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PubMed2001

The burden of reproductive-organ disease in rural women in The Gambia, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: Data on the epidemiology of reproductive-organ morbidity are needed to guide effective interventions, to set health-care priorities, and to target future research. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of reproductive-organ disease in a sample of rural Gambian women. METHODS: A questionnaire on reproductive health was administered by fieldworkers to women aged 15-54 years living in a rural area under demographic surveillance. A female gynaecologist questioned and examined the women (including speculum and bimanual pelvic examinations). Vaginal swabs were taken to test for Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and bacterial vaginosis, cervical smears for cytology, cervical swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis PCR and Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture, and venous blood for haemoglobin, HIV, herpes simplex virus 2, and syphilis serology. FINDINGS: 1348 (72.0%) of 1871 eligible women took part. Reproductive-organ symptoms were more likely to be reported to the gynaecologist (52.7% of women) than to the fieldworker (26.5%). Menstrual problems, abnormal vaginal discharge, and vaginal itching were the most commonly reported symptoms. A minority of women said they had sought health care for their symptoms. The frequencies of reproductive-organ morbidity were high: menstrual dysfunction 34.1% (95% CI 29.6-39.1), infertility 9.8% (8.2-11.6), reproductive-tract infections 47.3% (43.7-51.0), pelvic tenderness 9.8% ((7.0-13.5), cervical dysplasia 6.7% (5.2-8.4), masses 15.9% (12.5-20.1), and childbirth-related damage to pelvic structures 46.1% (40.1-52.3). 948 (70.3%) women had at least one reproductive-organ disorder. INTERPRETATION: For these rural women, whose lives depend heavily on their reproductive function, reproductive-organ disease is a large burden. In inadequately resourced rural areas, with poor education, heavy agricultural and domestic labour, and limited access to quality health care, many women are not able to attain and maintain reproductive health and wellbeing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Polymorphism in intron 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene, local midtrimester cytokine response to vaginal flora, and subsequent preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between polymorphism in intron 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene, midtrimester vaginal microflora, vaginal interleukin receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta levels and subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: Vaginal samples from 212 women, collected at 18-22 weeks' gestation, were analyzed for the polymorphism in intron 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene by polymerase chain reaction, qualitative and quantitative vaginal microflora, and interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1ra concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pregnancy outcome data were subsequently obtained. RESULTS: Carriage of intron 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 (IL1RN * 2) was associated with an elevated vaginal pH in black ( P < .001) and white ( P = .005) women, a reduced interleukin-1beta response to anaerobic Gram-negative rods and/or Gardnerella vaginalis ( P < .01), and a decreased rate of spontaneous preterm deliveries (6% versus 18%, P = .02). In black women, IL1RN * 2 carriage was associated with increased anaerobic Gram-negative rods, Mycoplasma, and Peptostreptococci and decreased Lactobacilli colonization. CONCLUSION: IL1RN * 2 carriage was associated with a blunted proinflammatory interleukin-1beta response to abnormal vaginal flora. This property may decrease susceptibility to infection-related preterm birth.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of sexually transmitted bacterial diseases in pregnant women.

