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PubMed1987

Transmembrane pressures generated by filtrate line suction maneuvers and predilution fluid replacement during in vitro continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

A recirculating in vitro CAVH system was designed which generated pulsatile blood and filtrate flows. Monitors recorded hydrostatic pressures simultaneously in the arterial, venous and filtrate lines during varying plasma or blood flow rates and predilution (vs postdilution) replacement fluid flow rates. Similar hydrostatic pressure monitoring was carried out during multiple maneuvers to generate suction on the filtrate side of the hemofilter (Amicon D-20's and Renaflo's). With a plasma flow (Qp) of 100 cc/min and predilution replacement fluid infusion rate of 500 cc/hr, the arterial pressure was 5% greater than during postdilution (p less than 0.05). With a blood flow (Qb) of 50 cc/min, predilution fluid replacement rates of 500 and 1000 cc/hr, and vacuum suction applied to the filtrate compartment, the arterial pressure was 33% lower than during postdilution fluid replacement (p less than 0.03). Nonetheless, the ultrafiltration rate (UFR) was 10 to 30% higher (p less than 0.03). At many other combinations of Qp, Qb and replacement rates and modes, there were no significant changes in arterial pressure. Despite these arterial pressure changes, greater than 70% of the transmembrane hydrostatic pressure (TMP) was due to the negative pressure induced by filtrate suction (gravity, Gomco, wall suction, IMED). The actual pressure in the filtrate compartment measured during Gomco or wall suction was 3/4 of that stated by their gauges, presumably due to leakage. Maximum wall suction never generated TMP's greater than 150 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood↗
PubMed1979

[Experiences using the suction curettage system of Hamann and Pockrand (author's transl)].

All curettages of a 8-week-period were done using the suction system of Hamann and Pockrandt. This test-collective includes 66 patients, their age was between 20 and 78 years; 6 of them had to be excluded: the surgical intervention was begun without general anaesthesia but continued with general anaesthesia is required by the patient. The test-collective was divided into 2 groups: in group A (30 patients) all suction-curettages were done in general anaesthesia, in the first 20 patients a conventional curettage with dilation of the cervix were performed additionally, in order to proof the effectiveness of the suction curettage. The histological findings of the materials of the conventional curettages had shown no more informations than that of the materials of the suction curettages. -- In group B (30 patients) the suction curettage were done in diazepampentazocin-analgesia; a third of them had specified no sensations, the others had stated a feeling of pressure or spasms. -- In each group the histological examinations were possible without any problems. The advantages of the suction curettage system are the rare necessity of cervix dilatation (7 of 60 cases), the possibility of the operation without general anaesthesia and the possibility of a quick performance of the curettage.

Abortion, Incomplete↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transient bacteremia due to suction abortion: implications for SBE antibiotic prophylaxis.

The incidence and character of the bacteremia associated with elective suction abortion was investigated in volunteer subjects aged 19 to 35 years who were to undergo first trimester abortion by suction curettage. One hundred and forty-four blood cultures were obtained from thirteen pregnant and four non-pregnant (control) subjects matched for age. Transient bacteremia occurred during or soon after suction abortion in 11 of 13 (84.7%) study subjects. Four of these patients were bacteremic after bimanual pelvic examination, just prior to initiation of the abortion procedure. Seven others developed bacteremia temporally related to cervical dilatation and suction abortion. The bacteremia was intermittent in some, persistent in others, existed as long as one hour after the procedure, and was transient in all patients. Microorganisms isolated from the blood were all normal genital tract flora and were predominantly anaerobes, although alpha hemolytic streptococci were also recovered. Mixed bacteremia occurred in six patients. In contrast, blood cultures from four non-pregnant women were sterile. This study indicates that the systemic circulation-uterine cavity barrier is significantly disrupted during abortion by suction curettage permitting endogenous genital tract microorganisms to gain access into the bloodstream. These observations also suggest that there may be some risk of developing endocarditis during suction abortion in patients with cardiac deformities, and lend some support to the current practice of giving antibiotic prophylaxis to abortion patients with cardiac lesions which predispose them to endocarditis.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1976

Bradycardia and cardiac arrest during tracheal suction--mechanisms in tetraplegic patients.

