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PubMed2006

Polymorphisms of metabolic enzyme genes, living habits and prostate cancer susceptibility.

In this report, genetic polymorphism of phase I and II metabolic enzyme (CYP2E1, CYP17, GSTM1 and GSTT1) genes, living habits, and risk of prostate cancer (PCa) was studied in 163 patients with prostate carcinoma of Han nationality in Southern China and 202 age-matched controls. The genotypic polymorphism of CYP2E1, CYP17, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was analyzed by PCR-RFLP assay using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. The significant risk factors for PCa included long-term exposure to toxicant (OR=2.27, 95%CI: 1.26-4.09), the tumor history of lineal consanguinity (OR=2.19, 95%CI: 1.30-3.67), sexual history before age 30 of no more than 8 times per month (OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.22-2.81), deep inhalation of cigarette smoke (OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.20-3.37) or heavy smoking (OR=1.67,95%CI: 1.01-2.76). Among individuals with long-term heavy smoking without tea-drinking habit, the risk increased significantly (OR=4.27, 95%CI: 1.62-11.24 and OR), 2.76, 95%CI: 1.20-6.32). CYP2E1 C1/C1 genotype significantly increased the risk for PCa (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.04-2.49) with an apparent interaction with alcohol (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.07-4.00). However, stratification by the amount of accumulative smoking revealed that among people with a heavy smoking history, the individuals with the CYP2E1 C1/C1 genotype (OR=2.55, 95%CI: 1.20-5.43) and the individuals with GSTT1 null genotype (OR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.09-4.57) showed a significantly increased risk. Any other significant results with GSTM1 or CYP17 genes were not observed in this research. Individuals with more sensitive genotypes (from one to four) were at an increased risk. The data show that, in the development of PCa, there are many interactions among predisposing genotypes and genetic polymorphisms and unhealthy living habits. Individuals with more susceptible genotypes and unhealthy habits such as prolonged exposure to smoking are at an increased risk.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Natural opium as one of the possibilities for drug abusers.

Natural opium is a popular seasonal alternation for substance dependent people. Its processing, way of using, experience and change of habits was the aim of our study carried out via anonymous questionnaire and directed interview. 47 questionnaires were obtained. According to our results natural opium has been abused by people 19-42 years old, more than a half of them were male. Basic drug were pervitin in 57 %, marihuana in 33 %, a considerable part (30 %) was natural opium. Each grower produced approximately 35 g of raw opium in one season. The most frequent way of application was smoking, injecting and "opium tea" drinking. Almost a half of the clients (40 %) felt attenuation after application; relaxation, hallucination and central stimulation admitted 25 % of respondents. Health troubles had majority of the users. Combinations of natural opium with other drugs (alcohol, marihuana, pervitin) declared 45 % respondents, the effects of the combinations admitted one third of users. The examination for viral hepatitis confirmed more than a half of the clients; the major part of users from Olomouc, but only 25 % of users from Prostejov were tested for HIV. Opium consumption influenced habits of personal hygiene of more than a half of the users (57 %). Routine servicing of the spot of the needle insertion practiced a half of the responders. Majority of the abusers (79 %) obtained and closed out paraphernalia throw to the "harm reduction" program.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[A case-control study on the risk factors of esophageal cancer in Jieyang City of Guangdong in China].

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors of esophageal cancer in Jieyang city of Guangdong province. METHODS: Two hundred and fourteen cases with pathological diagnosis of esophageal cancer were recruited at Jieyang Municipal People's Hospital in 1999. Two hundred and fourteen controls were selected from healthy residents matched with sex, age and residential places (town) of the cases. All cases and controls had resided in Jieyang city for over 20 years and were studied through a uniformed questionnaire. Non-conditional logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The important risk factors were over-hot tea drinking habit (OR:1.39-3.74), fast eating (OR:1.54-4.10), animal oil (OR:3.57-42.03) and meat consumption (OR:1.36-5.05) while the protective factors were tap water (OR:0.13-0.51) drinking habil for over 20 years. Histories of smoking and family esophageal cancer were not significantly correlated with esophageal cancer. CONCLUSION: The risk factors revealed in this study were commonly exposed to the residents of Jieyang city. Most of the factors were in agreement to the results from other similar studies, but the factors of animal oil and meat were unique in this study, which called for further studies.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1999