Testing for and treating sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in pregnant women deserves special attention. Treatment possibilities are limited because of potential risks for the developing fetus, and because effects can differ in pregnant compared with non-pregnant women, re-infection may be missed because of the intrinsic delicacy of contact-tracing during pregnancy and because pregnant women are more reluctant to take the prescribed medication in its full dose, if at all. However, the devastating effects of some of these genital infections far outweigh any potential adverse effects of treatment. Although active syphilis has become a rarity in most Western countries, it is still prevalent in South America, Africa and South-East Asia. Benzathine benzylpenicillin (2.4 million units once or, safer, twice 7 days apart) is the treatment of choice, although patients with syphilis of longer standing require 3 weekly injections as well as extensive investigation into whether there has been any damage due to tertiary syphilis. Despite declining rates of gonorrhea, the relative rate of penicillinase-producing strains is increasing, especially in South-East Asia. The recommended treatment is intramuscular ceftriaxone (125 or 250 mg) or oral cefixime 400 mg. Despite good safety records after accidental use, fluoroquinolones are contraindicated during pregnancy. An alternative to a fluoroquinolone in pregnant women with combined gonorrhea and chlamydial infection is oral azithromycin 1 or 2 g. Azithromycin as a single 1 g dose is also preferable to a 7 day course of erythromycin 500 mg 4 times a day for patients with chlamydial infection. Eradication of Haemophilus ducreyi in patients with chancroid can also be achieved with these regimens or intramuscular ceftriaxone 250 mg. Trichomonas vaginalis, which is often seen as a co-infection, has been linked to an increased risk of preterm birth. Patients infected with this parasite should therefore received metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 7 days as earlier fears of teratogenesis in humans have not been confirmed by recent data. Bacterial vaginosis is also associated with preterm delivery in certain risk groups, such as women with a history of preterm birth or of low maternal weight. Such an association is yet to be convincingly proven in other women. The current advice is to treat only women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis who also present other risk factors for preterm delivery. The treatment of choice is oral metronidazole 1 g/day for 5 days. The possible reduction of preterm birth by vaginally applied metronidazole or clindamycin is still under investigation. In general, both test of cure and re-testing after several weeks are advisable in most pregnant patients with STDs, because partner notification and treatment are likely to be less efficient than outside pregnancy and the impact of inadequately treated or recurrent disease is greater because of the added risk to the fetus. Every diagnosis of an STD warrants a full screen for concomitant genital disease. Most ulcerative genital infections, as well as abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis, increase the sexual transmission efficiency of HIV, necessitating even more stringent screening for and treating of STD during pregnancy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

An analysis of the obstetric outcome of 125 consecutive pregnancies conceived in vitro and resulting in 100 deliveries.

One hundred twenty-five consecutive pregnancies conceived in vitro resulted in 100 deliveries of 115 babies. There were 23 clinical abortions (18.4%) and two tubal pregnancies. During the same interval 30 preclinical pregnancies occurred, but these pregnancies did not progress. There were 26 multiple pregnancies (37.1%) before the twelfth week; these reduced spontaneously to 14 (22.2%) multiple births at delivery. Eight infants were delivered prematurely, and three of these died. Three babies had some congenital abnormality. Vaginal bleeding occurred during pregnancy in 59% of patients. Cesarean section was the method of delivery in 56% of patients. Other complications of pregnancy were similar to those of comparable populations.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

Human papillomavirus infection of the female genital tract: correlation of HPV DNA with cytologic, colposcopic, and natural history findings.

Although molecular biology evidence suggests a strong link between HPVs and anogenital neoplasias, evidence from clinical studies is still less convincing. Thus, the recognition of both overt and subclinical HPV infection has become increasingly important. We studied the correlation between HPV DNA and cytologic, colposcopic and natural history findings in a defined group of women. The study population consisted of 150 HPV DNA positive cases (mean age 25.7 years, SD 7.4) and 69 randomly selected HPV DNA negative controls (mean age 27.3 years, SD 7.9) enrolled in an ongoing study of the natural history of genital HPV infections. All cases and controls had normal cervicovaginal cytology at the enrollment. A commercial dot-blot technique hybridization test (Virapap and Viratype, Digene Diagnostics, USA) was used for HPV DNA testing of cervicovaginal scrapes. Five percent of the patients had HPV 16/18, 31% had HPV 31/33/35, 15% had more than one of the three HPV DNA groups ("mixed"), and 15% had untypable HPV DNA. Cases and controls were followed by repeat examinations every 4th month. The mean follow-up time was 12.2 months (SD 8.7) for the cases, and 12.8 months (SD 6.9) for the controls. The study endpoint was defined as the presence of cytologic changes consistent with CIN. The overall prevalence of atypical transformation zone (ATZ) findings was 45% in the controls and 56% in the cases, with no significant differences between the specific HPV DNA groups. Although vulvar or vaginal abnormalities (acetowhite epithelium, squamous papillomatosis, filaments, satellite lesions, fissures, papules or exophytic condylomas) were more commonly seen in the cases than in the controls, the difference was significant only for condylomas and fissures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Colposcopy↗
PubMed1999

