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PubMed1999

[Incidence of Salmonella serovar Hadar from sporadic cases in Tokyo, and drug resistance of isolates].

A total of 780 Salmonella serovar Hadar (S. Hadar) strains consisting of 601 domestic strains and 179 imported strains isolated in Tokyo, 1980-1998, were examined regarding their incidence and drug-resistance. Domestic strains accounted for 7.2% of all Salmonella (8,359 strains) isolated from domestic cases, and imported strains accounted for 4.4% of all Salmonella (4,083 strains) isolated from imported cases. A drug-resistance test using 9 drugs (CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC, ST, NA, FOR, and NFLX) showed that 586 strains (97.6%) of the domestic strains and 175 strains (97.8%) of the imported strains were resistant to some of the drugs, excluding NFLX. Drugs with a high resistance rate were TC and SM for both groups. Drug-resistance patterns of the resistant strains varied among the 24 types. Among those, prevalent patterns recognized were TC.SM.KM (231 strains), TC.SM (205 strains), and TC.SM.KM.ABPC (65 strains) in the domestic strains, and TC.SM (135 strains) and TC (13 strains) in the imported strains.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1999

[Strains of Shigella sonnei recently isolated in Tokyo].

A total of 341 Shigella sonnei strains consisting of 94 domestic strains and 247 imported strains isolated during 1990-1997 in Tokyo, were examined regarding their colicine-type, drug-resistance and ornithine-utilization. The colicine typing results showed that the domestic strains were classified into 7 types, and the imported strains were classified into 13 types. Among the colicine-types identified, 8-type, 0-type, 6-type and 12-type were predominant in the domestic strains, whereas 6-type, 0-type, 8-type, 9A-type and 12-type were predominant in the imported strains. The drug-resistance test using 9 drugs (CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC, ST, NA, FOM and NFLX) showed that 89.4% of the domestic strains and 85.4% of the imported strains were resistant to some of the drugs except FOM and NFLX. Drugs with a high resistant rate were SM, TC and ST for both groups. Drug-resistance patterns of the resistant strains varied in 22 types. Among those, a triple drug-resistance type with TC.SM.ST was found in the most frequent pattern in both groups. The results of the ornithine-utilization test revealed that 28.7% of the domestic strains and 8.1% of the imported strains were negative. The ornithine-negative strains in the same source had a similar plasmid-profile, but generally there was no correlation between the different sources.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1999

[Biochemical and molecular characterization of Salmonella ser. enteritidis phage type 1 isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in Tokyo].

Since the first outbreak in 1990, the incidence of Salmonella ser. Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) phage type (PT) 1 food poisoning has gradually increased in Tokyo and has reached approximately 30% of the total S. Enteritidis outbreaks reported. To characterise these S. Enteritidis PT1 food poisoning, a total of 198 strains obtained from 44 outbreaks between 1990 and 1996 were examined for antimicrobial resistance, acid producibility from glycols (propylene and ethylene glycol) and plasmid DNA profiles. The 44 PT1 outbreaks analysed were further subdivided into 11 types by epidemiological markers. The most common patterns were type A (plasmid profile carrying only one plasmid (60 kb). SM and TC resistance and non producibility from glycols), and type B (plasmid profile carrying two plasmids (60 and 20 kb), SM resistance and no producibility from glycols) and were responsible for 21 (47.7%) and 15 (34.1%) outbreaks, respectively. In 11 of 44 outbreaks, strains carrying identical epidemiological markers were isolated both from patients and vehicle foods, environments, and/or food-handlers. Similar to PT4 and PT34 outbreaks reported in Japan, egg and egg-related foods were also suspected in 8 of these 11 outbreaks. Of interest, chicken which were not pointed out in PT4 and PT 34 outbreaks was also suspected as a vehicle of transmission in two outbreaks.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1999

[Recovery and its evaluation of Shigella bacilli or Salmonella from healthy food handlers in Tokyo (1961-1997)].

Since 1961, recovery of Shigella bachilli from healthy food handlers in Tokyo has been carrying out, and detection of Salmonella carriers has also been adding from 1980. Recovery rate of Shigella has decreased from 0.28% (589 cases) in 1961 to 0.01% (9 cases) in 1969, and 7 cases between 1971 and 1975 and only 3 carriers since 1976 have been detected. On the other hand, Salmonella has been detected from about 9,000 cases (0.07%) during 18 years. The isolates were typed into 150 serovars, in which the most frequent one was S. Enteritidis, following S. Litchfield, S. Thompson, S. Hadar, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Tennessee, S. Montevideo, S. Agona and S. Braenderup. These serovars except S. Agona caused in 90% of 1,650 Salmonella food poisoning outbreaks which had occurred between 1980 and 1996. Recovery of S. Enteritidis from healthy subjects increased year by year since 1989, and this tendency was well consistent with the increase of food poisoning outbreak caused by this serovar. These results indicate that the recovery of carrier with enteropathogen from food handlars is significant as preventive measures or food hygiene.

