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PubMed1968

The biosynthesis of the wall teichoic acid in Staphylococcus lactis I3.

1. The biosynthesis of the wall teichoic acid in Staphylococcus lactis I3 was studied. Cell-free particulate enzyme preparations, probably representing fragmented membrane, were isolated and used for the synthesis of polymer. 2. By using appropriately labelled CDP-glycerol and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine it was shown that the former contributes a glycerol phosphate residue and the latter contributes an N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate residue to the repeating unit. 3. No polymer was synthesized unless both nucleotides were present, and no other substrates were required. 4. The properties of the enzyme system were studied. 5. Although attempts to fractionate the system failed, the biosynthesis is believed to be complex and its mechanism is considered.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of a commercial counterimmunoelectrophoresis kit for detection of Staphylococcus aureus teichoic acid antibodies.

A commercial kit from Diagnostica, Inc., Miami Fla., was studied for its ability to detect antibodies to the teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus. A comparative study of the Diagnostica counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) system and our gel double-diffusion method was undertaken with 156 serum samples from 142 patients. Included were 25 cases of staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal endocarditis, 30 cases of S. aureus bacteremia, 19 cases of nonbacteremic S. aureus infection, 39 cases of hospitalized patients without a staphylococcal infection, and 29 normal controls. Agreement between methodologies was attained in 138 (88.5%) of the 156 samples tested and in 127 (89.4%) of the 142 patients. Of 13 patients with culture-proven S. aureus endocarditis, significant antibody titers were found in all patients (100%) by CIE and in 12 patients (92.3%) by double diffusion. No significant titers were found in normal sera by CIE, but four sera were positive by double diffusion. Of 80 sera from patients with no evidence of S. aureus infection, 4 (5.0%) were positive by CIE and 7 (8.8%) were positive by double diffusion. The Diagnostica CIE kit appears to provide a suitable means for the detection of deep-seated S. aureus infections.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

Antibodies to staphylococcal peptidoglycan and its peptide epitopes, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid in sera from blood donors and patients with staphylococcal infections.

Antibodies to the staphylococcal antigens peptidoglycan, beta-ribitol teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid, as well as to the peptidoglycan epitopes L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala, L-Lys-D-Ala, and pentaglycine, were found over a wide range of concentrations in sera from both blood donors and patients with verified or suspected staphylococcal infections. The patient group was heterogeneous with regard to both age and type of staphylococcal infections, being representative for sera sent to our laboratory. In single-antigen assays antibodies to pentaglycine had the highest predictive positive value (67%), although only 32% of the patients had elevated levels of such antibodies. Combinations of test antigens could yield positive predictive values as high as 100%, but then the fraction of positive sera was low. Indeed, the fraction of patient sera which was positive in multiple-antigen tests never exceeded 61%. The clinical usefulness of these seroassays for identifying Staphylococcus aureus as a causative agent was limited, owing to the considerable overlap in the range of antibody concentrations between patient and blood donor sera.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Teichoic acid antibody test: its use in patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia.

We have studied the occurrence and specificity of teichoic acid antibodies (TAAs), measured by double diffusion in agar, in 114 patients with bacteremia of whom 47 had coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia. A total of 30% of the 47 patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia had a TAA titer of 1:8 or more, and an additional 30% had a titer of 1:2 or 1:4. High TAA titers were most often connected with coagulase-positive staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and deep wound infections. None of the six coagulase-negative patients with staphylococcal bacteremia nor any of the 92 controls had titers exceeding 1:1. A total of 10% of the other patients with bacteremia showed positive results on the TAA test at low titer levels. Compared to the antistaphylolysin value, the TAA test was about equally specific but more sensitive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Teichoic acid synthesis in Bacillus stearothermophilus.