Association of indicators of bacterial vaginosis with a female genital tract factor that induces expression of HIV-1.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms with an HIV-inducing factor (HIF) found in cervicovaginal lavage. DESIGN: A total of 26 cervicovaginal lavage specimens collected from 17 women were used in this study to determine if HIF was significantly associated with features consistent with bacterial vaginosis. METHODS: Patients were evaluated for various clinical features including age, HIV status and stage, CD4 cell counts, clinical diagnosis of gynecological infections, vaginal pH, Gram stains of vaginal fluid, phase of menstruation, and presence of cervical dysplasia. Cervicovaginal lavage specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIF by U1 bioassay. The presence of Gardnerella vaginalis, and general Mycoplasmataceae, and specifically Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. fermentans, M. genitalium in cervicovaginal lavage were determined by semiquantitative PCR. RESULTS: Eleven cervicovaginal lavage samples from seven women were HIF-positive and 15 cervicovaginal lavage samples from 11 women were HIF-negative (patient No. 8 had two HIF-negative cervicovaginal lavage and one HIF-positive cervicovaginal lavage). The following parameters were significantly associated with HIF: abnormal vaginal fluid pH (>4.5) (P = 0.006), Gram stains indicative of bacterial vaginosis (P = 0.007), normal menstrual cycle (P = 0.0007) and PCR detection and relative quantity of M. hominis (P = 0.0003, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that HIF is closely associated with features of bacterial vaginosis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Oral immunization with recombinant listeria monocytogenes controls virus load after vaginal challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus.

Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes has many attractive characteristics as a vaccine vector against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wild-type and attenuated Listeria strains expressing HIV Gag have been shown to induce long-lived mucosal and systemic T-cell responses in mice. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV we evaluated recombinant L. monocytogenes in a challenge system. Five cats were immunized with recombinant L. monocytogenes that expresses the FIV Gag and delivers an FIV Env-expressing DNA vaccine (LMgag/pND14-Lc-env). Control cats were either sham immunized or immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes (LM-wt). At 1 year after vaginal challenge, provirus could not be detected in any of the nine tissues evaluated from cats immunized with the recombinant bacteria but was detected in at least one tissue in 8 of 10 control animals. Virus was isolated from bone marrow of four of five LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized cats by use of a stringent coculture system but required CD8(+) T-cell depletion, indicating CD8(+) T-cell suppression of virus replication. Control animals had an inverted CD4:CD8 ratio in mesenteric lymph node and were depleted of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) intestinal epithelial T cells, while LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized animals showed no such abnormalities. Vaginal FIV-specific immunoglobulin A was present at high titer in three LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized cats before challenge and in all five at 1 year postchallenge. This study demonstrates that recombinant L. monocytogenes conferred some control of viral load after vaginal challenge with FIV.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

[Evaluation of the time response of a single dose administration of fenticonazole nitrate].

174 women with vaginal candidosis confirmed by direct microscopic examination were treated with a single intravaginal fenticonazole nitrate capsule. One third received a second intravaginal capsule three days later. Fenticonazole nitrate cream was also applied daily on the vulvar area in 94.2% of cases. Efficacy was excellent. After one week improvement and complete healing rates were 88% and 80%, respectively. On the second day of treatment pruritus and burning abated in 78% and 85% of women. Mycologic cure demonstrated by microscopic examination was obtained in 92% of cases. Treatment acceptance and tolerance were rated good or excellent by 98% and 92% of patients. Absence of abnormal vaginal discharge due to vaginal capsule was considered as an advantage by women. Results of this trial performed on a large number of patients confirm that product efficacy is fast.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mkks-null mice have a phenotype resembling Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

