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PubMed1996

["Linguistitis" of medical terminology (I)].

A 1994/95 survey on language and terminology in emergency wards revealed a number of contradictory tendencies within today's Danish medical terminology. On the one hand, an increasing number of medical terms are nationalized. This tendency is reflected not only in intercollegial language, but also in the Danish version of the ICD-10 where a number of official diagnostic terms are casually translated into Danish or undergo various degrees of nationalization to appear as hybrids. On the other hand, knowledge of English becomes increasingly important: good passive command of the language is a must for medical students, and doctors committed to research need a good active command as well. This situation raises a number of questions: is there a need for setting up criteria for the terminology used in Danish medical literature and encyclopedia in order to avoid confusion, and for defining a language policy for future medical doctors?

Classification↗
PubMed1996

["Linguistitis" of medical terminology (II). Language-policy and questions from a perspective of younger physicians].

In a previous article in the Journal of the Danish Medical Association, "Medical Terminology Linguistitis (I)", the author pointed out the importance of involving the users in connection with the definition of a language policy concerning Danish medical terminology and future medical doctors' need for language proficiency. A recent inquiry, involving 11 medical doctors (Ph.D. students), suggests that there is in fact a need for a language policy. Also, the respondents expressed strong antipathy against a full nationalization of the terms which can in some cases be observed in the Danish version of ICD-10. On the basis of this survey, the following questions are discussed in this article: Future medical doctors' need for knowledge of Latin and English, medical doctors' opinions concerning a terminology based on Latin, or Danish, and some important aspects concerning the definition of a language policy in the medical area.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Ontology and terminology servers in agent-based health-care information systems.

A new research paradigm is emerging based on the multi-agent system architectural framework, allowing human and software agents to interoperate and thus cooperate within common application areas. Within a multi-agent system, the different "views of the world" of knowledgeable agents are to be bridged through their commitment to common ontologies and terminologies. We developed a general methodology for the design or integration of new components into a Health-care Information System conceived as a network of software and human agents. In our view, ontological and terminological services are entrusted to dedicated agents, namely ontology and terminology servers, allowing the configuration of suitable application ontologies for distributed applications. The role is described that such servers, operatively coordinated in order to preserve semantic coherence, should play within a distributed Health-care Information System.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

A clinically derived terminology: qualification to reduction.

Mayo Foundation is developing synonym rich entry points for the recording of patient problems by clinicians, which will map to the KP-Mayo Convergent Medical Terminology. We describe the empirical sources for these terminology components, and how the number and complexity of the terms could be substantially reduced by the introduction of a Qualifier axis. The expressive power of these entry points is dramatically enhanced by this axis. This work is being integrated into terminology navigation modules being jointly developed with Lexical Technology, which leverages UMLS content. It will from the basis for structured problem entry into Mayo's Computer-based Electronic Record.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1997

[The terminology of the prostate and its related structures].

The work of McNeal established with precision the different sites of predilection for prostatic carcinomas, benign hypertrophy and inflammation, making the division of the prostate into right, left and (median) lobes and isthmus inadequate for their description. Unfortunately his positional terms (peripheral, central, transition and preprostatic) are not based on the usual parameters and cannot be directly related to those of other workers. It is concluded that, while McNeal's terminology is idiosyncratic, a new terminology should be based on his findings, modified to take some account of those of Tisell and Salander. The provisional recommendation of the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology is that the lobes be called superomedialis, anteromedialis, posteroinferioris and inferolateralis but this is subject to review. Some further suggestions for the final recommendation of the prostate and related structures are made.

Ejaculatory Ducts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sources of information for terminology in the area of nutritional science].

In response to inquiries that reached the group of information at the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR sources of information for terminology in the science of nutrition were educed. The paper brings forward the results of this work, viz. information on manuals, terminological and parallel glossaries, standards and other publications carrying information on terminology in the said and related sciences. The paper covers sources published during the past 15 years in Russian, English, German and French.

Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

[Inconsistency between clinical practice and the medical terminology in criteria for the determination of brain death].

Transplantation of odd organs such as heart, liver, pancreas and alike is possible only through dead donors and cadavers, so the study and research into the exact time of death is of paramount importance. It is understood that a person is dead when the brain is dead, and from that moment on there is no reason to sustain or prolong the life of the remaining living cells, so called vegetating living, as governed by the Criteria for brain death. In our country the criteria are dated 1982 and the article 5 was subsequently changed in 1991. We noticed that some articles of the Criteria were incorrect. The article 4, paragraph 9, should be altered because the 3-minute apnea testing is not sufficiently long. The laws and various criteria many times lag behind the actual practice in everyday life. This also applies to other laws and regulations in connection with medical practice, which although is developing fast is kept at bay due to slow changes of the laws. This is the case of the criteria regarding the brain death which have been adopted without any further thought from the criteria of former Yugoslavia. Due to this there have been disagreements regarding medical terminology and the laws which govern clinical results. Article 5 from 1982 and article 5 from 1991 have one thing in common, the EEG. The Criteria require EEG although it is not a very reliable method and is not required in many other countries. The criteria excluded the necessity of cerebral angiography which was shown to have more exact results, although it is more complicated. Radioisotope angiography has been excluded as well. The doppler ultrasound method has been included in the Criteria, although it is not available to many hospitals and, as mentioned previously, could give false positive results. The EP have been included in the Criteria as a reliable method, but unfortunately not available to many hospitals due to the lack of equipment and trained doctors and other medical personnel. Among other difficulties there are differences in medical terminology between medical experts, and the awareness of different medical terminology between nations, but the original Harward Criteria dated 1968 remain the same.

Brain Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Points of view on adverse drug reactions terminology.

Global management of drug safety data is the best way to make the detection and validation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) earlier. Centralization needs a previous standardization, of which terminology is a crucial component. ADR terminology must be designed so as to enable users to know exactly what is covered by each term regarding the nature of the reaction and its significance for public health. A worldwide standardized terminology for all drug reporting purposes is currently being developed by the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. However, practical definitions of medical terms will be necessary and could be developed by specialists on drug safety in collaboration with specialists of different system organs, as has already been achieved for some of them.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMed1998

[Adaptation of the terminology of chemicals included in the list of maximum allowable concentrations in work environment to the principles which meet the requirements of the IUPAC guidelines].

Significant changes in the terminology of chemicals have been introduced into the updated Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) list in line with the recommendations of the Polish Chemical Society's Chemical Terminology Committee, based on the guidelines of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and adapted to the specific characteristic of the Polish language. The names formed according to new principles often differ considerably from the names used heretofore, any may be difficult to identify for the user of the list. In order to facilitate the use of the new list, new principles of the formation of chemical names are presented with special emphasis put on the changes introduced. The main principles of the terminology for chemicals classified in individual classes of inorganic and organic chemical compounds are described and illustrated. Cases which, in the authors' opinion may turn out to be particularly difficult for the users of the list are discussed in detail.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1998

How groups co-ordinate their concepts and terminology: implications for medical informatics.

Conceptual and terminological systems are established and maintained by the communities who use them. This paper reports experiments which investigate the role of communication and interaction in the process. The experiments show that isolated pairs of communicators and virtual communities of interacting pairs naturally converge on their own conceptual and terminological systems when confronted with a common task. The results also indicate that the system converged on is optimal for that particular group engaged in that particular task. These findings are discussed in relation to the increasing use of tightly coordinated medical teams and its implications for getting them to adopt standardized medical terminologies.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1998

A "lexically-suggested logical closure" metric for medical terminology maturity.