[A case-control study on relationship between body mass index and lung cancer in non-smoking women].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and lung cancer in non-smoking women. METHODS: A population-based case-control study on lung cancer in non-smoking women was conducted during February 1992 to December 1993 in Shanghai. Totally, 504 cases of lung cancer of non-smoking women and 601 population controls were studied. RESULTS: The risk of lung cancer increased with the decrease of BMI. The odds ratio of lung cancer in non-smoking women was 1.95, as compared to controls with the highest quartile of their BMI, with a dose-response pattern (P < 0.0002 with chi(2) test for trend), adjusted for age, schooling and income. Non-conditional logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for some main risk factors found in other studies carried out at home, such as passive smoking, tea drinking, eye irritation by cooking oil fume, kinds of cooking oils, pulmonary tuberculosis, family history of lung cancer, age of menarche, menstrual cycle and dietary nutrition (including intake of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, total fat and calorie), was used to adjust. There still existed relationship between BMI and lung cancer in non-smoking women after adjustment for those factors. Stratification analysis showed that there was relationship mainly between BMI and lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: BMI may be a risk factor for lung cancer in non-smoking women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anaemia among young male workers in Alexandria, Egypt.

In a cross-sectional survey, we investigated exposure to and the presence of factors associated with anaemia, such as socioeconomic conditions, dietary habits, intestinal parasitic infections and lead among 355 young male workers (7-19 years of age) employed in private workshops. Of the total study sample, 44.5% (158 participants) were found to be anaemic. The major risk factors for anaemia were multiple parasitic infection, high intensity of parasitic (Ascaris lumbricoides) infection and drinking tea soon after a meal. A significantly lower prevalence of anaemia was noted after Ramadan; it appeared to be the main factor associated with the presence or absence of anaemia and warrants further attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[An analysis on the forearm bone mass density of rural female and the environmental risk factors].

The distribution of distal and proximal forearm bone mass densities (BMD) with age was discribed and the environmental risk factors of rural female analyzed. A group of 1432 rural female aged 15 and over were sellected. Their demographic characteristics, living and eating habit were obtained by standardized questionnaire. The distal and proximal forearm bone mass density were measured by peripheral dual-energy X ray absorptionmetry (pDEXA). The results showed that the distal and proximal forearm BMDs were increased with age before age 25 and 30 respectively, and reached the peak value at age 30-35. The distal forearm bone density decreased significantly at age 40 while the proximal forearm BMD decreased at age 45. Bone loss rate of the two bone sites was increased significantly at age 50 and reached the peak value at age 55-60. Only the the density of proximal forearm bone, and the year of menopause was the main cause of low bone density. Body weight was the positive factor for bone density at age less than 60. Height only positively affected the proximal forearm bone of those at age 30-45. More ever, drinking tea, parity and educational status may affect distal forearm bone in certain age group while parity, educational status, occupation and marital status were possible risk factors of proximal forearm BMD. It is concluded that environmental risk factors of BMD varied with bone site and age. The prevention of low BMD must rely on subject's age and bone site. The surveillance of low bone density must put the emphasis on spony bone.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The detection of DNA adduct in human peripheral lymphocytes by bioluminescence method].

OBJECTIVE: To develop bioluminescence method to measure DNA adducts in human peripheral lymphocytes and study the factors that affect the level of DNA adduct, in order to use it in studying the relationship between water pollution and human DNA adduct levels. METHOD: The measurement of DNA adduct in peripheral lymphocytes was carried out in 234 normal persons, and the relationship between DNA adducts levels and age, smoking and eating habit etc. was analyzed. RESULTS: (1) The level of DNA adduct in males was higher than that in females, but without significance (P > 0.05); (2) The level of DNA adduct was significantly correlated with age, smoking, tea drinking, eating habit and alcohol drinking. Among them, age plus smoking were the most important factors affected the DNA adduct levels (P < 0.01). The level of DNA adduct increased with age. The more cigarette smoked, the higher was the level of DNA adduct. CONCLUSION: The level of DNA adduct is affected by many factors, so it needs further research to apply it in the biomonitoring and risk assessment of environment chemicals.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Suspected moonflower intoxication--Ohio, 2002.