McKusick-Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by post-axial polydactyly, congenital heart defects and hydrometrocolpos, a congenital structural abnormality of female genitalia. Mutations in the MKKS gene have also been shown to cause some cases of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) which is characterized by obesity, pigmentary retinopathy, polydactyly, renal abnormalities and hypogenitalism with secondary features of hypertension and diabetes. Although there is overlap in clinical features between MKS and BBS, MKS patients are not obese and do not develop retinopathy or have learning disabilities. To further explore the pathophysiology of BBS and the related disorder MKS, we have developed an Mkks(-/-) mouse model. This model shows that the absence of Mkks leads to retinal degeneration through apoptosis, failure of spermatozoa flagella formation, elevated blood pressure and obesity. The obesity is associated with hyperphagia and decreased activity. In addition, neurological screening reveals deficits in olfaction and social dominance. The mice do not have polydactyly or vaginal abnormalities. The phenotype of the Mkks(-/-) mice closely resembles the phenotype of other mouse models of BBS (Bbs2(-/-) and Bbs4(-/-)). These observations suggest that the complete absence of MKKS leads to BBS while the MKS phenotype is likely to be due to specific mutations.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1957

Vaginal cytology; results in 3,000 consecutive women with normal cervices.

Cytologic examination of 9,000 specimens of mucoid material taken from the cervices of 3,000 women who had no clinically observable vaginal abnormality was carried out. Sixteen of them had carcinoma, later proved by tissue examination. In 15 cases the lesion was epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix and in one was adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Routine use of examination of mucoid specimens easily and painlessly obtained from the vagina should contribute substantially to a lower mortality from pelvic carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

The pathology of hysterectomy specimens.

Six hundred and twenty-one hysterectomies were performed at National Women's Hospital, Auckland, during 1975. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the clinical indication in 50.72% of the cases. Fibroids, pelvic mass, prolapse, stress incontinence and cervical neoplasia were the indication for 45.88% of the cases. Total hysterectomy was performed in 618 (99.5%) patients whilst sub-total hysterectomy was done in only three cases. Histopathological studies revealed that 567 (91.30%) specimens were pathological and there was multiple pathology in 55.87% of the specimens. Leiomyomas were present in 278 cases (44.76%); microleiomyomatosis in 178 specimens (22.66%); endometrial hyperplasia in 139 specimens (22.33%) adenomyosis in 87 cases (14.00%); malignant diseases in 76 cases (12.23%); and endometriosis in 40 specimens (6.44%). There were no histological abnormalities in 54 specimens, 8.69% of this series.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia: a disease apparently of desmosome and gap junction formation.

