities That Care (CTC), community-based prevention coalitions. The coalitions targeted adolescent behavior problems through community risk factor assessments, prioritization of risk factors, and selection/implementation of corresponding evidence-based family, school, and community programs. Key leaders (n = 219) in 23 new CTC sites completed questionnaires focusing on community readiness to implement CTC and the respondents' personal, work, and social organization links to other key leaders in the community. Outside technical assistants also completed ratings of each community's readiness and early CTC functioning. Measures of network cohesion/integration were positively associated with readiness, while centralization was negatively associated. These results suggest that non-centralized networks in which ties between members are close and direct may be an indicator of community readiness. In addition, we found different associations between readiness and different domains of social relations. EDITORS' STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: The authors present the promising practice of using social network analysis to characterize the functioning of local prevention coalitions and their readiness to implement a community-based prevention initiative. Researchers and community planners will benefit from the lessons in this article, which capitalizes on a large sample and multiple informants. This work raises interesting questions about how to combine the promotion of coalition functioning while simultaneously encouraging diversity of coalition membership.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A low cost computer aided design (CAD) system for 3D-reconstruction from serial sections.

This paper describes an approach to computer-assisted 3D-reconstruction of neuronal specimens based on a low cost yet powerful software package for a personal computer (Atari ST). It provides an easy to handle (mouse driven) object editor to create 3D models of medium complexity (15,000 vertices) from sections or from scratch. The models may be displayed in various modes including stereo viewing and complex animation sequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers.

A computer program package called MEGA has been developed for estimating evolutionary distances, reconstructing phylogenetic trees and computing basic statistical quantities from molecular data. It is written in C++ and is intended to be used on IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers. In this program, various methods for estimating evolutionary distances from nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, three different methods of phylogenetic inference (UPGMA, neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony) and two statistical tests of topological differences are included. For the maximum parsimony method, new algorithms of branch-and-bound and heuristic searches are implemented. In addition, MEGA computes statistical quantities such as nucleotide and amino acid frequencies, transition/transversion biases, codon frequencies (codon usage tables), and the number of variable sites in specified segments in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Advanced on-screen sequence data and phylogenetic-tree editors facilitate publication-quality outputs with a wide range of printers. Integrated and interactive designs, on-line context-sensitive helps, and a text-file editor make MEGA easy to use.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

[Physician contemporaries of Hippocrates: problems in identifying the physician known as Herodicus].

In order to redirect the research into the physicians in Hippocrates' times, I have undertaken a complete review of all the sources about the physicians named Herodicus. The Anonymus Londiniensis (P. Lond. gr. inv. 137), who is by now the main source of information about the physicians prior or contemporary to Hippocrates, quotes Herodicus of Cnidus, otherwise unknown (IV 40-V 34), and another Herodicus (IX 20-36), who was identified with Herodicus of Selymbria (quoted by Platon) by the first editor H. Diels. The result of the analysis of the tradition shows clearly, I think, that Diels' identification of Herodicus of Selymbria is not based on any serious ground; that a more ancient Herodicus (of Cnidus), prior to Hippocrates and classified as founder of dietetics by a strictly medical tradition, has been confused with and obscured by Herodicus of Selymbria, overwhelmingly famous because of Plato's dialogues; and that in some passages the name Herodicus is an ancient corruption of that of the sophist Prodicus.

Greek World↗
PubMed1998

[The "impact factor" and the impact of medical journals].

Original articles published in scientific journals are important parameters for committees when they evaluate academic promotions or research grant applications. The analysis usually tries to give each paper a qualitative/quantitative assessment. An article's citation by others is accepted as a fair estimate of the value assigned to its originality and importance. A main determinant of every citation index is the international relevance attained by the journal where the article appeared. The "impact factor" of journals enlisted in the mainstream literature, as defined by the Journal Citation Reports (ISI), is being used by many assessors worldwide. But this index appears to be an unfair unit of measurement for journals that, although included in the main international data bases, are published in non-English languages. Furthermore, some local journals that are not enlisted by the Institute for Scientific Information apply external peer review to select their publications. In contrast, those same journals may have great relevance for their contributing authors and a high impact in their readers. The Editor's proposal is to classify original articles published in biomedical sciences, clinical medicine and public health topics using a three steps scale: a low score to articles published in local journals that use the peer review system, even though they were not enlisted in international data bases; a higher score to articles published in journals included in the mainstream literature, without considering their "impact factors" as differential values; and the highest score to articles published in journals recognized as international leaders in biomedicine, general medicine or in the subspecialties. Therefore, mainstream journals published in non-English languages would not be discriminated from other journals having higher "impact factors" mainly due to their use of the English language.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1992

A review of mortality from choroidal melanoma. I. Quality of published reports, 1966 through 1988.

The literature concerning mortality after a diagnosis of choroidal melanoma was reviewed to identify relevant articles published from 1966 through 1988 and to select those with mortality rates presented separately by tumor size for inclusion in a pooled analysis (meta-analysis) of 5-year mortality after enucleation for choroidal melanoma. The quality of the published literature for our purposes was assessed. Candidate articles were identified from a search of the MEDLINE files by an information specialist. Altogether, of 217 candidate articles, 76 (70 from the MEDLINE search and six more from our files) qualified for review. All-cause mortality rates were reported in 80% of the articles. Among six aspects of design and methods for which information was sought, eligibility criteria were reported in 52 (68%) of the 76 articles and statistical methods were cited in 38 (50%); other information was reported with intermediate frequency. Quality scores based on completeness of reporting with respect to 16 factors ranged from 13.3 to 92.3 of a possible 100.0. Findings suggest that researchers, clinicians, journal editors, and reviewers should be more attentive to the completeness of reports from clinical research studies with respect to basic information regarding design and methods.