During October 11-November 20, 2002, the Cincinnati Drug and Poison Information Center (DPIC) received notification of and offered treatment advice for 14 adolescents in the Akron/Cleveland, Ohio, area who became ill after intentional exposure to toxic seeds that DPIC identified as Datura inoxia. All became ill shortly after eating the seeds or drinking tea brewed using the seeds. All patients recovered fully after treatment. This report summarizes these cases, discusses the characteristics of the various plants known commonly as "moonflowers," and underscores the need for awareness of the potential toxicity from recreational use of a plant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Food habits and esophageal cancer: an overview.

Cancer of the esophagus has a more varied geographical distribution and incidence than any other commonly occurring cancer. Its incidence rate is increasing in many countries, especially among males. Esophageal cancer has been found to be associated with the consumption of alcohol and tobacco, particularly when combined, and in the last decade the role of nutrition and diet in the etiology of this disease has attracted worldwide attention. Regions with a large incidence of this disease are generally located in poor parts of the world, and their inhabitants share several dietary characteristics. They subsist on a diet high in starch and almost without fresh fruit or vegetables, eat rapidly without sufficient mastication, and consume many foods (rice gruel) and drinks (tea) at very high temperatures. Hard and scratchy foods also are consumed frequently. In the high-risk region of northern Iran, where the frequency of esophageal cancer is higher among women than men, the main food during pregnancy contains strong black pepper and sharp crushed pomegranate seeds, which irritate the esophagus.

Diet↗
PubMed2004

[A case-control study on the risk of female breast cancer in Wuhan area].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of female breast cancer and its potential alteration in Wuhan area. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 213 cases with histopathological diagnosis and 430 matched controls, using conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 28 factors such as educational level, history of benign breast disease, age at menarche, age at menopausal, meat and well-done meat intake, soy bean food, fruit, lactation time, body mass index (BMI), juvenile chest X-ray, psychological factor, were associated with breast cancer risk in one-way variance model. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis in total significant factors and subgroups showed that the risk factors of breast cancer would include high level education, psychological trauma, history of benign breast disease later age at menopause, more years of menstrual and more years of menstrual before giving first birth, high BMI, well-done meat intake and smoked food. Factors as later menarche, lactate longer, soybean food, fruit, drink tea habit were protective factors for breast cancer. Further breakdown of data showed some difference between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Risks in premenopausal women were associated with history of benign breast disease, age of menarche, soybean food intake, whereas risks in postmenopausal women were related to age of menopausal, BMI, waist-hip ratio and fruit intake. Both psychological traumatic and duration of lactation were common pre-and postmenopausal risk and protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary habit and endogenous estrogen exposure related factors played important roles on women breast cancer in Wuhan area.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[A case-control study of risk factors of low birth weight at term].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors of low birth weight, the authors conducted a matched case-control study. METHODS: 155 women which infants were singleton term SGA cases and 155 with singleton term non-SGA controls were interviewed. Cases and controls were matched by infant sex and maternal age. Analyses were performed by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Low prepregnancy weight (< or = 52kg), low weight gain (< or = 16kg), passive smoking and drinking tea during pregnancy, dying hair, marcel or curium oil three month before pregnancy and during pregnancy, low husband height (< 173cm), and maternal BMI (> or = 19) were associated with risk of term SGA. The odds ratio of those risk factors were 2.08, 2.83, 3.07, 2.94, 3.42, 2.72, 5.67, 2.92 and 0.41 respectively. CONCLUSION: It was also found significant positive interactions between low maternal weight and low weight gain, and dying hair, marcel or curium oil three month before pregnancy and during pregnancy, and low husband's height, and passive smoking during pregnancy.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2004