A previously unrecognized autosomal dominant syndrome affecting oral, nasal, vaginal, urethral, anal, bladder, and conjunctival mucosa with cataracts, follicular keratosis, nonscarring alopecia, and terminal lung disease is described in a four-generation kindred of German extraction. Severe photophobia, tearing, and nystagmus in infancy heralds the development of keratitis, corneal vascularization, and lens cataracts. Repeated corneal transplants have failed. Red, periorificial mucosal lesions involving the above structures are noted by 1 year of age and may persist throughout life. Chronic rhinorrhea and repeated upper respiratory infections frequently progress to bilateral pneumonia accompanied by loss of hair, diarrhea, occasional melena, enuresis, pyuria, and hematuria. Spontaneous pneumothorax is frequent, terminating in fibrocystic-type lung disease and cor pulmonale. Women have had repeated abnormal vaginal PAP smears. Histologically the mucosal epithelium shows dyshesion, thinning of the epithelial layer, and dyskeratosis. Mucosal PAP smears show lack of epithelial maturation, cytoplasmic vacuoles and inclusions, and individual cell dyskeratosis. Histochemically there is a lack of cornification and keratinization. Ultrastructural studies show lack of keratohyalin granules, a paucity of desmosomes, intercellular accumulations, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and formation of bands and aggregates of filamentous fibers and structures in the cytoplasm resembling desmosomes and gap junctions. The condition is probably a panepithelial cell defect of desmosomal and gap junction structure most prominently affecting mucosal epithelia associated with an increased susceptibility to a variety of adventitious organisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) following hysterectomy in patients treated for carcinoma in situ of the cervix.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix treated by hysterectomy who proceeded to develop vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) and define whether the subsequent development of VAIN justifies intensive cytology and colposcopy follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred and ninety-three women who were subjected to hysterectomy with CIN, (793 patients had completed 10 years of cytology and colposcopy follow-up) were identified. RESULTS: Forty-one patients with VAIN presented with CIN 3 after hysterectomy. The upper one half of the vagina was the area more affected. The middle age group developed VAIN in the shortest time. Atypical Cells (ASCUS) were found in 42% of these patients. Colposcopy revealed VAIN involving the vault angles of the suture line in 54% of the cases. In 51% of the cases the grade of vaginal abnormality was the same as that of the original lesion in the cervix. CONCLUSION: With such data we would propose screening over a 5-year period. Follow-up should also include colposcopic review during every examination.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by wet mount identification of bacterial morphotypes in vaginal fluid.

In order to develop a more practical way of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis (BV), we evaluated a scoring system, weighting small bacterial morphotypes versus lactobacillary morphotypes in wet mounts, assessed criteria for BV and normalcy from this scoring, and then evaluated their reproducibility and accuracy. We examined 754 women for pH, homogeneous vaginal discharge, amine odour, clue cells and the composite clinical diagnosis. We also examined wet mounts for small bacterial morphotypes and lactobacillary morphotypes, and weighted their quantitative presence as a bacterial morphotype score. The term 'small bacterial morphotypes' denotes a group of small bacillary forms comprising coccobacilli, tiny rods, and mobile curved rods. The different characteristics of BV were all gradually associated with increased bacterial morphotype scoring. We deemed a score of 0-1 as normal, 2-4 as intermediate phase, grade I, 5-6 as intermediate phase, grade II, and 7-8 indicative of BV. Reproducibility of the interpretation was high, both for the new grading system (weighted Kappa 0.90 in women perceiving and 0.81 in women not perceiving abnormal vaginal discharge) and for the new criterion for BV (non-weighted Kappa 0.91 and 0.84 in the 2 groups of women). The new criterion also proved highly concurrent with the composite clinical diagnosis (Kappa 0.91 and 0.81 in the 2 groups). In conclusion, the wet mount bacterial morphotype scoring is valid for grading of the disorder of the vaginal microbial ecosystem, and the new criterion for BV a more practical option than existing diagnostic methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Vaginal colonization with Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis).

Vaginal cultures for Corynebacterium vaginale and confidential questionnaires were obtained from unselected young women who consulted a gynecologist in a student health service. In all, 466 women were studied, 150 (32.2%) of whom were colonized with C. vaginale. Logit analysis defined four factors that were significantly associated with colonization with C. vaginale: nonwhite race, use of oral contraceptives, no history of marriage, and a history of pregnancy. Sexual experience had little influence on colonization; C. vaginale was isolated from 16 (29%) of 56 sexually inexperienced women and from 40 (41%) of 98 women who had had intercourse with six or more men. After a few patients with trichomoniasis were excluded, there was no association between colonization with C. vaginale and an abnormal vaginal discharge, either as reported by the participant or as noted by the examining physician.

