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PubMed2000

[Maintenance of African ostriches (Struthio carnelus) under Hessian climatic conditions--analysis of metereological data for the application of BML's expert recommendations of 1996].

A report is given on an analysis of meteorological data on five locations in the region of Hessia in order to apply the BML's expert recommendation concerning ostrich farming. According to this recommendation black ice, very strong frost and continuous rain should not make it necessary to keep the animals in pens longer than 3 days or more often than 10 days per month. Otherwise a dry paddock must be provided. It was investigated whether and how often the above mentioned weather conditions exceeded the critical duration or frequency in the last decades at the different locations. Previously the weather related terms which were used in the BML-recommendation were defined more precisely in order to provide an objective basis for the analysis. Frequent periods of frost lasting longer than 3 days with temperatures below -5 degrees C were found to be a critical factor. They occurred in 79 to 90% of the winter seasons under investigation, although the climate was thought to be rather mild in comparison to other regions. Frost can not be remedied by a dry paddock. Therefore the locations in question are not suitable for ostrich farming. The same conclusion holds at least for all locations with a colder climate. Black ice occurred only scarcely. At none of the investigated locations periods of continuous rain were longer than 3 days or occurred more often than 10 days per month. This result might not only be due to the given climatic conditions but also due to methodological reasons. It seems that the meteorological definition of continuous rain is too restricted to take the relevant precipitation for ostriches into account. It is suggested to find a new definition and consider factors like humidity and wind speed as well.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Newcastle disease and avian influenza A virus in wild waterfowl in South Africa.

In an intensive ostrich farming area in South Africa with a history of ostrich influenza outbreaks, we conducted a survey of avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild aquatic birds. During late autumn and winter 1998, the time of year when outbreaks in ostriches typically start to occur, 262 aquatic birds comprising 14 species were sampled and tested for both virus infections. From eight samples, AIV, serotype H10N9, could be isolated. All isolates were apathogenic as determined by the intravenous pathogenicity index (0.00). Conversely, none of 33 sera of these wild birds showed antibodies against H10. However, one bird was found serologically positive for H6 AIV. This AIV serotype was later isolated from ostriches during an avian influenza outbreak in this area. No NDV was isolated although 34 of 46 serum samples contained NDV-specific antibodies. This is the first H10N9 isolate to be reported from Africa. In addition, our data support the notion that wild aquatic birds may function as a reservoir for AIV and NDV in South Africa.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic survey of slaughter-age ostriches (Struthio camelus) for antibodies to selected avian pathogens.

Serum samples from 163 slaughter-age ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Ohio and Indiana were tested for antibodies to avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), paramyxovirus (PMV) 2, PMV3, PMV7, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Bordetella avium, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella gallinarum, and Salmonella typhimurium. One ostrich had antibodies to AIV H5N9, 57% of the ostriches had antibodies to NDV, four ostriches had antibodies to both NDV and PMV2, and one ostrich had antibodies to NDV, PMV2, PMV3, and PMV7. None of the ostriches had antibodies to IBDV, B. avium, M. synoviae, M. gallisepticum, O. rhinotracheale, S. pullorum, S. gallinarum, and S. typhimurium. This is the first report of antibodies to avian influenza and PMV7 in ostriches in the United States.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proximal aortic dissection (dissecting aortic aneurysm) in a mature ostrich.

The gross and histopathologic lesions observed in a case of spontaneous proximal aortic dissection (dissecting aortic aneurysm) in a mature ostrich are reported. At necropsy, a dissecting intramural hematoma was seen in the proximal aorta, extended about 12 cm distally from the aortic valves. Histopathologic changes in aortic dissection included fragmentation and disruption of elastic laminae, presence of cystic extracellular spaces, and pooling of ground substance in the tunica media. Hepatic copper levels were measured, and the low concentration found suggested that a copper deficiency together with other risk factors such as the elevation of blood pressure may have been implicated in the development of the aortic dissection seen in this ostrich.

Aortic Dissection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adenovirus pathogenicity in immature ostriches.

Two group I avian adenoviruses implicated as the possible cause of "fading chick syndrome" in ostriches less than 8 wk of age were isolated in primary chicken embryo liver cells. These viruses were identified by virus neutralization and further characterized by a pathogenicity trial in immature ostriches. The results showed that these isolates were noninfectious in ostrich chicks.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Libyostrongylus douglassii in ostriches (Struthio camelus ssp.) in the Netherlands: case report and review].

Several types of worms can parasitize ostriches, the most pathogenic of which is the wire worm (Libyostrongylus douglassii). This worm, which occurs in the stomach, can cause severe lesions which can lead to a high mortality, especially among young birds. This article describes mortality due to this parasite on an ostrich farm and discusses relevant literature on L. douglassii.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution of lethal haemosporidoses pathogens in poultry].

