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PubMed2001

Cellular events at the onset of physiological root resorption in rabbit deciduous teeth.

For elucidation of how physiological root resorption of deciduous teeth is initiated, the cellular events that occur surrounding the root of rabbit deciduous teeth before and at the onset of physiological root resorption were observed by means of light and electron microscopy. In addition, the cytodifferentiation of odontoclasts during the initial phase of this root resorption was evaluated by histochemical staining of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity as a marker odontoclasts and their precursors. The present investigation was focused on the physiological root resorption of the deciduous lower second molar of rabbits from Day 0-5 postnatally. At birth, the deciduous molar had not erupted yet, and no TRAP-positive cell could be found surrounding the tissue adjacent to the root of the deciduous tooth. TRAP-positive mononuclear cells were initially detected in the coronal portion of the dental follicle of the permanent tooth at Day 1 postnatally. Ultrastructurally, these mononuclear cells had moderate numbers of mitochondria and short-strand rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as scattered free ribosomes throughout their cytoplasm. TRAP-positive mononuclear cells then appeared in the cementoblast layer immediately adjacent to the surface of the deciduous roots. These mononuclear cells projected cytoplasmic extensions between the cementoblasts and made contact with the cementum. At that time, cell-cell contact was frequently observed between these mononuclear cells and cementoblasts. During 3-5 days postnatally, the number of TRAP-positive multinucleate odontoclasts on the root surface gradually increased. They had well-developed ruffled borders and made typical resorption lacunae on the root surface of the deciduous tooth. During this early postnatal period, neither inflammatory cells nor necrotic tissue could be observed surrounding the deciduous root. This study demonstrates that the dental follicle of the permanent tooth as well as the connective tissue adjacent to the deciduous root might play important role in site- and time-specific recruitment, development, and activation of odontoclasts before and at the onset of physiological root resorption.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2000

Localization of cathepsin D in human odontoclasts. a light and electron microscopical immunocytochemical study.

Odontoclasts are dentine and cementum resorbing cells whose relationship to bone resorbing osteoclasts is not clear. Like osteoclasts, they possess different cathepsins which are involved in mineralized tissue degradation during the tooth root resorption process in deciduous teeth. Whether cathepsin D, which in osteoclasts probably functions as an activator of other cathepsins, can be found in odontoclasts, has, however, not been investigated before. In order to determine its occurrence and localization, cathepsin D immunocytochemistry was applied to paraffin-embedded sections from 30 human deciduous tooth roots undergoing resorption. Using immunogold postembedding immunocytochemsitry on LR-Gold embedded specimens, the distribution of cathepsin D was investigated at the ultrastructural level. We identified tartrate-resistent acid phosphatase-positive mono- and multinuclear odontoclasts near and on the periodontal surfaces of tooth roots. Nearly all of these cells showed cytoplasmic granular cathepsin D immunoreactivity. At the electron microscopical level, gold labelling was seen on vacuoles and vesicles of the odontoclasts, which were identified as secondary lysosomes and phagosomes. Extracellularly it was seen along the ruffled border and in neighboured resorption areas of dentine and cementum. These findings indicate that cathepsin D is secreted into the resorbing area of human odontoclasts in order to participate in degradation of mineralized tooth matrix, but may also function as an activator of other proteases in lysosomal organelles.

Cathepsin D↗
PubMed2005

Tooth wear in the mixed dentition: a comparative study between children born in the 1950s and the 1990s.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of tooth wear in posterior deciduous teeth of 100 subjects in the second phase of mixed dentition who were born in the 1950s (50sG) and 100 subjects born in the 1990s (90sG). The degree of abrasion for each posterior deciduous tooth was scored ranging from 0 to 3. The comparison of the degree of abrasion showed significant differences between the two groups for all examined teeth (upper and lower deciduous canines and first and second primary molars) all of which appeared to be more abraded in the 50sG. The findings of the present study indicate that subjects who were born in the 1950s exhibited a significantly greater degree of tooth wear on the posterior deciduous teeth when compared with contemporary subjects, along with a well-recognized lower prevalence of malocclusions. Changes in dietary habits and a diet based on processed foods may be postulated as factors involved with a decrease of dental attrition in contemporary populations. An increase in the prevalence of mouth breathing (tested in the present study) appears to be associated with a decrease in tooth wear in the contemporary population as well.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Tunnel traction of infraosseous impacted maxillary canines. A three-year periodontal follow-up.

A surgical orthodontic procedure was used to treat deep infraosseous impacted canines (test teeth) associated with the persistence of the deciduous tooth in 15 patients who had the contralateral canine normally erupted (control teeth). The periodontal outcome was evaluated at the end of the orthodontic treatment and 3 years later. After extraction of the deciduous canine, a mucoperiosteal flap was raised on the buccal (seven cases) or palatal (eight cases) aspect, to expose the cusp of the impacted tooth. The empty socket of the deciduous tooth was extended to reach the impacted cusp and to form an osseous tunnel. A chain was passed through the tunnel and fixed to a bonded device on the impacted cusp. The flap was sutured back into its original position. The chain was used for traction to the impacted canine toward the center of the alveolar ridge. No attachment loss and no recession were observed at the end of the active therapy or 3 years later. No significant differences in keratinized tissue width were observed between test and control teeth at the follow-up examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to investigate trace metal spatial distributions in human tooth enamel and dentine growth layers and pulp.

