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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Blood volume response to drainage of left thoracic duct lymph in the ovine fetus.

Although it is known that left thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the ovine fetus is several times that in the adult relative to body weight, the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fetal blood volume has not been explored. In the present study, the left thoracic lymph duct was drained without return to the fetal circulation in 10 chronically catheterized animals for 7 h. Four experiments in which the lymph was returned to the circulation served as control. During the 7-h drainage, the total volume drained was 174.4 +/- 19.6 ml. Thoracic duct lymph flow rate decreased gradually and averaged 22.2 +/- 3.4% (SE) below control at 6-7 h compared with a small increase in the control experiments (analysis of variance: P = 0.0013 comparing 2 groups). Fetal blood volume decreased (P < 0.0001) by 8.2 +/- 1.1% at 3 h because of a decrease in plasma volume with a further small decrease in blood volume to 9.7 +/- 0.9% below normal at 7 h. The decreases in blood volume at 1, 3, 5, and 7 h were 49.5, 40.2, 24.6, and 21.7%, respectively, of the volume of lymph that was drained. Fetal vascular pressures and heart rate did not change significantly. Although protein concentrations in plasma (-6.8 +/- 1.3%) and lymph (-7.5 +/- 2.1%) decreased, the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio remained constant at 0.72 +/- 0.01.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Thoracic duct drainage pretreatment and low dose cyclosporine and low dose steroid immunosuppressive treatment in living related kidney transplantation].

The results of 20 HLA 1-haploidentical donor kidney transplant patients treated with preoperative lymphocyte deletion through thoracic duct drainage and low dose of cyclosporine and steroid immunosuppressive therapy, were presented. The number of removed lymphocytes was 114 +/- 36 X 10(9) (mean +/- SD) and the duration of thoracic duct drainage was 35 +/- 7 days. Graft survival was 100% at 3-9 months and 89% at 1-2 years after transplantation. Patient survival was 100% at 3-9 months and 89% at 1-2 years. A patient died from lung cancer (adenocarcinoma) in the 9th posttransplant month. Acute rejection was not seen in 20 patients during the first 3 months. Life-threatening infectious disease was never seen either. Diabetes mellitus was observed in 1 patient. No other complications were observed. These results indicated that thoracic duct drainage and low dose cyclosporine and steroid postoperative immunosuppressive treatment might yield complete success in HLA 1-haploidentical kidney transplant patients.

Cyclosporins↗
PubMed1975

Exteriorization of thoracic duct lymph. Theoretical considerations and an experimental model.

Successful manipulation of the immune response will ultimately provide the answers for controlling homograft rejection, reversing autoimmune states, and quite possibly for curing carcinoma and other malignant neoplasms. During the past decade, many new drugs and techniques have been developed that alter the immune state. The theoretical basis for approaching the immune system via the thoracic duct is based on the fact that 90% to 95% of the cells in thoracic duct lymph are thymus-derived lymphocytes. Therefore, by tapping the thoracic duct, we could conceivably manipulate the T lymphocytes and control the cell-mediated arm of the immune system. This has in fact been done in renal transplantation and autoimmune diseases. An experimental canine model was developed that exteriorized lymph flow in a closed system. We describe our experiences with four dogs and we discuss proposed immunologic manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of the gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of the thoracic duct and the lympho-venous junction.

The thoracic duct was dissected in 30 fresh cadavers, and the anatomy and histology of the duct, at various levels, described. The lymph flow mechanism is correlated with the anatomical findings. The abdominal and lower two-thirds of the thoracic part are more muscular and probably have active peristalsis. The cervical part is less muscular and functions like a vein, passively conveying the lymph it receives. The ostial valve at the lympho-venous junction is bicuspid and has special characteristics and functions. The flow of lymph through the lympho-venous junction, although continuous, mainly occurs during expiration. The ostial valve functions when there is a sudden rise in venous tension causing stretching of the venous wall and the ostial cusps.

Brachiocephalic Veins↗
PubMed1990

Synergistic interaction between immune serum and thoracic duct cells in the adoptive transfer of rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in adult rats.

Rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis could be transferred to naive adult rats with thoracic duct lymphocytes and immune serum. Thoracic duct cells collected from Days 3-5 and immune serum collected on Day 28, respectively, after infection were effective. Both cells and serum were unable to transfer rapid expulsion when given alone, even in large volumes. Recipients of immune serum and cells eliminated a significantly higher number of larvae than control rats by 1 hr after challenge with muscle larvae. Rapid expulsion produced 30-80% larval worm rejection but could not be increased by the transfer of more cells or immune serum. Mucus trappings did not appear to play a role in the rejection process. After transfer of 2 x 10(8) cells and 4.0 ml immune serum, rapid expulsion persisted for less than 1 week. However, after adoptive transfer of cells alone, the gut remained functionally receptive to the passive transfer of immune serum for 7 weeks. Therefore, the changes effected by transfer of cells were long lived in contrast to the 1 week, or less, of functional persistence by transferred immune serum. The data indicate that two separate processes, one cell mediated and the other immune serum mediated, interact synergistically in the intestine and lead to the expression of rapid expulsion.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of a protein-bound polysaccharide on T cell subsets of peripheral venous blood and thoracic duct lymph.

