The Allen vision test results of 2600 screenings.
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Adolescent↗
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Night vision testing in unoperated eyes.
BACKGROUND: We previously described a simple test which evaluates image degradation in post-excimer laser (PRK) patients under scotopic conditions. After refractive surgery, corneal haze, ablation zone decentration, ablation zone/pupillary diameter disparity, and under-correction each result in a characteristic pattern on the Night Vision Recording Chart. METHODS: Using the same method, further studies evaluated night vision image degradation in 118 un-operated emmetropic, myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic eyes and in 26 contact lens wearers. RESULTS: Scotopic image degradation increases with myopic refractive error, image displacement increases with astigmatism, and contact lens wearers have more image degradation that with spectacle correction. CONCLUSION: Our Night Vision Recording Chart offers a simple, reproducible method to characterize image degradation under scotopic conditions.
Contact Lenses↗
[Vision test device: possibilities and limits of LCD technique].
An automatic visual acuity test examining visual acuity at 5 m distance is presented. An LCD screen with 400 x 640 pixel is used for graphic display. The Landolt rings are selected randomly. The test presented here complies well with the criteria of DIN 58220. Accuracy estimates for representation of the Landolt rings in raster graphics are discussed. With the method suggested, the testing of visual acuity, one of the most important tests in ophthalmological practice, is simplified and its reliability and results are improved. The method allows tests at short time intervals to trace the time dependency of visual acuity. Furthermore, the test may be delegated to support personnel.
Adolescent↗
[Relationship between vision tests and eye care methods in a rural population].
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Adolescent↗
[Experiences with the Rodenstock vision test device for children, (serial examination in the Central Children's Home of the City of Vienna)].
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Amblyopia↗
Vision testing by parents of 3 and one-half-year-old children.
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Age Factors↗
Vision testing in the pediatric population.
The goal of office testing of the child remains the same as it is for the adult--to gather as much information as efficiently as possible. Clinical testing of the child requires familiarity with the limitations available tests. Perhaps most important is the ability choose the proper test to use at every development stage. Cooperation may be surprisingly good in to hands of experienced examiners, though very young children can be unpredictable. The general ophthalmologist should not fear having young patients but rather take joy in the interaction with them. Armed with as many tools as possible, the challenge of testing children can be converted to the reward of helping families.
Child↗
[Refractive errors, strabismus and amblyopia in pre-school screening--experiences using a vision test in kindergarten].
UNLABELLED: Within the framework of mass screenings conducted by the Public Health service section for juveniles, 254 children were examined jointly on a voluntary basis in 5 different kindergartens. The examined children represented in each case 88% of the respective kindergarten groups. The examination programme included, among others, the R5 apparatus (visual acuity in respect of remote objects with and without + 1.5 D), Lang- and DeKa Stereo Test, Cover-and-Uncover Test with remote and near fixation, heterostatic retinoscopy (in 205 children only), ophthalmoscopic fixation test. In addition, the acceptance for U8 and the degree of care in respect of ophthalmological control and treatment were investigated. RESULTS: Strabismus or significant uncorrected errors of refraction were discovered by the on-target tests of covering and uncovering, fixation and retinoscopy in 26 of 205 completely examined children (12.7%). This had not been satisfactorily covered by single tests such as R5-Visus test with the criteria much less than 1.0 (grade 5) or much less than 0.7 (grade 4), respectively stereo tests. The combination of "R5-Test Visus much less than 1.0" and "DeKa Stereo Test not fully identified" attained a sensitivity of 81% with a positive predictive value of only 28%. This combination, therefore, results in too many healthy children being referred to the ophthalmologist. "R5-Test Visus much less than 0.7" and "DeKa Stereo Test not fully identified" attained a sensitivity of 75% with a positive predictive value of 44%. This combination is recommended as long as the R5 or R11 apparatuses are used. The phoria and stereo tests contained in the R5 apparatus are unsuitable for kindergarten screening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Amblyopia↗
[Visual acuity and driver's licence among young people. Are routine vision tests necessary?].