Black People↗
PubMed2004

[Ureteral injury in gynecologic laparoscopies].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ureteral injury in gynecological laparoscopies and discuss its diagnosis, treatment and prevention. METHODS: Ureteral injury in gynecological laparoscopies during the past 13 years was reviewed retrospectively. The clinical features of initial operations including the types of disease, uterine size, pelvic adhesion, operative procedures and the methods of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ureteral injury were studied. RESULTS: There were 8 ureteral injuries (0.14%) in 5 541 gynecological laparoscopies with seven in laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH)/total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) (0.45%) and one in non-LAVH (0.03%). The main gynecological disorders included adenomyosis, endometriosis and leiomyoma. All patients had pelvic adhesions and 4 had previous pelvic operations. Uterine enlargement was found in 7. Patients presented increased vaginal drainage, flank pain, increased volumes of vaginal discharge, nausea and vomiting, fever, edema, or peritonitis from 0 to 13 days postoperatively. Ureteral injuries were mainly diagnosed via excretory urogram (IVP). The sites of injury were near the inferior margin of the sacroiliac joint in two women and at the inferior part of ureter (near the uterine vessel, uterosacral ligament and ureterovesical junction) in 6. Two patients whose injuries were found soon after operation received ureteral repair by laparotomy successfully. Two of the six patients whose injuries were found several days later were treated with internal ureteral stenting successfully, the other four failed with ureteral stenting and received ureteral repair by laparotomy. Outcomes were good in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Ureteral injury is an uncommon and severe complication in gynecological laparoscopies. Symptoms like abnormally increased drainage, fever, flank pain, abnormal vaginal discharge and peritonitis after operation should be paid attention to and ureteral injury be considered. Surgical repair is the primary treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Female infertility in mice deficient in midkine and pleiotrophin, which form a distinct family of growth factors.

Midkine and pleiotrophin form a family of growth factors. Mice deficient in one of the genes show few abnormalities on reproduction and development. To understand their roles in these processes, we produced mice deficient in both genes; the double deficient mice were born in only one third the number expected by Mendelian segregation and 4 weeks after birth weighed about half as much as wild-type mice. Most of the female double deficient mice were infertile. In these mice, the numbers of mature follicles and of ova at ovulation were reduced compared to numbers in wild-type mice. Both midkine and pleiotrophin were expressed in the follicular epithelium and granulosa cells of the ovary. The expression of these factors in the uterus was dramatically altered during the estrous cycle. The diestrus and proestrus periods were long and the estrus period was short in the double deficient mice, indicating the role of the factors in the estrous cycle. Furthermore, vaginal abnormality was found in about half of the double deficient mice. These abnormalities in combination resulted in female infertility. Therefore, midkine and pleiotrophin, together with their signaling receptors, play important roles in the female reproductive system.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of cow factors influencing conception rates after two timed breeding protocols.

The objective of this study was to determine cow factors that influence conception rates after timed artificial insemination (TAI) on a commercial dairy farm. In Trial 1, 197 cows were synchronized by an administration of 25 mg of dinoprost between Days 48 and 54 post partum and again 14 days later. Cows were inseminated 66 and 90 hours after the second treatment. In Trial 2, 186 cows were treated with an Ovsynch protocol consisting of an administration of 0.02 mg of buserelin between Days 62 and 68 post partum, a treatment with 0.75 mg of tiaprost 7 days later and a second treatment with buserelin 48 h later. Cows were bred 16 to 20 hours after the last treatment. Cows with abnormal vaginal discharge at the time of insemination were excluded from AI. Lactation number, milk yield, fat and protein content of milk, signs of endometritis at an examination 14 to 20 days post partum and month of breeding were included as potential factors influencing conception on TAI. Conception rates after timed breeding were 32.0% and 30.6% in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that neither milk production parameters nor endometritis at post partum examination influenced conception rates in either of the two timed breeding protocols. Only parity showed an effect (P=0.012) in Trial 2. Primiparous cows were more likely to conceive after timed breeding than older cows (43.5 vs. 23.1%). An effect of parity, however, was not observed in Trial 1. It can be concluded that neither milk production nor endometritis at an examination 14 to 20 days post partum influence conception rates after TAI if cows with abnormal vulval discharge at the designated time of AI are excluded from breeding.

Animals↗