Human tooth enamel provides a nearly permanent and chronological record of an individual's nutritional status and anthropogenic trace metal exposure during development; it might thus provide an excellent bio archive. We investigated the micro-spatial distribution of trace metals (Cu, Fe, Mg, Sr, Pb, and Zn) in 196 x 339 microm2 raster pattern areas (6.6 x 10(4) microm2) in a deciduous tooth using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Ablated areas include prenatal and postnatal enamel, the neonatal line, the dentine-enamel junction (DEJ), dentine, and the dentine-pulp junction. Topographic variations in the surface elemental distribution of lead, zinc, strontium, and iron intensities in a deciduous tooth revealed heterogeneous distribution within and among regions. 43Ca normalized elemental intensities showed the following order: Sr>Mg>>Zn>Pb>Fe>Cu. Elevated zinc and lead levels were present in the dental pulp region and at the neonatal line. This study demonstrates the ability of LA-ICP-MS to provide unique elemental distribution information in micro spatial areas of dental hard tissues. Elemental distribution plots could be useful in decoding nutrition and pollution information embedded in their bio apatite structure.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Loss of deciduous teeth and germs of permanent incisors in a 4-year-old child. An atypic prepubertal periodontitis? A clinical, microbiological, immunological and ultrastructural study.

A 4-year-old child was referred, in April 1988, to Rennes Dental School (France) for deciduous tooth mobility with premature loss of 4 deciduous teeth and germs of 2 permanent incisors. Microbiological examinations by culture revealed the presence of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Immunofluorescence of plaque samples revealed the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis that had not been isolated by culture. Neutrophil functions were within normal ranges. Transmission electron microscopy of gingiva showed a disorganised epithelium. The connective tissue was infiltrated by inflammatory cells. The basement membranes were normal, but the connective tissue-epithelium interface was mainly composed of short rete pegs. Scanning electron microscopy of extracted deciduous teeth revealed lack of cementum, lacunae in the cementum and lack of fibrillar insertion on the middle part of the root. Skin lesions, mainly situated on face, were observed. Treatment was by extraction of mobile deciduous teeth combined with 3-week courses of metronidazole. Clinical and microbiological follow-up was continued over a 7-year period. No periodontal lesions have been detected since eruption of the permanent teeth. The present subgingival and lingual microflora (December 1995) is composed of bacteria associated with periodontal health. However, the future appearance of a hitherto undetected systemic disease is still possible.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed1989

Incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neandertals.

Dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH), as an indicator of nonspecific stress during development, provides an assessment of the relative morbidity of past human populations. An investigation of 669 Neandertal dental crowns yielded an overall DEH frequency of 36.0% by tooth (41.9% for permanent teeth; 3.9% for deciduous teeth) and about 75% by individual. These incidences place the Neandertals at the top of recent human ranges of variation in DEH frequencies, indicating high levels of stress during development. The paucity of deciduous tooth DEH and M1 DEH, combined with generally increasing levels of DEH through later calcifying teeth, suggests that the stress was primarily nutritional, beginning at weaning and continuing through adolescence. This supports paleontological and archeological interpretations implying significantly lower effectiveness for Neandertal foraging compared to that of modern humans.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Dento-alveolar injuries].

Most dento-alveolar traumas can be managed by the dentist-general practitioner. Still, there are some specific injuries which should be treated by dental specialists. Some specific guidelines are given for the combined surgical-orthodontic treatment of fracture of the coronal part of the root, intrusive luxation, abnormal position of the permanent tooth due to traumatic displacement of the deciduous tooth, ankylosis and tooth loss.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Dentigerous cysts of inflammatory origin. A clinicopathologic study.

The exact histogenesis of dentigerous cysts remains unknown, but most authors favor a developmental origin from the tooth follicle. The aim of this article is to report a series of 15 dentigerous cysts that we believe to be of inflammatory origin. These inflammatory dentigerous cysts occurred in the first and early part of the second decades of life. Males were affected more frequently, and there did not appear to be any racial predilection. All of the cases involved permanent teeth: premolars in nine cases, canines in four cases, and second molars in two cases. The mandible was affected twice as frequently as the maxilla. In 13 cases, nonvital grossly carious or heavily restored deciduous teeth were associated with the cysts. Some of these teeth had been extracted before the cysts were diagnosed. In the remaining two cases, both of which involved the second permanent molars, there were no nonvital deciduous teeth, however both had concomitant proliferative periostitis. All of the cysts were moderately or intensely inflamed and were lined predominantly or entirely by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that in some cases was markedly hyperplastic and exhibited anastomosing rete ridges mimicking radicular cysts. In the majority of cases, parts of the cysts were lined with a 2 to 3 cell layer thick cuboidal epithelium that we believe was derived from reduced enamel epithelium. Rests of odontogenic epithelium frequently were evident in the cyst walls. We suggest that these cysts arose as a result of periapical inflammation from any source but usually from a nonvital deciduous tooth and spreading to involve the follicles of the unerupted permanent successors. The inflammatory exudate causes separation of the reduced enamel epithelium from the enamel with resultant cyst formation. This study proposes the existence of two types of dentigerous cysts: one developmental and the other inflammatory in nature.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1993

Pre- and postnatal low-level lead exposure and children's dysfunction in school.