The minimum visual acuity for obtaining a driver's licence for smaller vehicles in Norway is 0.5 (5/10). However, visual acuity is not routinely tested on application for the licence. Among 720 conscripts examined by a draft board, five (0.694%) had a visual acuity of less than 0.5, and did not have spectacles or lenses. The estimated standard deviation is 0.31%. The upper 95% one sided confidence limit was estimated to be 1.46% (Poisson-distribution). It is concluded that checking the vision of all applicants for a driver's licence would have only a marginal effect on safety.
Adult↗
[Vision testing: a method for the correct estimation of visual acuity].
The errors and deficiencies of current sight testing due to lack of adequate tools or training are highlighted. Some useful techniques and methods, especially for non-specialist personnel, are suggested as a way of improving the evaluation of eyesight.
Humans↗
[Comparative vision tests using objective and subjective testing methods in amblyopia].
In 20 amblyopic eyes without reading ability a comparison was made between the visual acuity found by subjective tests and with the Catford Visual Acuity Apparatus, Kotowski's Visumeter and Lotmar's Moiré Visometer. These instruments all work on the basis of different physiological functions. The Kotowski Visumeter seems to be the best instrument for an expertise on the visual acuity of an amblyopic eye. With the test pattern moving from nasal to temporal the results corresponded to the patients reading ability in 16 cases (80%); 4 patients had poorer vision. With the checkerboard pattern moving temporonasally the average results were better than the patients' actual vision. The Catford apparatus gave results corresponding to the subjective reading test only in 12 cases (60%). Apparatus with interferometric scales are not suitable for objective visual testing of amblyopic subjects; the results they give are always much better than the actual vision of the patient.
Adolescent↗
Visual acuity and colour vision tests--a preliminary report.
Results are reported of a preliminary survey of colour vision changes in fifteen patients with central serous retinopathy. Colour vision was monitored with the HRR plates, 100-hue test and Nagel anomaloscope. In those patients revealing an acquired dyschromatopsia the defect had a tritan-like response. However, diagnosis is made difficult because of the positively correlated trend between 100-hue error score and visual acuity.
Adult↗
[The Freiburg Vision Test. A computer-assisted procedure with sequential strategy].
Single Landolt Cs were presented in one of four positions on a monitor. Subjects responded by pressing one of four buttons (forced choice). A computer selected the size of the Landolt Cs on a logarithmic scale using the "Best PEST" algorithm (Best Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing), a modern procedure to measure psychophysical thresholds. For comparison, conventional measurements according to DIN 58220 (Deutsche Industrie Norm) were performed with Landolt Cs projected in eight positions, using three out of five correct responses as the threshold criterion. Examination of 23 patients (most of them with senile cataract) did not show any significant difference between the two tests in either visual acuity or reproducibility on two consecutive days. The coefficients of variation between sessions were 22% for the Freiburg test and 26% for the DIN test and 18% between the two tests, pooled over two sessions. The Freiburg acuity test thus appears to be numerically equivalent to the DIN 58220 procedure. In addition, it has a number of advantages: (1) examiner-dependent variability is reduced; therefore, the test can be used by inexperienced examiners; (2) the forced choice technique is used rigorously; (3) mistakes in confounding oblique directions are largely avoided; (4) the procedure is about twice as fast.
Adult↗
[Case finding of amblyopia in young children using the TNO-depth-vision-test].
To evaluate the policy in amblyopia detection by pre-school health care workers we studied the prevalence of amblyopia that had not previously been detected among 1975 children at the ages of 4 years 6 months to 5 years 10 months. Seventy-eight (3.9%) of the children had insufficient stereo-acuity, though no form of ocular abnormality had been noted in the past. Twenty-one (1%) of the children had a previously undetected amblyopia. After 1 1/2 years 74% of the children with amblyopia had a visual acuity of 0.9 or more, while most of the children--at the time of referral--were 4 1/2 years or older. Amblyopia can be identified earlier by (a) a proper transfer of information from pre-school health care workers to the school doctor; (b) taking into consideration low vision if assessment of vision was not successful in the first examination, and (c) performing at least the TNO-stereotest when in doubt.