The cardiovascular responses to tracheal suction were observed in 4 consecutive recently-injured tetraplegics with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections (C3-5) who were in spinal shock and needed artificial ventilation. In all 4 patients tracheal suction induced bradycardia and in 2 patients even cardiac arrest. The bradycardia occurred when the patients were hypoxic, and was prevented by the addition of oxygen to inspired air, or, if this was inadequate, by the administration of atropine. Two of the patients were agains studied several months later, after return of isolated spinal cord activity and spontaneous breathing. In both patients tracheal suction then caused tachycardia and increased respiratory effort. It is concluded that: 1. Tetraplegics with high cervical spinal cord transections who are in spinal shock and unable to breathe spontaneously are prone to bradycardia and cardiac arrest during tracheal suction. This is more likely to occur when they are hypoxic. 2. The bradycardia appears to be due to a vago-vagal reflex for both afferent and efferent limbs of the arc are in the vagus nerve. A number of factors play a part, including (I) absent sympathetic activity; (II) airway receptor stimulation; (III) hypoxia and (IV) the inability to breathe spontaneously (The pulmonary (inflation) vagal reflex which would normally oppose the cardio-inhibition caused by (II) and (III) is absent). 3. The bradycardia in response to tracheal suction can be prevented by adequate oxygenation, or if this cannot be achieved, by repeated atropine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Bispectral index variations during tracheal suction in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: effect of an alfentanil bolus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of an alfentanil dose on bispectral index (BIS) variations during tracheal suction in ICU sedated patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective open-label pilot study in a 12-bed surgical ICU in a university-affiliated, tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS: Eleven sedated (midazolam plus fentanyl) mechanically ventilated patients. INTERVENTIONS: Continuous monitoring of BIS with arterial pressure and heart rate before, during, and after tracheal suction without (control period) and with an intravenous bolus of alfentanil (15 microg/kg, alfentanil period) before suction. RESULTS: Steady-state BIS value was 61+/-8 for the control period and 59+/-7 for the alfentanil period. Blood pressure and heart rate were similar between baseline periods. One minute after tracheal suction, a significant increase in BIS level was observed in the control period, which remained significantly different from the alfentanil period until 10 min later. Significant higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed during the control period than the alfentanil period. However, no difference in Ramsay scores was observed between the two periods. CONCLUSIONS: An alfentanil bolus of 15 microg/kg markedly reduced the increase in BIS values, blood pressure, and heart rate observed immediately after tracheal suction. Therefore BIS monitoring in ICU may help to improve analgesia during invasive events.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The influence of physiotherapy and suction on respiratory deadspace in ventilated children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the effects of respiratory physiotherapy and suction on deadspace volumes, carbon dioxide elimination (VCO(2)), end tidal CO(2) (ETCO(2)), and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) in ventilated infants and children. DESIGN: Randomised crossover study. Participants received both treatments with a washout interval of more than 90 min. SETTING: Intensive tertiary care units, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London. PATIENTS: Eighty-seven fully ventilated children, requiring physiotherapy, with arterial lines in situ. Paired measurements were obtained in 81 patients, of whom 6 were excluded because of tracheal tube leak greater than 20%. INTERVENTIONS: Respiratory physiotherapy and suction. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Data were collected April 1998-March 2000. The "CO(2)SMO Plus" respiratory monitor was used to calculate parameters before and 30 min after both interventions. Physiotherapy lasted longer and required more saline and catheters per treatment ( p<0.005). There were significant increases in physiological deadspace (VD(phys))/kg ( p<0.0001), alveolar deadspace (VD(alv))/kg ( p<0.0001) and VD(phys)/tidal volume (V(T)) ( p<0.05) following physiotherapy that were not observed following suction. There were no significant changes following either treatment with respect to airway deadspace (VD(airway)), VCO(2) or PaCO(2). Comparison of the mean differences following treatments indicated significant differences between physiotherapy and suction in terms of VD(phys)/kg ( p<0.005), VD(alv)/kg ( p<0.005), expired tidal volumes (V(TE)) ( p<0.05), mixed expired CO(2) (PeCO(2)) ( p<0.04) and ETCO(2) ( p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Differences between physiotherapy and suction techniques probably accounted for their statistically distinguishable effects on deadspace. VD(phys) and VD(alv) may be more sensitive indicators of subtle changes in gas exchange and regional ventilation than VCO(2) or PaCO(2). However, interpretation of these outcomes is dependent on concurrent examination of the parameters from which they are derived.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Tracheal suction by closed system without daily change versus open system.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal suctioning costs are higher with a closed tracheal suction system (CTSS) than with an open system (OTSS), due to the need for complete daily change as recommended by the manufacturer. However, is it necessary to change the closed system daily? OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tracheal suctioning costs and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using closed system without daily change vs OTSS. DESIGN: Prospective and randomised study. SETTING: An Intensive Care Unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients requiring mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to CTSS without daily change or OTSS. We used a CTSS that allowed partial or complete change. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: There were no significant differences between both groups of patients (236 with CTSS and 221 with OTSS) in gender, age, diagnosis, APACHE-II score, mortality, number of aspirations per day, percentage of patients who developed VAP (13.9 vs 14.1%) or the number of ventilator-associated pneumonia per 1000 days of mechanical ventilation (14.1 vs 14.6). There were not significant differences in tracheal suctioning costs per patient/day between CTSS vs OTSS (2.3+/-3.7 vs 2.4+/-0.5 Euros; p=0.96); however, when length of mechanical ventilation was lower than 4 days, the cost was higher with CTSS than with OTSS (7.2+/-4.7 vs 1.9+/-0.6 Euros; p<0.001); and when length of mechanical ventilation was higher than 4days, the cost was lower with CTSS than with OTSS (1.6+/-2.8 vs 2.5+/-0.5 Euros; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: CTSS without daily change is the optimal option for patients needing tracheal suction longer than 4 days.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The use of suction drains at burch colposuspension and postoperative infectious morbidity.