Carrier State↗
PubMed2000

[Increasing nalidixic-acid-resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from sporadic cases in Tokyo].

A total of 118 nalidixic-acid (NA)-resistant Salmonella strains consisting of 68 domestic strains and 50 imported strains isolated during 1988-1998 in Tokyo were examined regarding their annual incidence, serovars, drug-resistance patterns, and minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) to fluoroquinolones (NFLX, OFLX, ENX, and CPFX). NA-resistant strains accounted for 1.3% of all Salmonella (5,302 strains) isolated from domestic cases, and 2.5% of all Salmonella (1,981 strains) isolated from imported cases. The incidence of NA-resistant strains has increased since 1995, and it has been remarkable in imported cases. The results of the serotyping showed that the NA-resistant strains were classified into 25 serovars, excluding untypable strains. Among those, S. Enteritidis (21 strains), S. Blockley (13 strains), S. Litchifield (13 strains), S. Typhimurium (13 strains), S. Hadar (9 strains), and S. Virchow (8 strains) were predominant. Drug-resistance patterns of NA-resistant strains, including other drugs (CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC, ST, FOM, and NFLX) tested varied among the 26 types. Among those, multidrug-resistant strains accounted for 61.9% (73 strains), and one strain among them was high-resistant to NFLX. MIC distribution of NA-resistant strains to fluoroquinolones showed that the ranges of all drugs were 4-128 times higher than NA-sensitive strains used for controls.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2001

[Epidemiological survey for hemolytic streptococci isolated from children in Tokyo].

During the 20-year period between 1979-1998, a total of 4,176 strains of hemolytic streptococci have been isolated from 20,118 healthy primary school children and little children in Tokyo Metropolitan (Tokubetsuku, Tama and Tosho). Culture of throat swabs every November and the following February during the 20-year period were made and serological grouping and typing for isolates were done by T agglutination method. The results were as follows. 1) Serological group of hemolytic streptococci isolated from children were 3,188 strains (76.3%) for isolates of group A out of total strains of 4,176, 569 strains (13.6%) for isolates group B, 63 strains (1.5%) for isolates of group C and 356 strains (8.5%) for isolates of group G. 2) The most dominant was T12 during 1979-1998, and other relatively frequent serotypes were T28, T1, T4, T6 in that order. These ranks of and the main epidemic serotypes showed a similar trend in the 3 areas. 3) The isolation rates of group A streptococci were 15.9% in Tokubetsuku, 17.1% in Tama and 14.9% in Tosho. The average of 3 areas were 15.8%. 4) The epidemic cases seemed to be caused by group A streptococci were 20 cases, their isolated serotype were 7 cases by T28, 5 cases by T12, 4 cases by T6, 2 cases by T4, each 1 case by T1 and T25. 5) A total of 2,927 strains of group A streptococci were examined for drug sensitivity. All strains were sensitive to beta-lactam group of antibiotics (benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine). Resistant (MIC > or = 25 micrograms/ml) to TC, CP and EM etc. were 740 strains (25.3%) in this study. The incidence of resistant strains were to TC 493 strains (66.6%) out of 740 strains, 81 strains (10.9%) for TC.CP, 72 strains (9.7%) for EM and 66 strains (8.9%) for TC.CP.EM.OL.LCM. TC resistant strains have not varied much through the whole period, but CP and EM resistant strains were very variable by year. Many resistant strains to TC were T4, to EM and multiple drug resistant were T12. 6) The rates of isolates of the same type of group A streptococci in school child individual during for the tests taken twice a year were 12.3%, indicating group A streptococci, according to the duration of the carrier state, seems to be a short period.

Child↗
PubMed2001

[Increasing fluoroquinolone low-sensitivity in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhea of overseas travelers in Tokyo].