Medical Terminologies are becoming increasingly expressive secondary to their increase in size, and are becoming increasingly difficult to analyze secondary to inconsistencies in their use and complex interrelationships that are often not explicitly defined. To address these problems, SNOMED-RT is being developed to allow consistent use, and to define explicitly interrelationships between terms. Ensuring the quality of a terminology system like SNOMED-RT presents new challenges which we are trying to address with theoretically-grounded methodologies for quality management. Here we describe an initial metric toward achieving this goal called "lexically-suggested logical closure." We explain how this metric can be useful for tracking the maturity and quality of a terminology, and apply this metric to track the progress of SNOMED-RT development over a portion of its life-cycle.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Reproducibility of interpreting "and" and "or" in terminology systems.

High quality terminologies are a fundamental requirement in a range of health care applications. To ensure high quality terminologies we should reflect about the understandability, reproducibility and utility criteria within a terminology. This paper describes efforts to improve the understandability of SNOMED. We describe the problem related to the grammatical conjunctions "and" and "or" and how we applied basic semantic rules defined by the SNOMED Editorial Board. The results show that the meaning of "and" and "or" in SNOMED can be made explicit in almost all cases and can be done in a reasonable, reliable, and reproducible manner.

Semantics↗
PubMed2003

From clinical records to regulatory reporting: formal terminologies as foundation.

Achieving goals of healthy people and populations is dependent on available and relevant data for health care decisions. New technologies enable reuse of data for decisions, however it is clear that uniform data standards and in particular standards around terminological data will be required to achieve reuse. Terminological data related to functioning and disability presents unique challenges because of the conceptual ambiguity within the field. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a clarifying conceptual foundation for functioning and disability data, but is not structured as a formal terminology. The need for a concerted and coordinated effort is emphasized.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

VA National Drug File Reference Terminology: a cross-institutional content coverage study.

BACKGROUND: Content coverage studies provide valuable information to potential users of terminologies. We detail the VA National Drug File Reference Terminology's (NDF-RT) ability to represent dictated medication list phrases from the Mayo Clinic. NDF-RT is a description logic-based resource created to support clinical operations at one of the largest healthcare providers in the US. METHODS: Medication list phrases were extracted from dictated patient notes from the Mayo Clinic. Algorithmic mappings to NDF-RT using the SmartAccess Vocabulary Server (SAVS) were presented to two non-VA physicians. The physicians used a terminology browser to determine the accuracy of the algorithmic mapping and the content coverage of NDF-RT. RESULTS: The 509 extracted documents on 300 patients contained 847 medication concepts in medication lists. NDF-RT covered 97.8% of concepts. Of the 18 phrases that NDF-RT did not represent, 10 were for OTC's and food supplements, 5 were for prescription medications, and 3 were missing synonyms. The SAVS engine properly mapped 773 of 810 phrases with an overall sensitivity (precision) was 95.4% and positive predictive value (recall) of 99.9%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that NDF-RT has more general utility than its initial design parameters dictated

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Using a terminology server and consumer search phrases to help patients find physicians with particular expertise.

OBJECTIVES: To design and implement a real world application using a terminology server to assist patients and physicians who use common language search terms to find specialist physicians with a particular clinical expertise. METHOD: Terminology servers have been developed to help users encoding of information using complicated structured vocabulary during data entry tasks, such as recording clinical information. We describe a methodology using Personal Health Terminology trade mark and a SNOMED CT-based hierarchical concept server. RESULTS: Construction of a pilot mediated-search engine to assist users who use vernacular speech in querying data which is more technical than vernacular. CONCLUSION: This approach, which combines theoretical and practical requirements, provides a useful example of concept-based searching for physician referrals.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

Common nursing terminology for clinical information systems.

