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PubMed2004

Exercising caution: social physique anxiety and protective self-presentational behaviour.

This study examined relations among body mass index (BMI), social physique anxiety (SPA) and protective self-presentational exercise behaviours in a sample of 86 female participants in aerobics classes at a university fitness centre. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing demographic and exercise-related information, the 9-item version of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and measures of two forms of protective self-presentational exercise behaviour (i.e., preferring to stand away from the aerobics instructor and wearing concealing exercise attire). Consistent with previous research, SPA was positively associated with both preferred exercise studio floor position (r = .31, p < .05) and clothing concealingness (r = .25, p < .05). SPA did not mediate the relations between BMI and either of the two protective self-presentational behaviours. BMI was a better predictor of clothing concealingness than SPA, but the opposite was found for exercise studio floor position preferences (r = .31 with SPA versus r = .15 with BMI). The findings provide an enhanced understanding of factors associated with self-presentation in exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The importance of social science research in protecting adolescents' sexual and reproductive choice.

This paper reviews the ways in which social science research findings can influence action in the areas of reproductive health and rights. Essentially, social science research: (a) establishes the levels and patterns of behaviours, attitudes or perceptions; (b) explores factors underlying these behaviours, attitudes and perceptions; (c) explains programme and organisational impediments constraining, in practice, the exercise of informed choices or the acquisition of preventive and curative services; (d) monitors the extent to which interventions have been successful in modifying behaviours, attitudes or perceptions, and (e) facilitates an understanding of the policy, social and legal arenas that impinge on the determinants and consequences of reproductive choice. Findings highlight possible courses for legal, policy or programmatic interventions. Such research has enormous relevance for our understanding of reproductive and sexual health, and the health-seeking choices that women and men--from adolescent to adult--make in various settings, the constraints they face in making these choices, and the kinds of interventions that might enhance choices given the prevailing sociocultural context. Focusing on adolescent sexual and reproductive health and choice, the paper concludes that social science research findings are fundamental for informing efforts to protect reproductive rights.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The Protective Role of the Family and Social Support Network in a Sample of HIV-Positive African American Women: Results of a Pilot Study.

This study examined the role of family functioning and social support in protecting HIV-positive African American women from the adverse psychological consequences associated with deterioration in their CD4 cell count. Participants were 38 African American HIV-positive women who had recently given birth. Results demonstrated that changes in CD4 cell counts were inversely predictive of psychological distress and were moderated by family functioning and social support satisfaction. Women with good family functioning were less affected by changes in their CD4 cell counts, and women with poor family functioning were more emotionally responsive to changes in CD4 cell count. Unexpectedly, women from families where conflicts tended to be clearly laid out and discussed were also more responsive to both changes in CD4 cell counts. Interventions are recommended that increase a client's social support satisfaction, foster an adaptive level of connectedness to family, and enhance the family's range of conflict resolution styles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Ethical dilemmas in workplace health promotion.

In less than a decade, workplace health promotion programs designed to promote employee health and help reduce the high cost of health insurance premiums paid by business and industry have proliferated. Notwithstanding the latent benefits and cost savings that corporate management expects to gain from the investment in such programs, it is argued that workplace health promotion is not without potential misuse and that its goals and methods ought not to be above ethical scrutiny. Drawing on earlier work, we discuss how workplace health promotion may pose ethical problems related to social justice, protection of privacy, and social control. The attendant moral dilemmas for the professional whose responsibility it is to develop and implement such programs are also presented.

Ethics↗
PubMed1988

Act No. 89 of 1988 assigning resources to the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare, 29 December 1988.

This Act increases contributions to the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare to 3% of the value of monthly salaries. The increase is to be used exclusively for continued financing of community welfare shelters for infants. These shelters attend to the basic necessities of nutrition, health, protection, and individual and social development of children from the poorest social strata in the country. Further provisions of the Act relate to procedures for payments to the Institute.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Vikram Deo Singh Tomar v. State of Bihar, 2 August 1988.

In response to a complaint about the conditions of the public Care Home, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state government of Bihar to take immediate steps for the welfare of women and children living in the home. It directed the state to provide suitable alternative accommodation for housing the inmates of the home; to renovate the home; and to provide adequate water and electricity, a suitable range of furniture, adequate clothing, blankets, and sheets, as well as soap, oil, and other toilet requisites. It also ordered a Superintendent to be appointed and a doctor to visit the home daily. It commented that the "right to live with human dignity is the fundamental right of every Indian citizen" and that the State must abide by "constitutional standards" and provide "at least the minimum conditions ensuring human dignity."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

[Data protection and data access (I): federal data protection law and the social welfare code with reference to carrying out occupational medicine epidemiologic studies in Germany].