[Genetic polymorphisms in X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 and susceptibility to papillary thyroid carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of polymorphisms in the X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS: A hospital based, matched case-control study was carried out. The polymorphisms in XRCC1 for 105 pairs of cases with PTC and controls were identified by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The frequencies of Arg/Arg, Arg/Trp and Trp/Trp genotypes at XRCC1 Arg194Trp site were 47.6%, 49.5% and 2.9% among cases compared to 45.7%, 48.6% and 5.7% among controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (chi(2) = 1.07, P = 0.59). The frequencies of Arg/Arg, Arg/Gln and Gln/Gln genotypes at XRCC1 Arg399Gln site were 46.7%, 41.9% and 11.4% among cases, while 54.2%, 42.9% and 2.9% among controls respectively. There was statistically significant difference between the two groups (chi(2) = 6.40, P = 0.04). Individuals with Gln/Gln genotype had a 3.65-fold increased risk of developing PTC compared to Arg/Arg genotype (OR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.24 - 17.45). The multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism, negative life events and X-irradiation history were associated with PTC, with odds ratios of 2.71 (95% CI: 1.22 - 6.05), 5.34 (95% CI: 1.40 - 20.38) and 0.38 (95% CI: 0.12 - 0.72) respectively. However, XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphism, drinking tea, fruit and economic levels did not show statistically significant associations with PTC. CONCLUSION: The Gln/Gln genotype at XRCC1 Arg399Gln site and negative life events significantly increased while X-irradiation history decreased the risk of developing PTC.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Dietary factors and esophageal cancer: a case-control study].

A hospital-based case-control study of 112 patients with esophageal cancer was conducted to explore the association of dietary factors with cancer of the esophagus. Each case was matched to one non-cancerous patient from surgical department in the hospital of the same sex, age (+/- 5 years), occupation (farmer or nonfarmer), and residence as control. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the consumption of moldy grains (odds ratio (OR), 4.08), pickled vegetables (OR, 2.57), tea drinking habit (OR, 5.65), and hot food consumption (OR, 2.53) were significant risk factors for esophageal cancer. Intake of eggs (OR, 0.30) and higher proportion of flour and rice in the grain ration (greater than 30% vs. less than or equal to 30%) (OR, 0.43) were protective factors. Relations between factors were also discussed in the paper.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Gestational risk factors for Wilms' tumor: results of a case-control study.

Gestational risk factors for Wilms' tumor were investigated in a pair-matched case-control study. Cases who were under 15 years of age at diagnosis during 1970-1983 were identified through the registries of the three main hospitals treating childhood cancer in the greater Philadelphia area. Controls were selected by random digit dialing and were matched to cases on race, birth date, and telephone area code and exchange. Because of a low participation rate among nonwhites, results are reported only for the 88 white matched pairs whose parents were interviewed by telephone. Of the hypothesized risk factors, maternal use of hair-coloring products in the year prior to the index child's birth (odds ratio, 3.6; P = 0.003) and hypertension or fluid retention during pregnancy (odds ratio, 5.0, P = 0.01) were significantly associated with increased risk of Wilms' tumor. Use of hair-coloring products was strongly associated with cases in which Wilms' tumor was diagnosed before 2 years of age (odds ratio, 15; P = 0.001). For two other gestational factors, tea drinking and vaginal infection, the odds ratios were significantly elevated for all cases and the effects were concentrated among the nongenetic cases. Bilateral cases had a significantly higher mean birth weight than did their controls. Older maternal age was significantly associated with the genetic form of Wilms' tumor. Adjustment for possible confounders and consideration of the time interval between the index pregnancy and the interview did not substantially alter the findings.

Female↗
PubMed1986

[Ecological approach to the eating habits and the cancer mortality of Brazilian people].

Brazil is very big country that is located from tropical (north) to temperate (south) zone. There are very big differences not only on the eating habit but also on the death rate from cancer. People living in the south, takes much meat and milk, and has high mortality rate from cancer, and in the north, people takes vegetable foods and the cancer death rate is very low. Eating habit of the people, both Japanese and Brazilian, living in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, the south of Brazil, were surveyed and the transition of the cancer death rates were also discussed. The south Brazilian people have very high mortality from esophagus cancer which may be related with very hot maté-tea drinking, and very low mortality from colon cancer, even though their heavy consumption of meat and milk. Breast cancer was the first cause of cancer death in women. Relationships between colon cancer mortality and the eating habit of the south Brazilian people is the most interesting epidemiological problem.