To evaluate whether the use of suction drains in the paravescical spaces is associated with the occurrence of postoperative infectious complications. Patients who underwent to a Burch colposuspension to treat urinary stress incontinence were included. Thirty-seven patients had the placement of suction drains in the paravescical spaces while 25 patients did not. Postoperative infectious morbidity was defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following events: febrile morbidity, sepsis, pelvic infections, severe wound infection and infected subfascial haematoma. Febrile morbidity was defined as two oral temperatures greater than 38 degrees C, taken at least 4 h apart, starting 24 h after the operation. The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. The overall incidence of postoperative infectious morbidity was 22.6%. The proportion of patients with drains was higher in those groups who had postoperative complications than in patients with an uneventful postoperative period (78.6% vs 54.1%), although not statistically significant. The power to detect such a difference was only 39% (alpha=0.05). Seven patients developed a wound infection. Of these, five had the placement of suction drains. The placement of suction drains at Burch colposuspension seems to increase the risk of postoperative infectious complications. The possible benefits of suction drains must be counterbalanced with possible risks and, therefore, their routine use in Burch colposuspension is questionable.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Heparin reduction with the use of cardiotomy suction is associated with hyperfibrinolysis during distal aortic perfusion with a heparin-coated semi-closed cardiopulmonary bypass system.