To investigate the effect of a protein-polysaccharide preparation, PSK, on immune system function, the ratios of peripheral venous blood and thoracic duct lymphocyte subsets were determined in 6-week-old male SPF Wistar-Imamichi strain rats maintained on a diet containing 2% PSK ad libitum. Peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph specimens were obtained from pretreatment, 4- and 8-week PSK-treated, and period-matched control groups of rats. The lymphocyte count and percentages of helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells were determined with a laser flow-cytometry system using monoclonal antibodies W3/13, W3/25 and OX8. Compared with the controls, the PSK-treated group showed significantly lower total T cell and helper/inducer T cell counts in the peripheral blood, but showed no difference in the suppressor/cytotoxic T cell count. However, in the thoracic duct, there were significantly increased total T cell and helper/inducer T cell counts, but no difference in suppressor/cytotoxic T cell counts compared with the controls. These data appear to indicate a significant activity of oral PSK, resulting in modulation of lymphocyte distribution in the body by facilitation of the transition of circulating T lymphocytes, especially helper/inducer T cells, into the lymph.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Cannulation of the cervical thoracic duct in the rat.

A method is described for cannulation of the cervical part of the thoracic duct in the rat. The volume or lymph flowing from the cervical cannula is approximately 80% higher and its protein concentration by about 18% lower than that of the lymph collected from a cannula introduced into the abdominal part of the thoracic duct.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2001

Thoracic duct cyst presenting as an hour-glass shaped mass in the left supraclavicular area: case report.

Thoracic duct cyst presenting as an hour-glass shaped mass in the left supraclavicular area: case report. Thoracic duct cysts are a very rare entity in the head and neck pathology. We present a case of a 52 year-old man, who was referred to our service, complaining by a 30 days left cervical mass, with no other symptoms. A 6 cm cystic mass was revealed after ultrasonography and CT. Needle aspiration confirmed the presence of lymph in the cyst. The treatment was simple excision. Special care was taken to ligate the connected lymphatic vessels.

Clavicle↗
PubMed1986

[Growth of the jugular lymph sacs and establishment of the topography of the cervical portion of the thoracic duct during early human ontogenesis].

In 196 human embryos, prefetuses, fetuses and newborns, by means of a complex of morphological methods, development of the jugular lymphatic sacs and the process of settling of the thoracic duct cervical part topography have been studied. The jugular lymphatic sac anlages take place on the 6th week of the development. From the lymphatic cleft, situating in the mesenchyme near the anterior cardinal veins, multichambered cavities laid with endotheliocytes are forming,--the jugular lymphatic sacs. Connection of the initially close lymphatic sacs with the venous system takes place secondarily by the end of the embryonic period of development. In the area of the sac ostia a valve is formed, that makes morphological premises for unidirected lymph flow into the venous system. The lymph nodes developing at the place of the reducing jugular lymphatic sacs, ensure formation: from the left jugular lymphatic sac--the cervical part of the thoracic duct, from the right jugular lymphatic sac--the right lymphatic duct and the jugular and the subclavicular lymphatic trunks. Variability in the form and topography of these structures are determined both by the form and construction of the jugular lymphatic sacs and by developmental peculiarities of the lymph nodes at their place. The process of settling of the thoracic duct cervical part topography depends on age changes of its size and form, as well as on development of structures situating nearby, and by the time of birth it is not completed.

Humans↗
PubMed1966

The flow and lipoid composition of thoracic duct lymph in the grazing cow.