UNLABELLED: The lack of professional agreement upon chosen terminology in nursing detracts from the role of Clinical Information Systems (CIS) as central repositories of patient health records. The purposes of this paper are: (1) Identification of common terminology for clinical nursing information in CHS according to the following stages: patient history of health and illnesses; nursing assessment; nursing interventions and outcomes. (2) Implementation of the common terminology into computerized applications in several nursing settings. The sample included 224 nurses divided into four groups. Each group was asked to identify the common initial data for patient history and nursing interventions, based on professional experience, expertise, clinical standards and organizational / legal policy. The identification of nursing assessments and outcomes was done according to evidenced-based Clinical Guide-Lines (CGL) for each nursing setting. The CGL were chosen as a source for assessment and outcome classification for two main reasons. First, the CGL include criteria of the clinical state by the degree of severity base, which are acceptable and comprehensible to other disciplines within the healthcare system. Second, the lack of evidence-based researches related to clinical nursing outcomes. RESULTS: Standard patient history of health and illnesses (admission and discharge) was developed for all departments in the hospital with flexibility to add any specific clinical data upon requirement. A total of 62 nursing assessments / outcomes were identified from the CGL in the four chosen nursing settings. 43 (70%) nursing assessments / outcomes were common both for nursing practice in hospitals and community clinics. 30 (40%) were implemented in the community clinics CIS application, 19 (31%) in the oncology CIS application, and 16 (26%) in the delivery CIS application. The groups identified a total of 70 nursing interventions. 49 (70%) nursing interventions were common both for nursing practice in hospitals and community clinics. 59 (84%) were implemented in the community clinics CIS application, 18 (26%) in the oncology CIS application, and 29 (41%) in the delivery CIS application. For summary, the definition process, including computerization, spread across four years. The community CIS application serves about 1500 clinics in CHS Israel (which employs about 2500 nurses). The admission and discharge CIS application serves 7 general hospitals, and is currently implemented in the internal and surgical departments (about 30 departments, 35 average beds each). The oncology CIS application is implemented in two oncology centers, and the delivery CIS application will soon be implemented in 8 hospitals.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

An ontology-based methodology for the migration of biomedical terminologies to electronic health records.

Biomedical terminologies are focused on what is general, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) on what is particular, and it is commonly assumed that the step from the one to the other is unproblematic. We argue that this is not so, and that, if the EHR of the future is to fulfill its promise, then the foundations of both EHR architectures and biomedical terminologies need to be reconceived. We accordingly describe a new framework for the treatment of both generals and particulars in biomedical information systems that is designed: 1) to provide new opportunities for the sharing and management of data within and between healthcare institutions, 2) to facilitate interoperability among different terminology and record systems, and thereby 3) to allow new kinds of reasoning with biomedical data.

Forms and Records Control↗
PubMed2006

Functional terminology for the tricuspid valve.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Advances in echocardiography have awoken new interest in the tricuspid valve, which otherwise has been largely ignored by cardiologists and surgeons. These advances demand a precise terminology for the description of the tricuspid valve's different anatomic structures in health and disease. While simple nomenclatures have been developed for the mitral valve, no such system has been described for the tricuspid valve. METHODS: In order to develop a tricuspid valve terminology similar to the existing mitral valve nomenclature, a study of 50 porcine hearts was conducted. The study was designed not as a strict anatomical description but rather as a search for common parameters between both valves. The findings were based on the traditional understanding that the tricuspid valve has three main leaflets and three papillary muscles. The leaflets were defined according to their heights (free edge to base) and their chordal insertions. The papillary muscles were grouped according to the distribution of their chords to a commissure and its contiguous main leaflets. RESULTS: In all hearts, three main leaflets were found: septal (S), anterior (A), and posterior (P), associated with a variable number of commissural leaflets (C). Three groups of papillary muscles could be identified: anteroseptal with a mean of 1.78 muscles (range: 1-4), anteroposterior with 1.08 muscles (range: 1-4), and posteroseptal with 2.42 muscles (range: 1-5). Each group was identified (counterclockwise) with the numerals 1 (anteroseptal), 2 (posteroseptal), and 3 (anteroposterior). Each half of the leaflets and their corresponding commissures were identified by the initial letter of their classic name (S, A, P, or C) and their supporting papillary muscle group (1, 2, or 3). CONCLUSION: This system provides a method for reporting echocardiographic and surgical findings for the tricuspid valve. The system parallels previously described mitral valve nomenclature. This unified terminology should facilitate the precise recording of echocardiographic and surgical data.

Animals↗