We sought to elucidate the effects of different anticoagulation levels and the use of cardiotomy suction on the postoperative coagulatory and fibrinolytic systems in patients undergoing distal aortic perfusion using a fully heparin-coated (semi-)closed cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system incorporating a soft reservoir bag. Thirty-two patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent cardiotomy suction (S group, 18 patients) and those who did not (N group, 14 patients). We administered 1-2 mg/kg heparin in the S group, which achieved an activated clotting time (ACT) of 345 +/- 71 s. In the N group, we administered 0.7-1 mg/kg heparin, which achieved an ACT of 297 +/- 52 s. Data on platelet counts and serum levels of fibrinogen, antithrombin III, D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products (FDP) were collected, and factors influencing these variables were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Both the patient group and the initial ACT level were independent factors influencing postoperative levels of FDP and D-dimer, whereas peak ACT level and the use of selective visceral/renal shunt/perfusion, but not the patient group, were independent factors influencing the postoperative platelet counts. In the S group, a significant inverse correlation was found between the ACT and levels of FDP or D-dimer, whereas no correlation was found in the N group. The use of cardiotomy suction was associated with elevated FDP and D-dimer levels even when a fully heparin-coated semi-closed CPB system was used. Lower ACT levels with the use of cardiotomy suction were associated with higher FDP and D-dimer levels, whereas such a relationship did not exist when cardiotomy suction was not used.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Cholecystectomy without drainage, nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids.

A comparative study was made between 60 patients in whom drainage of subhepatic space was performed after uncomplicated cholecystectomy and 60 patients in whom no drainage was performed. In addition, 30 patients were treated without drainage, nasogastric suction, or intravenous fluids. After operation the patients were evaluated as to postoperative pyrexia, wound infection, lung atelectasis, thrombophlebitis, and postoperative stay in hospital. Fever and wound infection occurred in fewer patients without drainage than those with drainage, but omission of nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids did not influence the incidence of wound infection. Postoperative stay in hospital was shorter in the patients without drainage and shortest in those treated without drainage, nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids. Nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids are not needed postoperatively, as the degree of the paralytic ileus is very slight and they may be harmful, causing lung atelectasis and thrombophlebitis. Uncomplicated cholecystectomy may be performed safely without drainage, postoperative nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Elevated position of suction outflow during arthroscopic motorized surgery: an experimental study.

Different irrigation systems for use during arthroscopic suction surgery were investigated in a knee model. Gravity inflow and three different pumps were used. With suction at floor level, none of the systems was able to maintain a positive pressure within the model during suction even when the suction pressures were reduced. With elevated position of the suction outflow, a positive pressure could be maintained. This principle seems to minimize the problem and is recommended.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed2004

Coronary surgery without cardiotomy suction and autotransfusion reduces the postoperative systemic inflammatory response.

BACKGROUND: Cardiotomy suction and autotransfusion of mediastinal shed blood may contribute to the inflammatory response after cardiac surgery. We compared inflammatory activation, myocardial injury, bleeding, and hemoglobin levels in patients undergoing coronary surgery with or without retransfusion of cardiotomy suction blood and mediastinal shed blood. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients were included in a prospective randomized study. Cardiotomy suction blood and mediastinal shed blood were either retransfused or discarded. Plasma concentrations of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 and complement factor C3a were measured preoperatively and 10 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, troponin-T, and hemoglobin levels were analyzed preoperatively, and 24 and 48 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative bleeding the first 12 hours was registered. RESULTS: Baseline data did not differ between the groups. Plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and C3a increased after surgery in both groups but significantly less in the group without cardiotomy suction and autotransfusion. The peak delta values in the no-retransfusion group was 36% (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), 47% (interleukin-6), and 75% (C3a) of the values in the retransfusion group. C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and troponin-T increased after surgery in both groups without intergroup differences. Postoperative bleeding and hemoglobin levels did not differ between the groups. No patient received homologous blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary surgery without retransfusion of cardiotomy suction blood and mediastinal shed blood reduces the postoperative systemic inflammatory response.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role and comparison of two techniques of paracervical block for pain relief during suction evacuation for first-trimester pregnancy termination.