1. A technique is described for the collection of thoracic duct lymph from the grazing cow.2. The effects of continuing drainage of lymph were overcome by establishing an exteriorized lymphatico-venous shunt from which lymph and blood samples were obtained when required. The shunt functioned satisfactorily for periods of 10, 14 and 28 days in the three cows.3. The rate of lymph flow and concentration of lipids in the lymph were low during and immediately after the operation. Higher sustained levels of flow of 1.37 +/- 0.43 (S.D.), 1.88 +/- 0.40 (S.D.) and 1.90 +/- 0.45 (S.D.) 1./hr, for the dry and two lactating cows respectively, were observed during the period 3-9 days after the operation.4. More than 200% of the volume and 100% of the protein of the blood plasma compartment passed through the thoracic duct each day.5. Chlyomicron triglyceride comprised 50-70% and phospholipid 20% of the total lipid in lymph.6. The results indicated that at least 200 and 400 g of esterified fatty acid were transported daily in the lymph of the dry and lactating cows respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Origins of serum IgE and of the homocytotropic antibody-secreting cells in the thoracic duct lymph of rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Mesenteric lymphadenectomy caused a marked reduction in the amounts of both parasite-specific and total IgE in the serum of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infested rats. This was accompanied by reduced quantities of IgE in the thoracic duct lymph, showing that the mesenteric lymph node is of great importance in the generation of the elevated IgE levels which accompany this infestation. Conversely, the intestinal lamina propria and the Peyer's patches did not appear to be significant contributors to either thoracic duct lymph or serum IgE levels. Homocytotropic antibody-secreting cells specific for parasite antigens were detected in the thoracic duct lymph of lymphadenectomized rats and are believed to arise directly from the gut mucosa and possibly from Peyer's patches.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Individual variability in the topography of the thoracic duct and its significance for the treatment of chylothorax by a video endosurgical method].

A possibility for clipping the ends of the damaged thoracic duct in chylothorax treatment by video endosurgical method was supported by the experiment performed in 10 dogs and topographoanatomical study carried out in 158 corpses of adults. The correlation found allows to forecast the possible position of thoracic region of the thoracic duct both by the thoracic cage shape and topography of the adjacent large anatomic elements.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Thoracic duct cyst in the mediastinum.

A thoracic duct cyst was excised from the mediastinum of an 86 year old man. It had caused acute respiratory failure through compression of the trachea.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Valves and valve pockets of the thoracic duct: sites of stagnation of neoplastic cells].

The thoracic duct was excised and histologically examined in 53 patients who died due to cancer. 11 specimens showed intraluminal cancer cells without signs of tumor migration through the duct wall. The malignant cells were either unattached in the lumen, caught within the valve pocket or had invaded the valve tissue. These findings add to the importance of lymphotropic cytotoxic agents.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2005

[Anesthetic management of a 1.7-kg premature infant undergoing thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation].

We report successful anesthetic management of a 1.7-kg premature infant who underwent thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation under general anesthesia. She was born at 30 weeks gestation with birth weight of 1,546 g and was suffering from respiratory distress due to persistent right chylothorax for two months after birth. Chest tube drainage, fasting and intrapleural fibrin glue did not reduce her right chylothorax. Thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation was scheduled on her day 64 under general anesthesia. The tracheal tube end was placed in the midtrachea and carbon dioxide was insufflated into the operative side of the thorax. During thoracoscopy her left lung was ventilated with the right lung pressed with spatulaes, but her respiratory status did not deteriorate so much despite of unilateral ventilation. We speculate that, due to massive right chylothorax, her pulmonary blood flow had already shifted to the left lung, therefore intraoperative substantial left unilateral lung ventilation exerted minimal effect on her respiratory status. The operation was successful and she was weaned from the ventilator on the following day.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1988

Lymph flow dynamics into the thoracic duct of the rat.

Lymph flow into the thoracic duct of rats is reduced by 60% through immobilization with anesthesia. From this reduction, changes of the autonomic nervous activity by alpha-chloralose accounts for 20%. Pancuronium bromide blocking of the skeletal neuromuscular junction reduces lymph flow in the anesthetized rats by an additional 4%.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1977

The effects of complement activation by cobra venom factor on the migration of T and B lymphocytes into rat thoracic duct lymph.

Experiments were done to see whether C3 or C3-split products are involved in lymphocyte recirculation, with particular reference to B lymphocytes which have C3b receptors. Rats were injected with cobra venom factor (CVF), and the output of subclasses of lymphocytes was measured in thoracic duct lymph in hourly collections during the subsequent 24 h. During the period of acute C3 activation which lasted for 2-8 h, the output of lymphocytes decreased by 47%, but returned to normal at later times, when C3 levels were reduced to less than 20% normal. There was no effect on the output of C3b receptor lymphocytes, and this receptor was not blocked probably because initial C3 levels in lymph were only 13% of blood levels, so that only small amounts of C3b were generated in lymph. When these lymphocytes were labelled and injected i.v. they migrated with the slow rate which is characteristic of normal B lymphocytes. The main effect of CVF was to reduce the output of T lymphocytes by 58% during the phase of acute C3 activation. When normal thoracic duct lymphocytes were labelled and injected, their rate of reappearance in thoracic duct lymph was only reduced during this phase. It was concluded that recirculation of lymphocytes is not C3 dependent, and that insufficient C3b is generated in lymphoid tissues to block C3b receptors on B lymphocytes during periods of rapid C3 activation. However the migratory rate of T lymphocytes through these tissues is reduced during this period, and it is suggested that this may be due to an effect of C3 split products on macrophages which lie along T-lymphocyte traffic routes.

Animals↗