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PubMed1989

Medical technologies in developing countries: issues of technology development, transfer, diffusion and use.

The difficulties experienced in transfer of medical technology to developing countries are aggravated by partial and incomplete understanding of the cultural, social, economic, and institutional factors affecting technology development, transfer, dissemination and use. In this paper, it is argued that a more dynamic and comprehensive approach is needed for the analysis of these factors. Such an approach would provide the basis for linking existing information stemming from partial analyses of problems related to individual users, the health services or systems, and the technology itself. The starting point of any comprehensive analysis must be the structure of the society in which the technology is to be used. The value of a comprehensive analytical approach is illustrated by discussion of a medical technology still under development, a vaccine against malaria. This discussion further indicates that consideration of cultural, social, economic, and institutional factors in the developmental phases of a technology can contribute to ensuring acceptability and sustainability of the technology under the multifaceted conditions in which it is to be used.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1997

Would it work for us? Learning from quality improvement in Europe and beyond.

DEVELOPING QUALITY TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSFERABILITY ASSESSMENT: Transferring a method or an approach that works in one organization to another organization may not produce the same effect. The result in one setting is an effect of the method or approach working within that system, not just an effect of the method or approach alone. THE CONTEXT FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (QI): To better understand QI activities in a particular country, five aspects of the QI context need to be considered--the health care system, social values, health reform, history of quality assurance, and the language and politics of quality. For example, differences in terminology, even within one region of a country, undermine transferability of quality approaches and methods. LEARNING FROM OTHERS' SOLUTIONS AND STRATEGIES: The methods used to learn from others can be improved by seeking out reports describing the context of the improvement, by carefully deciding which facilities to visit and which conferences and networking events to attend, and by developing skills in judging transferability and in adapting others' strategies. CONCLUSION: Similar changes in health care in most countries are creating a climate more conducive to QI methods than in the past, and there is more experience with these methods and there are more examples of their successful application. Learning from others has more benefits than finding solutions to one's own quality problems. By examining others' approaches to QI one may become aware of issues that have been ignored or that are latent problems in one's own organization.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

The patent is political: the consequences of patenting the BRCA genes in Britain.

OBJECTIVES: The paper explores the attempt by an American biotechnology company, Myriad Genetics, to use its patent rights over the BRCA genes to transfer its technology of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer to Britain. It also investigates the responses of British scientists, health care professionals and patient advocates to this attempted technology transfer. METHODS: This paper is based on approximately 100 in-depth interviews, document analysis and ethnographic observation conducted in the United States and Britain from 1998 to 2001. RESULTS: The BRCA gene patents inspired political resistance and mobilized opposition to the patenting of genes in general. They also provided an opportunity for the British to assert their national identity as they argued that a British BRCA testing service needed to be available within the context of the National Health Service to all citizens equally. CONCLUSIONS: Patents are not only legal documents and technical descriptions, but political tools as well. As they are increasingly deemed vital to economic globalization, patents have become mobilizing tools for anti-globalization activists and non-governmental organizations from less developed countries, and for asserting local and national identities.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Psychotherapeutic Medications Development Program (PMDP).

The Psychotherapeutic Medications Development Program (PMDP) of the National Institute of Mental Health was established in 1990. The purpose of the PMDP is to improve, enhance, and speed the development of new medications and improve the therapeutic usefulness of existing medications for the treatment of mental illness. The PMDP will fulfill this mission by implementing four initiatives. In the drug discovery and development initiative, the PMDP will aid in the development of promising new drugs. This initiative will also include improving the therapeutic usefulness of existing medications. In the technology transfer initiative, PMDP will improve the technology transfer from academic and government researchers to the pharmaceutical industry; improve the dissemination of information concerning technology transfer opportunities as it pertains to psychotherapeutic medications; and enhance technology transfer by acting as a broker to bring interested parties together. For the third initiative, the PMDP will develop and maintain a capability to clinically evaluate psychotherapeutic medications. The PMDP will also act to facilitate the development and testing of new concepts and models of mental illness. There is a detailed description of the steps that are involved in developing a new chemical entity (NCE) from the conceptual stage to a medication that is approved for the treatment of a particular illness. The pharmaceutical industry estimates that this medication development process costs $238 million.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Production of transgenic silver sea bream (Sparus sarba) by different gene transfer methods.