This prospective study assessed the role and compared two techniques of paracervical block (PCB) for pain relief during suction evacuation for first-trimester termination of pregnancy following cervical priming with misoprostol. One-hundred and thirty-five women undergoing suction evacuation up to 12 weeks of gestation were randomized into three groups: (a) 5 mL of 1% lignocaine injected at the 4 and 8 o'clock positions of the vaginal vault; (b) 5 mL of 1% lignocaine injected at the 4 and 8 o'clock positions of the cervix and (c) no PCB. Pain scores during PCB, cervical dilatation and during and after suction evacuation were compared among the three groups. The sedation and satisfaction levels were also compared. There were no statistically significant differences in the pain levels during PCB, cervical dilatation and suction evacuation and in the satisfaction levels among the three groups. Patients with a lighter sedation level experienced more pain. In conclusion, PCB did not improve the pain levels during first-trimester suction termination of pregnancy after cervical priming with misoprostol and use of intravenous sedation, regardless of whether the local anaesthetic was injected into the cervix or the vaginal vault.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Effect of microkeratome suction during LASIK on ocular structures.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of microkeratome suction on ocular structures during LASIK. DESIGN: Observational, prospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one eyes of 11 patients with myopia or astigmatic myopia (8 females, 3 males) were included. The mean patient age was 36.3 years (median, 37 years; range, 24-48 years), and the mean spherical equivalent was -5.03 diopters (D) (median, -4.63 D; range, -2.38 to -8.38 D). METHODS: We performed preoperative and intraoperative A-scan ultrasonography during application of suction using the Hansatome microkeratome (Bausch & Lomb Surgical, Munich, Germany) to create corneal flaps during LASIK. We also performed preoperative and postoperative B-scan ultrasonography of the posterior ocular segment with special attention to the presence and size of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured changes in the axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous distance (distance from the posterior lens capsule to the posterior pole) during application of the microkeratome suction ring and recorded new occurrences of or increases in the size of the PVD after surgery. RESULTS: The lens thickness decreased (mean change, -0.20 mm; P = 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.11 to -0.30) in 18 eyes during application of the suction ring. The vitreous distance increased (mean change, 0.20 mm; P = 0.004; 95% CI, 0.08-0.32) in 16 eyes. No statistically significant changes were found in the anterior chamber depth (P = 0.75) or axial length (P = 0.51). After surgery, 3 of 14 eyes (21.4%) experienced PVD that did not have echographic signs of PVD before surgery. Of 7 eyes with preoperative PVD, the PVD enlarged in 1 eye (14.3%). CONCLUSIONS: During application of microkeratome suction, the lens thickness decreases, whereas the vitreous distance increases, suggesting anterior traction on the posterior segment. The relationship between the observed PVD and LASIK merits further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A combination light-pipe, soft-tipped suction, and infusion cannula instrument for macular translocation.

PURPOSE: To describe a combination light-pipe, soft-tipped suction needle, and infusion cannula instrument for use in macular translocation surgery. METHODS: Macular translocation surgery was performed in human cadaver and live rabbit eyes with a combination light-pipe, soft-tipped suction needle, and infusion cannula instrument. RESULTS: A combination light-pipe, soft-tipped suction needle, and infusion cannula can be used for macular translocation. This instrument is useful for relocating the retina after a 360 peripheral retinotomy is created. It can also be used for macular translocation with the scleral imbrication technique when superior movement of the fovea is required. When used in combination with another soft-tipped suction needle instrument, this surgical instrument allows precise bimanual placement of the retina with simultaneous infusion of liquid perfluorocarbon for fixating the macula to its new location. CONCLUSION: A combination light-pipe, soft-tipped suction needle, and infusion cannula instrument may be a useful tool for macular translocation surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