1. Particulate enzyme preparations obtained from Bacillus stearothermophilus B65 by digestion with lysozyme were shown to catalyse teichoic acid synthesis. With CDP-glycerol as sole substrate the preparations synthesized 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate). It was characterized by alkaline hydrolysis, by glucosylation to the alkali-stable 2-glucosyl-1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate) with excess of UDP-glucose and a Bacillus subtilis Marburg enzyme system, by degradation of this latter product with 60%HF and periodate oxidation of the resulting glucosylglycerol. The specificity of the B. subtilis system previously reported (Glaser & Burger, 1964), was confirmed in the present work. 2. Pulse-labelling experiments, followed by periodate oxidation of the product and isolation of formaldehyde from the glycerol terminus of the polymer, showed that the B. stearothermophilus enzyme system transferred glycerol phosphate units to the glycerol end of the chain. The transfer reaction was irreversible. It was not determined if these poly(glycerol phosphate) chains were synthesized de novo, but it was shown that the newly synthesized oligomers were bound to much larger molecules. 3. When the B. stearothermophilus enzyme system was supplied with both CDP-glycerol and UDP-glucose, 1-glucosyl-2,3-poly(glycerol phosphate) was synthesized in addition to the 1,3-isomer. The former polymer was characterized by acid and alkaline hydrolysis, degradation with HF and periodate oxidation of the resulting glucosylglycerol, and periodate oxidation of the intact polymer followed by mild acid hydrolysis. This latter procedure removed the glucose substituents without disrupting the poly(glycerol phosphate) chain. 4. The poly(glycerol phosphate) isomers were distinguished by glucosylation with the B. subtilis enzymes and alkaline hydrolysis, the 2,3-isomer remaining alkali-labile. The proportion of 2,3-poly(glycerol phosphate) in the product increased with increasing amounts of UDP-glucose in the incubation mixture, but the total glycerol phosphate incorporated into products remained constant. It is suggested that the synthetic pathways of the two poly(glycerol phosphate) species may share a rate-limiting step.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2000

Incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol into cell surface components of Bacillus subtilis 168 and thermosensitive mutants affected in wall teichoic acid synthesis: effect of tunicamycin.

A method is described for measuring the synthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate) [poly(groP)], the major wall teichoic acid (WTA), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and phospholipid (P-lipid), through fractionation of [2-3H]glycerol ([2-3H]gro)-labelled Bacillus subtilis cells. When cultures of certain temperature-sensitive mutants defective in one of several tag genes, encoding enzymes involved in WTA synthesis, were transferred to the restrictive temperature, the synthesis of WTA underwent a specific, immediate, block, while that of LTA or P-lipid proceeded unimpeded. These results, in addition to confirming the role of tag genes, demonstrated, reciprocally, the specificity of the fractionation procedure used to distinguish label in WTA from that in LTA or P-lipid. Results of analysis of other, less severely affected, tag-deficient mutants, as well as of another genetically unrelated mutant developing comparable morphological phenotypes in non-permissive conditions, are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism generating the latter phenotype. Fractionation of B. subtilis 168 cells labelled either with [2-3H]gro or with [1-14C]N-acetylglucosamine, to which tunicamycin was added at 0.5 microg ml(-1) (the MIC) revealed a specific and marked inhibition of poly(groP) as well as of poly(3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate), the minor WTA. However, for 60 min at least, the syntheses of PG, LTA and P-lipid were barely affected.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Lack of wall teichoic acids in Staphylococcus aureus leads to reduced interactions with endothelial cells and to attenuated virulence in a rabbit model of endocarditis.

Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are major surface components of gram-positive bacteria that have recently been shown to play a key role in nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, we assessed the impact that WTAs have on endovascular infections by using a WTA-deficient S. aureus mutant ( Delta tagO). There were no significant differences detected between the isogenic parental strain (SA113) and the Delta tagO mutant in polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated opsonophagocytosis; killing by a prototypic platelet microbicidal protein; or binding to platelets, fibronectin, or fibrinogen. However, compared with the parental strain, the Delta tagO mutant adhered considerably less well to human endothelial cells, especially under flow conditions (70.3% reduction; P<.05). Beads coated with WTA bound to endothelium in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that WTA contributes specifically to this interaction. These in vitro data closely paralleled those from a rabbit model of infective endocarditis in which the Delta tagO mutant was compared with the parental strain. Clearances of staphylococcus from the bloodstream were equivalent, but the Delta tagO mutant showed a significantly reduced capacity to both colonize sterile cardiac vegetations (P<.05) and proliferate within these vegetations, the kidneys, and the spleen (P<.001). We conclude that WTA is an important factor in the induction and progression of endovascular S. aureus infection, likely through a specific interaction with endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A mannitol teichoic acid containing rhamnose and pyruvic acid acetal from the cell wall of Brevibacterium permense VKM Ac-2280.

The cell wall of Brevibacterium permense VKM Ac-2280 contains two teichoic acids. The major polymer represents a 1,6-poly(mannitol phosphate) substituted wirh either L-rhamnose (approximately 70%, unit A) or (S)-acetal of pyruvic acid (approximately 30%, unit B) with the overall chain length approximately 10 mannitol phosphate units. [carbohydrate structure: see text] The other polymer is an unsubstituted 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate). The structures of the polymers were established using chemical degradations and NMR spectroscopy. The data obtained may be helpful in determination of the species-specific status of newly isolated Brevibacterium strains.

Brevibacterium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phosphocholine of pneumococcal teichoic acids: role in bacterial physiology and pneumococcal infection.

Pneumococci have an absolute nutritional requirement for choline. Choline is incorporated as phosphocholine (PCho) into lipoteichoic (LTA) and teichoic acid (TA). The PCho residues are required for transformability, the activity of autolysins, the separation of daughter cells after cell division and for anchoring a family of surface proteins which play important roles in pneumococcal infection. The genes encoding the enzymes for PCho incorporation are described. Two strains that acquired the ability to grow in the absence of choline are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Polyclonal response of human lymphocytes to bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycans and teichoic acids.

It has been found earlier that many bacteria are polyclonal activators of human lymphocytes. This phenomenon was further analysed by preparing cell walls, peptidoglycans and teichoic acids from Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 and Bacillus subtilis and studying their capacity to stimulate human adult and newborn lymphocytes to proliferate and to produce leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF). All these bacterial surface components acted as polyclonal activators. In our opinion these findings further strengthen the view that in infections there are a variety of bacterial products capable of inducing a polyclonal response of the host.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Antibody response to teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to Staphylococcus aureus crude teichoic acid (TA) and peptidoglycan (PG) in both rabbits and patients with osteomyelitis. In rabbits with experimental S. aureus osteomyelitis, elevated levels of IgG to TA were present in 13/18 (72%) of the serum samples obtained at 4 and 10 weeks postinfection. In contrast, only 5/18 (28%) of these sera were found to be positive for antibodies to PG. Of a total of 39 patients with confirmed S. aureus osteomyelitis (11 acute, 28 chronic), IgG to TA was elevated in 17 (44%), whereas antibodies to PG were found to be increased in only 1 (3%). Cross-reacting antibodies to S. aureus TA were detected in only 1/18 (6%) of the patients with osteomyelitis caused by organisms other than S. aureus. These studies indicate that IgG to TA is more prevalent than IgG to PG in patients with staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Although these results are encouraging, a larger number of patients is required for an adequate evaluation of the TA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis and management of suspected S. aureus osteomyelitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric titrations of teichoic acid.

Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric titrations of two strongly aggregating dyes, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) and acridine orange (AO), by three anionic biopolymers, chondroitin sulphate A, DNA and teichoic acid (TA), have been described. Though the three polymers differ in their dye binding efficiencies and TA is a weak chromotrope, the equivalent weights of the polymers can be estimated accurately by these methods using the two dyes. Results show DMMB to be the preferred dye for spectrophotometric titration. The titrations can be used to estimate the equivalent weights of anionic polymers, and also for the quantitative estimation of such polymers of known equivalent weights.

Acridine Orange↗