Drug resistance trends were investigated for 1,318 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from overseas traveler's diarrheal cases in Tokyo during 1988-1999. A total of 1.6% (21 strains) were nalidixic-acid resistant and fluoroquinolones (NFLX, OFLX, CPFX, LVFX, TFLX, SPFX; FQ) low-sensitive (or low-level-resistant). None of the strains were high-level-resistant to FQ. The FQ low-sensitive strains were isolated in 1996 for the first time, and increased from 3.4% in 1996 to 15.8% in 1999. Countries visited by travelers with the FQ low-sensitive ETEC were India (16 cases), Nepal (3 cases), Cambodia (1 case), and Egypt (1 case). Drug resistance-patterns of the FQ low-sensitive strains, including other drugs (CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC, ST, NA, and FOM) tested, varied among the 6 types. Among those, multidrug resistant strains accounted for 57.1% (12 strains). The enterotoxin producing types of strains were LT (4 strains), ST (10 strains), and both (7 strains). The serotypes of the strains were classified into 16 types. The quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA genes of the FQ low-sensitive strains were sequenced. The mutations of a Ser to a Leu at position 83 (Ser-83-->Leu) was found in 19 strains, and Asp-87-->Tyr was found in 2 strains.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2001

[Serovar-distribution, drug-resistance, and DNA analysis of Salmonella strains isolated from sporadic diarrhea cases or healthy cases in Tama, Tokyo (1991-2000)].

Serovar-distribution and drug-resistance of a total of 421 Salmonella strains, which were 98 stains from sporadic diarrhea cases and 323 strains from healthy cases between 1991 and 2000 in Tama, Tokyo were investigated. In serological typing tests, the strains tested were classified into 26 different kinds of serovar in diarrhea cases, 58 in food handlers, and 25 in individuals for health care. Salmonella serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) was the most predominant serovar in three cases. Following, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis in diarrhea cases, S. Hadar, S. Montevideo and S. Thompson in food handlers, or S. Typhimurium, S. Lichfield and S. Oranienburg in healthy individuals were frequent. The drug-resistance test using 9 drugs (CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC, SXT, NA, FOM, and NFLX) showed that 57.1% of the strains from diarrhea cases and 36.8% from the healthy cases were resistant to one or the other of the drugs examined. Drug-resistance patterns of those showed 13 types in diarrhea cases and 25 types in healthy cases. Out of them, strains which showed a predominant and common pattern in both cases were SM resistant-S. Enteritidis and CP.TC.SM.ABPC resistant-S. Typhimurium. In addition, the latter strains were also resistant to sulfiso-xzole (SU). In DNA analysis by RAPD method of their strains, common DNA finger-prints were observed in both cases through out the investigation period.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

[Two nosocomial outbreaks of sepsis caused by Serratia marcescens, which occurred in July 1999 and January 2002--Tokyo].

Two nosocomial outbreaks of sepsis caused by Serratia marcescens, which occurred in Tokyo were the following cases. CASE A: In July 1999, 10 inpatients admitted to the third floor ward of the General Hospital A, developed sudden onset of high fever, coagulation disorders (disseminated intravascular coagulation), and acute renal failure, of which 5 died. Twenty-one strains of Serratia marcescens were isolated from the inpatient's blood and urine, nurse fingers and environmental samples from floor and cooling tower. Serratia infection was strongly suspected as the cause of sepsis. These cases were defined as "inpatients who developed fever 38 degrees C or more during July 26 to 29 and from whom S. marcescens was isolated by blood culture". Ten isolates were detected from the blood. In order to investigate the background of S. marcescens isolation in the hospital and to compare molecular and biochemical characteristics of S. marcescens, cultures were attempted from samples of other inpatients and staffs and hospital environment. Those were classified into 9 groups by various different typings: biotyping with Api Rapid 20; susceptibility typing of antimicrobial agents tested; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of SpeI- or Xba I-restricted chromosome. All 10 isolates causing sepsis were found to be in the same group. CASE B: In January 2002, 24 inpatients, admitted to Neurosurgical Hospital B, developed sudden onset of high fever, of which 7 died. S. marcescens was isolated from a towel, environmental samples and inpatients. These cases were defined as "inpatients who developed fever of 38.5 degrees C and S. marcescens isolated by blood culture". Twelve strains were isolated from the blood samples in 12 cases. In order to investigate the background of S. marcescens isolation in the hospital, cultures were attempted from other inpatient's urine and environmental samples from medical tape, Tshake and a towel. These isolates were classified into 3 groups by the previous typings; biotyping with Api Rapid 20; susceptibility typing of antimicrobial agents tested; and PFGE typing. All 12 isolates in 12 cases were found to be in the same group. These cases of 2 nosocomial outbreaks of sepsis were defined as "in-patient who developed high fever and S. marcescens isolated by blood culture". However in both cases transmission routes of Serratia infection remain unknown by field investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Elevated warfarin metabolism in warfarin-resistant roof rats (Rattus rattus) in Tokyo.