High-pressure suction drainage via a polyurethane foam in the management of poststernotomy mediastinitis.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of suction drainage in the management of early poststernotomy mediastinitis. METHODS: From September 1998 to August 1999, we encountered nine cases of poststernotomy mediastinitis out of 1,209 adult median sternotomies performed in this time period. All these cases were treated with suction drainage, which was recently introduced to our management protocol. From September 1997 to August 1998, we encountered 11 cases of poststernotomy mediastinitis of 1,343 adult median sternotomies. All these cases were initially treated by closed drainage and irrigation, which was our previous first-line management. We used the latter group as historical controls for the evaluation of suction drainage. Lengths of hospitalization were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, and success versus failure of the primary treatment was compared using the chi2 test. RESULTS: Treatment with the suction dressing resulted in a decreased length of hospitalization after treatment starts (p = 0.02) and a lower rate of treatment failure (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The use of high-pressure suction drainage is a valuable adjunct in the early management of poststernotomy mediastinitis.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air leaks.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons treat air leaks differently. Our goal was to evaluate whether it is better to place chest tubes on suction or water seal for stopping air leaks after pulmonary surgery. A second goal was to evaluate a new classification system for air leaks that we developed. METHODS: Patients were prospectively randomized before surgery to receive suction or water seal to their chest tubes on postoperative day (POD) #2. Air leaks were described and quantified daily by a classification system and a leak meter. The air-leak meter scored leaks from 1 (least) to 7 (greatest). The group randomized to water seal stayed on water seal unless a pneumothorax developed. RESULTS: On POD #2, 33 of 140 patients had an air leak. Eighteen patients had been preoperatively randomized to water seal and 15 to suction. Air leaks resolved in 12 (67%) of the water seal patients by the morning of POD #3. All 6 patients whose air leak did not stop had a leak that was 4/7 or greater (p < 0.0001) on the leak meter. Of the 15 patients randomized to suction, only 1 patient's air leak (7%) resolved by the morning of POD #3. The randomization aspect of the trial was ended and statistical analysis showed water seal was superior (p = 0.001). The remaining 14 patients were then placed to water seal and by the morning of POD #4, 13 patients' leaks had stopped. Of the 32 total patients placed to seal, 7 (22%) developed a pneumothorax and 6 of these 7 patients had leaks that were 4/7 or greater (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Placing chest tubes on water seal seems superior to wall suction for stopping air leaks after pulmonary resection. However, water seal does not stop expiratory leaks that are 4/7 or greater. Pneumothorax may occur when chest tubes are placed on seal with leaks this large.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multi-institutional outcome study on the efficacy of closed-suction drainage of the scrotum in three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis surgery.

Infection is a devastating complication of penile prosthesis surgery that occurs in approximately 2-5% of all primary inflatable penile primary implants in most series. Prevention of hematoma and swelling with closed-suction drains has been shown not to increase infection rate and yield an earlier recovery time. Despite the intuitive advantages of short-term closed-suction drainage in reducing the incidence of postoperative scrotal swelling and associated adverse effects, many urologists are reluctant to drain the scrotum because of a theoretical risk of introducing an infection. In conclusion, this study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of infection in three-piece penile prosthesis surgery with scrotal closed-suction drainage. A retrospective review of 425 consecutive primary three-piece penile prosthesis implantations was performed at three institutions in New Jersey, Ohio, and Arkansas from 1998 to 2002. Following the prosthesis insertion, 10 French Round Blake (Johnson & Johnson) or, in a few cases, 10 French Jackson Pratt, closed-suction drains were placed in each patient for less than 24 h. All subjects received standard perioperative antibiotic coverage. Average age at implant was 62 y (range 24-92 y). Operative time (incision to skin closure) was less than 60 min in the vast majority of cases. There were a total of 14 (3.3%) infections and three hematomas (0.7%) during an average 18-month follow-up period. In conclusion, this investigation revealed that closed-suction drainage of the scrotum for approximately 12-24 h following three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis surgery does not result in increased infection rate and is associated with a very low incidence of postoperative hematoma formation, swelling, and ecchymosis.

Adult↗