Peculiarities of geographical distribution and distribution among hosts of the haemosporidian parasites, which cause lethal diseases in poultry, are specified. So far, 11 species of such parasites have been described. This represents about 5% of bird haemosporidian parasites. The haemosporidians cause the lethal epizooties in turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons and domesticated ostriches. One species of parasites belongs to the family Haemoproteidae, six--to Plasmodiidae, and four--to Leucocytozoidae. The agents of lethal haemosporidioses have been recorded in domestic birds of the orders Galliformes, Anseriformes, Columbiformes and Struthiorniformes. The majority of these parasites (eight species of 73%) occurs in the galliform birds. Each other order obtaines only one species of parasites. Five species parasitize turkey, which is the main host of the agent of lethal haemosporidioses. The majority of highly virulent haemosporidian species have been recorded throughout a global territory, which includes the Holarctic, Ethiopian and Oriental zoogeorgaphical regions. Three species of these parasites have been found in the Neotropical region, while none species has been recorded in Australia. The majority of highly virulent haemosporidian species have quite clear outlined areas, that is important to know for the prophilactic purposes including the quarantine of bird introducing from endemic territories.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli on ostrich carcasses and the susceptibility of ostrich-origin E. coli isolates to various antibiotics.

There has been limited research on the prevalence of foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter on ostrich carcasses. Likewise, few studies have been done in ostriches to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of common bacteria, like E. coli. In this study, ostrich carcasses were sampled from eight slaughterhouses in Ohio and one in Indiana. Although results demonstrated no E. coli O157:H7 from the carcasses sampled, 91% (116/128) of the dressed carcasses sampled had E. coli present. One carcass sample (1/152) was positive for Salmonella. Campylobacter were detected in 10% (19/191) of the carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 93 carcass E. coli isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (99%), neomycin (65%), netilmicin (2%), oxytetracycline (22%), streptomycin (2%), and trimethoprim (3%). All isolates were resistant to bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin. For the large intestinal sampling, 149 of the 217 (69%) samples had E. coli present. Fifty of these 149 samples had E. coli levels ranging from 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units/g feces. Campylobacter were isolated from 6 of 201 (3%) samples. No Salmonella colony was detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 131 intestinal E. coli isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (98%), neomycin (66%), netilmicin (34%), oxytetracycline (34%), streptomycin (40%), and trimethoprim (13%). All isolates were resistant to bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between seasonal changes in spermatogenesis in the juvenile ostrich (Stuthio camelus) and the presence of the LH receptor and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

The immunohistochemical localization of the LH receptor and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) was studied in the testis of the juvenile ostrich (Stuthio camelus) throughout a 1 year period. Spermatogenic activity of juvenile birds changed throughout the year, as has been reported previously for sexually mature birds. During the active stage of the testicular cycle, from September to January, spermatogenesis progressed up to the stage of formation of spermatozoa, although spermatozoa could not be detected in the epididymis. Leydig cells stained intensely with antibodies against the LH receptor and 3beta-HSD during the quiescent, recrudescent and active phases of the testicular cycle. During the regressive phase, there was a slight decrease in immunostaining for 3beta-HSD in these cells. These results indicate that Leydig cells in the testis of the juvenile ostrich are able to respond to LH and are capable of steroid synthesis. Furthermore, in juvenile (prepubertal) ostriches, spermatogeneic activity can be observed and, as in mature birds, spermatogenesis undergoes seasonal changes.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality control in the meat industry: application of the HACCP system to a slaughterhouse of ostriches.

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive system that tries to guarantee the safety and food innocuousness, anticipating the protection and correction of failures, improving the quality costs for faults of microbiological, physical and chemical type, and saving almost the final super control, which though it allows a relative guarantee of the product, its consequence will be the destruction of the product in case of detection of the failure too much late, with the consequent incremental cost. In this work, the specific hazards which can be found in the slaughter line of ostriches, the preventive measurements that can be applied in the slaughterhouse, the surveillance systems to implement, the corrective actions foreseen and the control records to be kept by the plant are described in detail. Putting in practice these knowledge will allow, to any slaughterhouse of ostriches, a self-control of its productions based on the HACCP system.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Water absorption in relation to fermentation in the colon of the ostrich (Struthio camelus).