We have been interested in developing convenient mass gene transfer methods for producing strains of silver sea bream (Sparus sarba) with superior genetic traits for aquaculture. A transgene construct carrying rainbow trout growth hormone (rtGH) complementary DNA driven by a common carp b-actin promoter was introduced into silver sea bream by electroporating the sperm with the rtGH transgene and using the treated sperm to fertilize eggs stripped from mature females. The presence of the GH transgene in presumptive transgenic individuals was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Between 56% and 70% of the animals carried the GH transgene. We refer to this method as sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT). Since the handling stress of stripping gametes from female sliver sea bream brood fish could cause severe mortality, an alternative gene transfer method would be highly desirable. We developed a liposome-based method to transfer the GH transgene into the fish. This method, referred as testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT), involves injecting the liposome-transgene mixture into the gonads of male sea bream at least 48 hours before spawning. The males were mated to reproductively active females, and fertilized eggs were collected for further incubation. Between 59% and 76% of the hatched fry were found by PCR analysis to carry the rtGH transgene. The efficiency of gene transfer was improved more than 80% by injecting multiple doses of the liposome-transgene mixture into the gonads of treated males. Results of Southern blot analysis of DNA isolated from PCR-positive animals showed that the transgene was integrated into the host genome and could be transmitted to its offspring. The rtGH transgene was expressed in many of the rtGH-transgenic fish. Several P1 GH-transgenic silver sea bream exhibited significant growth enhancement compared with nontransgenic controls. Our studies showed that faster-growing silver sea bream could be produced by a variety of mass gene transfer technologies. These gene transfer technologies would be of great value to aquaculture.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Applications and transfer of technology to the nations of the South. Biotechnology and the control of childhood enteric infections.

The optimal use of biotechnology to address the health care needs of developing countries entails the formation of interdisciplinary working groups linking basic biomedical scientists with public health workers, epidemiologists, physicians, and social scientists. Their mission should be congruent with and guided by the public health goals and primary care program of the country or region. Moreover, their research and development activities should lead to products that address a specific need and which are evaluable, cost-effective, and readily transferred to the public health sector. With respect to the enteric infections of childhood, the essential components of an integrated control effort are a field site where infections of this kind are common and readily studied; a local public health laboratory where the performance of new products can be tested and where technology transfer can occur; a basic science laboratory where molecular pathogenicity studies lead to new diagnostic tests, vaccines, and drugs; and a production laboratory where these products can be refined and prepared in sufficient amounts for field testing. This strategy is now being evaluated for the control of infantile diarrhea through the combined use of epidemiologic investigations, DNA probe and amplification techniques, and molecular fingerprinting. Together, these methods are yielding new information about microbial reservoirs and transmission systems; in turn, this information should lead to highly focused public health interventions.

Biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Privatization and the allure of franchising: a Zambian feasibility study.

Efforts to privatize portions of the health sector have proven more difficult to implement than had been anticipated previously. One common bottleneck encountered has been the traditional organizational structure of the private sector, with its plethora of independent, single physician practices. The atomistic nature of the sector has rendered many privatization efforts difficult, slow and costly-in terms of both organizational development and administration. In many parts of Africa, in particular, the shortages of human and social capital, and the fragile nature of legal institutions, undermine the appeal of privatization. The private sector is left with inefficiencies, high prices and costs, and a reduced effective demand. The result is the simultaneous existence of excess capacity and unmet need. One potential method to improve the efficiency of the private sector, and thereby enhance the likelihood of successful privatization, is to transfer managerial technology--via franchising--from models that have proven successful elsewhere. This paper presents a feasibility analysis of franchizing the successful Bolivian PROSALUD system's management package to Zambia. The assessment, based on PROSALUD's financial model, demonstrates that technology transfer requires careful adaptation to local conditions and, in this instance, would still require significant external assistance.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed1996

International trade in live molluscs: perspective from the Americas.