Choroid Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical markup, XML, and the World Wide Web. 5. Applications of chemical metadata in RSS aggregators.

Examples of the use of the RSS 1.0 (RDF Site Summary) specification together with CML (Chemical Markup Language) to create a metadata based alerting service termed CMLRSS for molecular content are presented. CMLRSS can be viewed either using generic software or with modular opensource chemical viewers and editors enhanced with CMLRSS modules. We discuss the more automated use of CMLRSS as a component of a World Wide Molecular Matrix of semantically rich chemical information.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Introduction to the special section on attachment theory and psychotherapy.

In this introduction to the special section on attachment theory and psychotherapy, the editors briefly describe the key points of attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980) and its relevance to psychotherapy. They then outline their criteria for the selection of papers and briefly describe their emphasis. The aim of this section is to present novel and thought-provoking research that highlights the ways attachment theory principles contribute to understanding psychotherapy practice and outcome. It was the editors' goal to ensure breadth of coverage in terms of specific problems, range of populations, and types of treatments represented and to emphasize attachment-based treatments and outcomes. ((c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Integrated access to metabolic and genomic data.

The EcoCyc system consists of a knowledge base (KB) that describes the genes and intermediary metabolism of Escherichia coli, and a graphical user interface (GUI) for accessing that knowledge. This paper addresses two problems: How can we create a GUI that provides integrated access to metabolic and genomic data? We describe the design and implementation of visual presentations that closely mimic those found in the biology literature, and that offer hypertext navigation among related entities, and multiple views of the same entity. We employ a frame knowledge representation system (FRS) called HyperTHEO to manage the EcoCyc knowledge base. Among the advantages of FRSs are an expressive data model for capturing the complexities of biological information, and schema-evolution capabilities that facilitate the constant schema changes that biological databases tend to undergo. HyperTHEO also includes rule-based inference facilities that are the foundation of expert systems, a constraint language for maintaining data integrity, and a declarative query language. A graphic KB editor and browser allow the EcoCyc developers to interactively inspect and modify this evolving KB.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Designing theoretically-informed implementation interventions: fine in theory, but evidence of effectiveness in practice is needed.

The Improved Clinical Effectiveness through Behavioural Research Group (ICEBeRG) authors assert that a key weakness in implementation research is the unknown applicability of a given intervention outside its original site and problem, and suggest that use of explicit theory offers an effective solution. This assertion is problematic for three primary reasons. First, the presence of an underlying theory does not necessarily ease the task of judging the applicability of a piece of empirical evidence. Second, it is not clear how to translate theory reliably into intervention design, which undoubtedly involves the diluting effect of "common sense." Thirdly, there are many theories, formal and informal, and it is not clear why any one should be given primacy. To determine whether explicitly theory-based interventions are, on average, more effective than those based on implicit theories, pragmatic trials are needed. Until empirical evidence is available showing the superiority of theory-based interventions, the use of theory should not be used as a basis for assessing the value of implementation studies by research funders, ethics committees, editors or policy decision makers.

Comment↗
PubMed1995

Representing hospital events as complex conditionals.

We have developed an approach to medical knowledge representation whereby simple medical concepts are combined to yield complex statements of testable medical logic. The logic is created from a small number of generic medical concepts that are instantiated and combined to create the rules. Rule writing is done through a rule editor and requires knowledge of the system's data dictionaries, though no programming is required. We have used the approach to create a large knowledge base including panic lab alerting rules, drug-laboratory interaction alerting rules, an adverse drug event monitor, and a drug-age interaction detection program. The rules have been used as part of an alerting system and for data collection to determine the frequency of events of interest. The scheme is extensible and yields a readable form of the created knowledge. The scheme holds great promise as a durable form of medical knowledge representation.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2002

Editor's introduction: antipsychotic prescribing practices.

This commentary is an introduction to a set of articles reviewing antipsychotic prescribing practices for individuals with schizophrenia, noting where these practice patterns conform to or deviate from evidence-based practice, and identifying the pressing research questions raised by these variations. The delineation of practices supported by the evidence base is crucial for the practical concerns of creating practice guidelines and monitoring performance, as well as for identifying areas where the reach of clinical practice must exceed the grasp of current knowledge. These gaps in knowledge should guide the development of a research agenda that addresses pressing questions commonly confronted in everyday practice. We know from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) project and other surveys that clinically significant research findings are not making their way into practice. Additionally, as the articles assembled here indicate, questions of pressing importance in routine practice have yet to make their way into research agendas.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2002

Debridement of diabetic foot ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Foot ulceration is thought to affect 15% of people with diabetes at some time in their lives. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of debridement as a treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches of electronic databases, hand searching journals, bibliographies and identification of unpublished work by written communication with recognised experts in the diabetic foot. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials evaluating a method of debridement in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. The outcome had to include either complete healing or rate of healing. There was no restriction on articles/trials based on language or publication status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data extraction and assessment of study quality were undertaken by one reviewer and checked by an Editor of the Wounds Group. MAIN RESULTS: 5 RCTs of debridement were identified; 3 RCTs assessed the effectiveness of a hydrogel as a debridement method, 1 RCT evaluated surgical debridement and 1 RCT evaluated larval therapy. Pooling the 3 hydrogel RCTs suggested that hydrogels are significantly more effective than gauze or standard care in healing diabetic foot ulcers (absolute risk difference 0.23; 95% CI: 0.10,0.36). Surgical debridement and larval therapy showed no significant benefit in these small trials. Other debridement methods such as enzyme preparations or polysaccharide beads have not been evaluated in RCTs of people with diabetes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence to suggest that hydrogel increases the healing rate of diabetic foot ulcers. More research is needed to evaluate the effects of a range of widely used debridement methods and of debridement per se.

Combined Modality Therapy↗