Wild roof rats (Rattus rattus) live in proximity to human habitats, and they may carry numerous pathogens of infectious diseases. Pest control is important for public health, and warfarin is a commonly used rodenticide worldwide. However, continual use of warfarin may cause drug resistance in rodents and lead to failure of their control, especially in urbanized areas. In warfarin-resistant rats, the warfarin level in plasma was significantly lower after oral administration than that in the control warfarin-sensitive rats. Warfarin is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450), and hydroxylation of warfarin by P450 isoforms was significantly higher in warfarin-resistant rats (2-fold). Western blot analysis indicated that the level of CYP3A2 expression in warfarin-resistant rats was significantly larger than in warfarin-sensitive rats. The NADPH-P450 reductase activities in resistant rats were 8-fold higher than those in sensitive rats. In vivo, the administration of the P450 potent inhibitor proadifen (SKF-525A) increased the mortality of warfarin in the warfarin-resistant roof rats. We concluded that the mechanism of warfarin resistance in Tokyo roof rats is caused by increased clearance of warfarin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase type VII isolates from staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (1980-1995) in Tokyo, Japan, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Staphylococcus aureus coagulase type VII strains have been the strains most frequently isolated from staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks in Tokyo, Japan. We applied pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of chromosomal DNA digested with SmaI to characterize 129 coagulase type VII strains. These were isolated from 129 cases occurring in outbreaks in 35 districts during a 16-year period (1980-1995). The 129 outbreak strains were classified into three types, designated A (n = 115), B (n = 10), and C (n = 4). Types A and C were further divided into 33 (A1 to A33) and 4 (C1 to C4) subtypes, respectively. Strains of the same subtypes were isolated from food poisoning cases in the same districts at time intervals of 1 or 2 to 5 years. PFGE typing appears to be a useful method for subdividing strains of S. aureus coagulase type VII. A combination of coagulase typing and PFGE typing would provide more detailed information than the former method alone in epidemiologic investigations of staphylococcal food poisoning.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1998

Transcultural study of schizophrenic delusions. Tokyo versus Vienna and Tübingen (Germany).

Schizophrenic delusions of 324 inpatients in Tokyo, 101 in Vienna, and 150 in Tübingen (Germany) were compared according to the same classifications. Among the three areas, about 80% of the patients had equally 'negative' delusions (injury and/or belittlement), and about one-fourth had 'positive' delusions of grandeur. Transcultural influences were found in the detailed contents of the 'negative' delusions; specific and direct themes of persecutory delusion, i.e., delusions of poisoning, and religious themes of guilt/sin were conspicuous in Europe, while amorphous delusions of reference such as 'being slandered' were predominant in Japan. The latter may derive from the group-oriented self in Japanese 'shame culture'.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Willingness to pay for long-term care insurance system in a municipality in Tokyo.

This study attempted to estimate the valuation of Long-term care (LTC) insurance system among the residents in a municipality in Tokyo by applying the Willingness to Pay (WTP) approach. The mean WTP for Group one (those aged 65 and over) and Group two (those aged between 40 and 64) was estimated to be 13,305 Japanese Yen and 8,722 Japanese Yen, respectively. Both amounts exceed the contribution estimated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (2,500 Japanese Yen). The result reflects a high expectation for the system especially among those in Group one. It also suggests that those in Group one may be able to shoulder more financial responsibility for the system. Further research on WTP for LTC insurance system is deemed beneficial for its successful management.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[A 10-year field surveillance in Hinohara Village of Tokyo Prefecture from 1981 to 1990].

We conducted a surveillance to clarify the relationship between risk factors for diseases of adulthood and lifestyle in a Japanese rural community, Hinohara Village, a small village outside of Tokyo. The survey, carried out from 1981 to 1990 among residents aged 40 and over, comprised physical examination and blood chemistry with a questionnaire about dietary intake. Mean systolic blood pressure significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) from 140.9 mmHg in 1981 to 132.3 mmHg in 1990, whereas mean serum total cholesterol, mainly of male examinees, increased (p < 0.0001) from 181.4 mg/dl in 1981 to 191.7 mg/dl in 1990. Dietary salt intake significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) from 14.3 g/day in 1981 to 12.1 g/day in 1990. Adjusted mortality rate per 1,000 residents from cerebrovascular disease in this village decreased from 1.80 in 1981 to 0.50 in 1990. In contrast to its decline, the mortality rates from heart disease, bronchitis/pneumonia and neoplasms were 0.40, 0.35 and 0.55 in 1981 and increased to 1.25, 1.10 and 0.64 in 1990. The prevailing practice of maintaining a low-salt diet might cause the decrease of systolic blood pressure, which in turn was thought to decrease the mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases. Although our previous study before 1981 suggested that total cholesterol was one of the preventive factors against cerebrovascular disease, in the present study a preventive effect of cholesterol was not substantiated. In contrast, cholesterol is a possible risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Thus, a changing pattern of risk factors of diseases of adulthood was observed in this village.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Genotoxic action of sunlight upon Bacillus subtilis spores: monitoring studies at Tokyo, Japan.