There is an active world trade in seed and edible molluscs, including such species as oysters, abalones, clams, scallops, and mussels. The supply of new and effectively-produced products, such as triploid oyster seed, is likely to increase due to greater world-wide demand for these high-value products, together with improved technology. Transfer to live molluscs is driven by need an availability, with concern over infectious disease risks often playing subordinate role or serving to support economic trade barriers. Experience shows that serious risks from infectious disease transfer exist. Technology and balanced management, however, can limit such risks. Separation of biological risks from trade control objectives is a necessary first step. A systematic method of risk analysis is urgently needed, along with predefined actions which can be adapted to the various risk levels. Critical to the effective development and implementation of this risk analysis is the participation of the shellfish industry in defining risks and actions. Organization and infrastructure to improve recognition of infectious diseases and decrease response time are necessary improvements, together with appropriately-targeted research on impacts, diagnosis, epidemiology, carrier status, and geographical distribution of diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Transfer of space technologies past and present: the Russian case.

Since the end of the 1980's transfer of government sponsored high technology space goods and services to other sectors, industry, and eventually non-government use has been a growing concern of the Russian policy makers. Today the real and functional transformation of this field is on the agenda. The paper is organized as follows. The first section analyzes the evolution of the common approach to technology transfer, looks at the main obstacles to this processes as a whole, and in the space sector in particular. The second section examines the Russian space R&D sector from the point of view of its role and place in the Russian scientific and technological base. New mechanisms of technology transfer are then considered. Here, problems of conversion, commercialization, dual-use, and internationalization are examined in the context of space technology transfer. Furthermore, issues of innovation in technology transfer are discussed. The new networks that are forming through which technologies diffuse is considered. The paper then turns to legislative and regulatory problems, including the discussion of the main principles of the Russian space transfer code, which is now being drafted. It is necessary to underline, that in the Russian case, official statistics still do not help analyze the question of technology transfer.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1995

Asynchronous transfer mode technology for radiologic image communication.

Image communication is an important component in picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and teleradiology applications. Currently, local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) use different technologies for image communication. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is an emerging technology that can be used for both LANs and WANs. This article describes experimental results using an ATM network to transmit CT scans and digitized radiographs between the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Mount Zion Hospital, an affiliated community hospital in the San Francisco Bay area. The WAN connection between the two hospitals is via an ATM main switch at Pacific Bell, a local communication carrier located in Oakland, CA, which uses single-mode optical fibers. Preliminary results show that, using the ATM Optical Carrier Level 3 (OC3) (155 Mbits/sec) specification, it takes 1.3 sec and 2.7 sec to transmit a 10-Mbyte digitized radiograph and a 20-Mbyte CT scan, respectively, between the two locations. Encouraged by these results, we have designed and implemented an ATM WAN and LAN between UCSF and Mount Zion Hospital. This is the first of a three-phase project of installing a WAN serving four hospitals and one clinic in the San Francisco Bay area.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2000

Gene therapy and heart transplantation.

The application of gene transfer technologies to the field of solid organ transplantation is uniquely appealing due to open access to the donor organ at the time of removal and the need for a local biological effect limited to the allograft. The objectives of gene transfer technology in the field of experimental heart transplantation include: firstly, modification of allograft phenotype and secondly, modulation of the host alloimmune response. Both objectives can theoretically decrease or eliminate the need for lifelong immunosuppression with its attendant risks. This article will review the principles and current methodology of gene transfer technology, applications of gene transfer technology to allo- and xeno- transplantation and the current status of clinical trials on gene therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Patenting and licensing of university-based genetic inventions--a view from experience at Stanford University's Office of Technology Licensing.