Brazil↗
PubMed1984

A population--based case--control study of renal cell carcinoma.

A population-based case-control study of renal cell carcinoma (495 cases and 697 controls) in the Minneapolis-St. Paul seven-county metropolitan area implicated cigarette smoking as a risk factor with an odds ratio (OR) among men of 1.6 (95% confidence intervals: 1.1-2.4) and among women of 1.9 (1.3-3.0). A statistically significant dose response was observed in both sexes for pack-years of cigarette use. On the basis of calculations of attributable risk, it was estimated that 30% of renal cell cancers among men and 24% among women were due to smoking. High relative adult weight as measured by the body mass index (BMI) was found to be a major risk factor among women but not among men, with those in the highest 5% of the BMI having an OR of 5.9 (1.8-20.4) in comparison to the lowest quartile. This association with excess weight was not seen at age 20, but it became more pronounced with increasing age, suggesting that the primary influence of weight gain is during the late stages of renal carcinogenesis. Excess risks were also related to ethnic background (particularly, German), which may account in part for the elevated incidence of renal cancer in the North Central area of the United States. In addition, positive associations were observed for long-term use of phenacetin-containing analgesics, heavy meat consumption, and heavy tea drinking (females only). An occupational clue was provided by an increased risk for exposure to petroleum, tar, and pitch products. Excesses of certain urologic and cardiovascular diseases were also observed among the cases compared to controls.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

[Etiologic study on the relationship between HBV, HCV and HCC].

A total of 110 HCC patients were sampled randomly in 20 townships of Qidong county (a higher incidence area of HCC in China) from Mar. to Sept. 1989. Each patient was paired with two healthy persons as control. The results showed that the prevalences of HBV and HCV in 110 patients were 85.45% and 17.27% respectively, and were significantly higher that in control (50.45% and 4.09%). Using Conditional Logistic Regression Model. we found that the main risk factors of HCC in Qidong were HBsAg and Pre-S2 for HBV and anti-HCV for HCV. The OR value were 10.22, 2.96 and 2.63, respectively. Drinking tea was the only protective factor (OR = 0.36). Among 110 HCC patients. 13.64% were positive for both HBV and HCV. The OR value was the highest (6.48). 88.18% patients were either HBV or HCV positive. The OR values were similar (3.90 and 3.89). It suggests that the most important risk factor of HCC in Qidong was HBV infection because it had a higher prevalence among the population while the HCV infection having an equal OR value was also a risk factor.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1997

The incidence of reflux esophagitis among the Chinese.

OBJECTIVES: Very few epidemiological data on reflux esophagitis in Chinese are available in the literature. METHODS: To evaluate the incidence of reflux esophagitis, upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed on 2044 patients (male 1266, female 778; age range 16-82 yr) during a 6-month period. RESULTS: The overall incidence of reflux esophagitis was 5%, and most of the patients (86.3%) had a mild grade of esophagitis. Hiatal hernia was found in 44 patients (2.2%); those patients were significantly older than those without hiatal hernia (60.3 +/- 10.8 vs. 49.4 +/- 12.1 yr, p < 0.05). Patients with symptoms suggesting gastroesophageal reflux (acid regurgitation, heartburn, and belching) had higher incidence of esophagitis (22.9%, 22.5%, and 24.7%, respectively). The body mass index was significantly higher in patients with esophagitis than in those without esophagitis (25.7 +/- 3.1 vs. 24.0 +/- 3.6, p < 0.05). The male:female ratio for esophagitis was 5.6:1. No esophagitis was found in patients who were less than 21 yr old. However, there was a difference in age group distribution for the incidence of esophagitis. The habit of coffee or tea drinking does not contribute to the development of esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, the incidence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis among the Chinese is 5%, which is lower than in Western countries.

Adolescent↗