Samples of Bacillus subtilis spores dried on membrane filter were exposed to natural sunlight from solar-noon time at Tokyo. The survival and mutation induction of wild-type (UVR) and repair-deficient (UVS) spores were determined on 66 occasions since 1979. Two of the values were considered to be useful in monitoring solar UV intensity; the inverse of the time (in minutes) of exposure to kill 63% of the UVS spores ("sporocidal index") and the induced mutation frequency at 60 minutes of exposure of the UVR spores ("mutagenic index"). Both values were varied greatly due to time of a year, weather and other conditions. Estimates of year-round changes under clear skies were obtained by connecting the maximum values attained in these years. In these curves, there are more than 7-fold differences in the genotoxicity between winter and summer months, with major increases observed in early spring and decreases through autumn. Using a series of UV cut-off filters, the wavelengths most effective for the sporocidal actions were estimated to be in the range of 308-325 nm, shorter wavelengths being effective when the genotoxicity was higher. Sunburn meter of Robertson-Berger type seems to respond to slightly longer wavelength components of the solar spectrum. However, a reasonable correlation was obtained between the reading of the meter and the sporocidal index.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1995

Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in rats trapped at restaurants in buildings in downtown Tokyo.

165 (18.1%) out of 910 rats captured at restaurants in 14 buildings in downtown Tokyo were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The 165 S. aureus strains isolated were biotyped into A, B, C, D, G, and untypable groups (UT1 and UT2). The UT1 was the most frequent (72 strains, 43.6%), followed by biotype G (33 strains, 20.0%). The strains were classified into coagulase types I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and an untypable group. Coagulase type V was the most frequent (92 strains, 55.8%), followed by coagulase type VII (25 strains, 15.2%). Enterotoxins A, B, C, or D were produced by 35 strains. Enterotoxins A and B were the most frequent (13 strains each). Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 was produced by 3 strains. 65 strains were resistant to ampicillin, 2 to oxytetracycline, and 1 to erythromycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiological observations on recent outbreaks of canine distemper in Tokyo area.

Recent outbreaks of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in Tokyo area were investigated on the basis of clinical features and serological test. The affected dogs were clinically classified into two groups; dog with respiratory and gastrointestinal signs associated with central nervous system (CNS) signs, and those with CNS signs alone. Of 62 dogs examined, 34 belonged to the former and 28 to the latter. In immunoperoxidase assay, anti-Onderstepoort strain of CDV serum reacted at a low level against 2 field isolates of CDV. These results suggested the presence of different types of CDV population in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[A survey of primary lung cancer among NTT workers in the Tokyo area. The incidence and mortality during the past 30 years and significance of radiologic screening].

An epidemiological study of primary lung cancer was conducted on NTT workers in the Tokyo area (about 40,000 persons). During the past 30 years (1960-1989), 77 cases (71 males and 6 females) of primary lung cancer were detected by routine medical examination (radiologic screening by radiophotography at their workplaces) or by clinical symptoms, of whom 59 (54 males and 5 females) were dead as of the end of December 1991. Standardized incidence rate and standardized death rate of the males by the direct method (5-yr age groups from 20 to 59 yr of age, per 100,000 population) were 4.5 in the 1960's, 9.9 in the 1970's and 9.8 in the 1980's, and 3.3 in the 1960's, 7.9 in the 1970's and 8.2 in the 1980's, respectively, with increase being observed from the 1970's. Standardized incidence ratio and standardized death ratio of the males by the indirect method (5-yr age groups from 20 to 59 yr of age) were 107 in the 1970's, 86.8 in the 1980's, and 53.8 in the 1960's, 99.4 in the 1970's and 98.5 in the 1980's, respectively. No significant difference could be observed when compared to the national average. By histological type, 44 cases of adenocarcinoma, 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 8 cases of small cell carcinoma, 7 cases of large cell carcinoma and 6 cases of other or unclear types were detected. Excluding the 3 unclear cases, of the 77 cases, 54 cases were peripheral type and the remaining 20 cases were hilar type on radiophotography. Peripheral adenocarcinoma was the most common type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