University technology transfer offices license inventions created at universities to companies looking for tools, additions to their product pipelines, improvements or start-up opportunities. This paper will cover the motivations for conducting university technology transfer, an overview of Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing and its patenting and licensing practices, models of royalty sharing at university technology transfer offices, and patenting and licensing genetic information inventions at Stanford University. The terms 'invention' and 'technology' are used interchangeably throughout the paper.

California↗
PubMed1996

Community social alarm network in Slovenia.

The article deals with a case report on the technology transfer of the Lifeline community social alarm system to Slovenia. The main reason the project was initiated is the ageing of the Slovenian population (11% of the population is 65 or over). With this system we intend to support the public's wish to allow the elderly to remain in their own homes for as long as possible instead of placing them in institutional care. Between 1992 and 1995 the following results were achieved: the acceptability of the system in the social environment was increased; a pilot control centre in Ljubljana was established and has been operational for two-and-a-half years; a national dissemination plan was prepared; the integration of the programme into other information systems has been started. One of the main conclusions is that for the successful transfer of a technology which also affects social values in society, a social innovation must support the process.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Transporting a research-based adolescent drug treatment into practice.

This article describes the key ingredients and processes in transporting an empirically supported, research-developed family therapy for adolescent drug abusers, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), into an intensive day treatment program. Using the same systems change principles that guide this treatment approach, the technology transfer process has been, from its inception, a collaborative, multidimensional, systemic intervention aimed at changing organizational structures, and attitudinal and behavioral patterns with multiple staff members at several levels of the program. This article describes: (1) the conceptual and empirical basis for these technology transfer efforts; (2) the technology being adapted and transferred; and (3) the critical events and processes that have shaped the transfer of MDFT into this program. We discuss this process and the outcomes thus far through the lens of Simpson's organizational change model and specify the implications of this experience for the expansion of current conceptualization of technology transfer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The international transfer of medical technology--an analysis and a proposal for effective monitoring.

The international transfer of medical technology to the developing countries occurs at four levels--medical education, research, and missions; multinational corporate transactions; technical assistance projects sponsored by the World Health Organization; and bilateral foreign aid programs. In this article, a proposal is made for effective monitoring of international medical technology transfer through political and legal means, including a specific code of conduct for corporations engaged in medical technology transfer. The development of "intermediate health technologies" along the lines suggested by E. F. Schumacher, and the advantages of such an innovation in terms of population issues and economic development are also discussed.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1987

Distributing and transferring medical technology. A view from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Great variation exists in the health care delivery systems throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. In general, medical technology is concentrated in large cities at private hospitals that serve a small, elite segment of the population. What is missing in most of these countries is a clearly defined social policy guaranteeing distribution of medical technology to all segments of society. While data is scarce, it appears that political and economic concerns, rather than medical concerns, determine what and how much technology will be available to all segments of the society. Products are sometimes imported that compete with domestically produced ones. Moreover, transfers of technology often fail to include the necessary knowledge to make imported technology truly useful. However, current economic crises throughout the region are forcing changes in policies; as a result, there is a new emphasis on domestic production of technology over imports and the evaluation of medical technology for its appropriate use in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of a database of materials for HIV prevention program evaluation.

Program evaluation technology transfer is the transfer of information on program evaluation from research to practitioners. There have been anecdotal reports of a lack of technology transfer materials related to HIV prevention program evaluation, especially materials usable by persons without extensive training in evaluation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed available program evaluation materials relevant to HIV prevention and developed a database of those materials. Materials were classified according to appropriate audience, level of evaluation expertise required, steps in the evaluation process addressed, and other criteria. The database was queried to determine the number of materials available for various combinations of search criteria. These queries revealed that for certain audiences and steps in the evaluation process there are few materials, especially usable by individuals without evaluation experience. The conclusion is that for certain areas of program evaluation, and for certain audiences, more evaluation technology transfer materials are needed.

Databases, Factual↗