The colon is a major site for fermentation and water absorption in the ostrich. Water absorption along the colon was evaluated and its relationship to osmolality, Na+ concentration, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration and carbohydrate content of digesta analysed. Mean water content decreased from 5.30 +/- 0.99 to 2.51 +/- 0.13 mf/g dry mass in the first 5 m of the colon. Correspondingly, mean carbohydrate content fell from 529.85 +/- 46.61 to 434.99 +/- 29.89 mg/g dry mass. A significant correlation was shown between the decreases in mean carbohydrate and water content along the colon (r2 = 0.997, P < 0.05). Changes in mean osmolality (+/- 10 mOsm/kg) and SCFA concentration (+/- 7 mmol/l) were minimal in comparison to the change in Na+ concentration (-54 mmol/l). These findings reflect a close coupling between SCFA production and absorption on the one hand and water absorption on the other.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the sensitive innervation of the ostrich's foot pads.

The sensitive and autonomic innervation of foot pads in the ostrich was studied employing an usual histological technique as hematoxylin-eosin or different gold chloride impregnations. The autonomic innervation is represented by isolated or grouped ganglion cells located along the course of nerve bundles. The sensitive somatic innervation is composed by free and capsulated nerve endings usually distributed in the thickness of the connective arrangement of the foot pads, in the most superficial part the first one, while the latter was generally located close to the blood vessels. The capsulated nerve endings, morphologically classified as Pacini, Pacini-like and Herbst corpuscles, show the typical structure. They are not uniformly distributed throughout the considered districts and their number are always higher in the plantar pad compared with digital pads. These corpuscles could be found isolated or assembled to organize simple flower-sprays and to constitute opposito-polar corpuscles. The Authors have put forward a hypothesis on the possible functional role of the above-mentioned nerve components.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Transforming the sintered ostrich cancellous bone to multiphasic calcium phosphate ceramic].

OBJECTIVE: To transform the sintered ostrich cancellous bone(ostrich true bone ceramic, OTBC) to multiphasic calcium phosphate ceramic and study its components and characterization. METHODS: The OTBC blocks were soaked in different concentration of sodium pyrophosphate (Na(4)P(2)O(7).H(2)O,NP) solution and heated to 1100 degrees C to transform its constitution from HAP into multiphasic calcium phosphate ceramics. Then the surface configuration of the material was observed by SEM and the following properties of the material:porosity,bending strength,mineral composition and element ratio were analyzed. RESULTS: The prepared material was a kind of porous calcium phosphate ceramic composed of beta-TCP, HAP and NaCaPO(4). With increase of the NP concentration,the content of HAP decreased while beta-TCP and NaCaPO(4) increased. The average bending strength of the material was (1.95+/-0.46)Mpa,the Ca/P element ratio was 1.511 and the average porosity was(60.71+/-6.9)%. The pore size was uneven. CONCLUSION: The OTBC could be transformed into beta-TCP /HAP /NaCaPO(4) multiphasic calcium phosphate ceramic by heating with NP. With characteristic porous structure, the prepared OTBC could become a new type of bone graft.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The use of comet assay to assess DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa following liquid preservation at 5 degrees C and 16 degrees C.

The comet assay, under neutral conditions, allows the assessment of DNA integrity influenced by sperm ageing, which is manifested in DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we attempted to use a modified neutral comet assay test (single-cell gel electrophoresis), to our knowledge for the first time, to assess DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa during liquid storage for 96 h at 5 degrees C and 16 degrees C. In this comet assay protocol we used 2% beta-mercaptoethanol prior to the lysis procedure, to aid in removing nuclear proteins. Ejaculates from 3 boars (designated A, C and G) were diluted with a standard semen extender, Kortowo-3 (K-3), which was supplemented with lipoprotein fractions extracted from hen egg yolk (LPFh) or ostrich egg yolk (LPFo). Irrespective of the extender type, the percentage of comet-detected spermatozoa with damaged DNA increased gradually during prolonged storage at 5 degrees C and 16 degrees C. Spermatozoa stored in K-3 extender exhibited elevated levels of DNA damage at both storage temperatures. Significant differences in DNA damage among the boars were more pronounced during storage in LPF-based extenders at 5 degrees C: spermatozoa of boars A and G were less susceptible to DNA damage. The percent of tail DNA in comets was lower in LPF-based extenders, and there were individual variations among the boars. We observed that changes in DNA integrity were dependent on the extender type and storage temperature. A higher level of DNA instability was observed in K-3 extended semen compared with K-3/LPFh or K-3/LPFo extended semen during storage at 5 degrees C. No significant difference in the level of DNA damage between K-3/LPFh and K-3/LPFo was observed. It seems that a long-term storage can affect genomic integrity of boar spermatozoa. The modified neutral comet assay can be used to detect low levels of DNA damage in boar spermatozoa during liquid preservation. Therefore, screening for sperm DNA damage may be used as an additional test of sperm function that can have diagnostic value in practice.

Animals↗