The contributions of pre- and postnatal low-level lead exposures to the risk of learning problems were evaluated among 1923 children who were born in one Boston hospital in 1979-1980 and followed to age 8 years. In this relatively privileged group, more than 20% of the children had a mother with some formal postgraduate education. Prenatal lead exposure was estimated with a measurement of umbilical cord blood lead content, and postnatal lead exposure was approximated with measurement of lead in the dentin of an exfoliated deciduous tooth. Information about potential confounders and effect modifiers was obtained from maternal interview shortly after delivery and from a mailed questionnaire completed and returned when the child was approximately 6 years old. An assessment of each child's function in school was provided by the teacher, who completed a questionnaire near the end of the school year in which the child reached the age of 8 years. We considered a learning problem to be related to lead exposure if its adjusted prevalence increased with each loge increase in lead, and if the adjusted prevalence was elevated among children with high levels (i.e., approximating the highest decile) of umbilical cord blood lead (i.e., > or = 10 micrograms/dl) or dentin lead (i.e., > or = 5 micrograms/g). Girls with elevated umbilical cord blood lead levels were more likely than their peers to be dependent and inpersistent and to display an inflexible and inappropriate approach to tasks (defined as the "tasks" cluster). Boys with elevated umbilical cord blood lead levels were more likely than others to have difficulty with both simple directions and sequences of directions. Among girls, elevated deciduous tooth dentin lead content was associated with reading and spelling difficulties, the tasks cluster, and with "not functioning as well as peers." Elevated dentin lead levels were not overrepresented among boys with any of the assessed learning clusters. These findings are consistent with the inference that lead levels still prevalent among children (i.e., blood < 15 micrograms/dl) are associated with some learning problems in girls.

Child↗
PubMed1965

[REINCLUSION].

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Humans↗
PubMed2002

Additional human remains from Blombos Cave, South Africa: (1999-2000 excavations).

The uppermost Middle Stone Age (MSA) layers at Blombos Cave contain high densities of Still Bay bifacial points. Information from other regional sites places the Still Bay prior to the Howiesons Poort industry, which has been dated at 65-70 ka. The Blombos Cave MSA strata have yielded nine human teeth or dental fragments. Four that were recovered during the 1997-1998 excavations have been published elsewhere. The remaining five were discovered during the 1999-2000 field seasons; these are described here. Three of the new specimens are deciduous teeth, and two are permanent premolar and molar crown fragments. The entire dental sample probably represents at least five and as many as seven individuals. The deciduous teeth from the upper MSA levels are likely to have been exfoliated in the cave. One deciduous tooth and the permanent tooth fragments from the lower MSA levels probably represent three individuals who died in or near the cave. The Blombos Cave premolars preserve horizontal circum-cervical striae suggestive of palliative tooth pick use. Approximately half of the permanent and deciduous crown diameters exceed those of recent Africans; for the remainder, the fossil values fall among modern African sample means. The Blombos Cave tooth crowns tend to be smaller than the majority of penecontemporaneous Neandertal teeth. The morphology of the Blombos Cave di is comparable to MSA homologues from the nearby, and presumably somewhat younger site of Die Kelders Cave 1.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of enamel after various stripping methods.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we investigated ultramorphology, surface roughness, and microhardness of permanent and deciduous tooth enamel after various stripping methods. METHODS: One hundred twenty deciduous and permanent teeth (n = 60 each) were used. Qualitative (scanning electron microscopy) and quantitative (surface roughness and microhardness tests) experiments were carried out in the following experimental groups: group 1, stripping disk; group 2, diamond-coated metal strip; group 3, stripping disk and Sof-Lex discs (3M-ESPE, Seefeld, Germany); group 4, diamond-coated metal strip and Sof-Lex discs; group 5 (chemical stripping), 37% orthophosphoric acid in conjunction with diamond-coated metal strip; group 6 (control), no stripping. Surface roughness values (Ra) for permanent and deciduous enamel were evaluated with Welch analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tamhane tests, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. Microhardness values were evaluated statistically with Kruskal-Wallis, 1-way ANOVA, and Duncan tests. RESULTS: Deciduous and permanent teeth showed similar results in terms of surface roughness and surface morphology. Groups 3 and 4 had the smoothest deciduous and permanent enamel surfaces, whereas chemical stripping (group 5) produced the roughest surfaces in both enamel types. Stripping did not lead to a significant change in the microhardness of permanent enamel. CONCLUSIONS: All stripping methods significantly roughened the enamel surfaces. Polishing the stripped surface with Sof-Lex discs decreased the roughness.

Analysis of Variance↗