Amblyopia↗
Preferential looking vision testing: application to evaluation of high-risk, prematurely born infants and children.
We studied the application of preferential looking (PL) procedures to evaluation of visual performance of 59 prematurely born infants and young children. Neurological abnormalities were present in 29 of the 59 patients. Ophthalmic examination revealed normal eyes in 20 of the patients; retinopathy of prematurity (20 patients) and strabismus (13 patients) were the most prevalent ophthalmological disorders; the remaining 6 patients had a variety of ophthalmic anomalies. Results indicate that PL testing of such patients is best accomplished after age 2 months. Patients with developmental delays can be tested, but they may have poor PL performance that is not accounted for by ophthalmic abnormalities. Differences in PL acuities between right and left eyes were indicative of amblyopia in some of the strabismic patients; sequential PL acuities monitored occlusion therapy in these pre-verbal youngsters.
Birth Weight↗
Computerized scoring and graphing of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision test.
The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test is a sensitive and accurate test of color discrimination. A major disadvantage of the test is the laborious and time-consuming calculation needed to score the results and plot them on a chart for interpretation. We present a computer program, written in Microsoft's BASIC language, that performs the calculation and reports both the individual color cap error scores (from which the graph is plotted) and the total error score. If used with an IBM personal computer (or compatible) capable of graphics, the program plots a graph in a modified polar coordinate format that can be printed on a dot-matrix printer.
Color Perception↗
Do we have optimal screening limits in Sweden for vision testing at the age of 4 years?
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Swedish screening criteria for referral of children to ophthalmic care after visual acuity testing at the age of 4 years. The screening limit has generally been 0.8. To what extent do children with 0.65 in each eye (0.65/0.65) or 0.65 in one and 0.8 in the other (0.65/0.8) at the age of 4 years have visual defects needing early treatment? Sixty-three children who had failed screening underwent orthoptic and ophthalmologic evaluation. Twenty-four patients (38%) saw 0.65/0.65 or 0.65/0.8 and were studied further. None of them had manifest strabismus. Refractive errors were minor except in 2 patients who had significant hyperopia. Twenty-two of these 24 patients returned for reevaluation at the age of five years and that time 18 of them saw 0.8 or more without treatment. Our findings suggest that children with visual acuity of no less than 0.65 and no more than one line's difference between the eyes at 4 years of age seldom have visual defects needing treatment.
Child, Preschool↗
Potential vision testing--the relationship between visual acuity and Vernier acuity in the presence of simulated cataract.
To evaluate the utility of a computer controlled two-bar Vernier acuity measurement as a predictor of visual function in the presence of cataract we measured logMAR visual acuity and Vernier acuity in a group of 40 young normal observers under various levels of dioptric blur (0-3 D in dioptre steps). The Vernier thresholds were resistant to dioptric blur up to 2 D, but performance degraded with blur of 3 D for non-optimised Vernier stimulus parameters. The stimulus parameters, bar length and bar separation, were further investigated in two subjects under conditions of blur. By extending the Vernier bar length and increasing the bar separation the effect of blur could be further reduced even under the most blurred condition. The relationship between visual acuity and Vernier acuity was determined. Vernier acuity was measured in the presence of Vistech cataract simulating lenses and a prediction of visual acuity was made for three observers, two with no ocular abnormality and one with age-related maculopathy. The cataract simulating lenses affected the measured visual acuity in all three subjects, but had less effect on Vernier acuity. Predicted visual acuities were all within six letters (0.12 log units) of the visual acuity without the simulated cataract. As expected, the subject sufferng from age-related maculopathy, whilst showing similar levels of Vernier acuity to the two ocularly healthy subjects at 1.5 degrees of retinal eccentricity, showed much poorer Vernier acuity for stimuli presented at fixation.
Adult↗