The regulations applicable to research in occupational epidemiology are the federal data protection (confidentiality) law (BDSG), the social welfare code (SGB), medical professional secrecy regulations and the federal statistics law (BStatG). The SGB, medical professional secrecy, and BStatG codes take precedence over BDSG rulings. This paper discusses BDSG and SGB. Medical professional secrecy and BStatG will be the topic of another publication (Datenschutz and Datenzugang II). The BDSG permits processing and utilization of personal data only if 1. this is permitted by BDSG or a law with higher priority, or 2. if the individual concerned has given her or his informed consent. According to the BDSG private research institutes can have access to personal data collected within non-public institutions only via section 28 (2) without consent of the individual. The "research paragraph" section 40 governs the processing and utilisation of personal data by research institutions. As a rule, the SGB permits access to epidemiological data sources only with the informed consent of the individuals concerned. The exception is section 75 SGBX. This paragraph permits disclosure of personal data without the individual's consent by the relevant public institution only if public interest considerably outweighs the private concerns. To our knowledge, however, this clause has had no practical significance. The concept of "informed consent" is discussed in detail, including the requirements for a legal form for informed consent. The legal codes of the BDSG, professional secrecy, and BStatG permit the transfer of personal data if the individuals concerned remain anonymous. This paper deals in detail with the concept of "anonymity".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Computer Security↗
PubMed1997

Patients' and professionals' understandings of the causes of chronic pain: blame, responsibility and identity protection.

A social constructionist analysis of how sense is made of the causes of chronic pain is reported. It is recognised that there is a multiplicity of stories available in any culture from which understanding can be reached. Q-factor analysis is used within a critical framework as Q-methodology. Sixty chronic pain patients and pain professionals completed the sorting procedure. Four factors were derived that account for the causes of chronic pain. These are reported as the patients' account, the professionals' account, the scientists account and the alternative practitioner's account. Common to all four accounts are the themes of responsibility, blame and the need to protect identity. It is argued that in all accounts responsibility is repositioned away from the sufferer or the healer. In all of the accounts blame is resisted or deflected away from individual ownership. Finally, it is argued that when pain is no longer useful as a symptom, identity is challenged, weakened and at risk for both chronic pain patients and pain professionals. Implications of this study for chronic pain research and treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Applying cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior: breast self-examination in cancer screening.

This article applies recent developments in cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior, articulating a Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model. This model of the genesis and maintenance of health-protective behavior focuses on the individual's encodings and construals, expectancies, affects, goals and values, self-regulatory competencies, and their interactions with each other and the health-relevant information in the course of cognitive-affective processing. In processing health information, individuals are assumed to differ in both the accessibility of these mental representations and the organization of relationships among them. In this article, the model is applied to analyze and integrate the often-confusing findings on breast self-examination in cancer screening. Implications are considered for assessments and interventions to enhance adherence to complex, long-term, health-protective regimens, tailored to the needs and characteristics of the individual.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

Protective services teams: the social worker as liaison.

Multidisciplinary teams are widely used in response to complex problems such as child abuse, but they involve areas of potential conflict. Using his experience as a public agency liaison to the protective services team of a major children's hospital, the author examines how the liaison role combined with social work skills can help reduce conflict and enhance the performance of such teams.

Child↗
PubMed2005

'He hath the French pox': stigma, social value and social exclusion.

Goods and resources are finite, and social forces heavily pattern their distribution. One of the principal mechanisms for shaping the distribution of resources is by regulating entitlement to community membership itself. By restricting groups' membership of community, so access to social goods and resources diminishes, which in turn has a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of the excluded groups. It is argued here that community membership is determined on the basis of the perceived social value of groups and individuals and stigmatisation is the marking of individuals and groups who are 'unworthy' of social investment. Using the notion of reciprocity we show how groups may be stigmatised and socially excluded as a mechanism for protecting limited social resources from exploitation. This perspective provides an empirically testable framework for the understanding of stigma and social exclusion that goes beyond the largely descriptive work that currently populates the field. We illustrate the process of stigmatisation and social exclusion and discuss how this suggests new styles of intervention, as well as new directions for research.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of socio-economic status on adolescent attitude to social noise and hearing protection.

The focus of the present study, of 1285 adolescents, was young people's attitudes towards noise and their use of hearing protection at discos and pop concerts. Comparisons were made between adolescents from different age groups, and with different socio-economic status. Logistic regressions indicated that "worry before attending noisy activities" and "hearing symptoms" such as tinnitus and noise sensitivity could, to some degree, explain the use of hearing protection in noisy environments. Another conclusion to be drawn from this study was that adolescents' attitudes and behaviours regarding hearing protection use differed between levels of socio-economic status. Individuals with high SES expressed more negative attitudes and used ear protection to a greater extent than those with lower SES. This result might indicate differences in the development of future auditory problems among individuals with different levels of socio-economic status. The cause of hearing impairment and tinnitus may not be restricted merely to noise exposure. Psychological aspects, such as attitudes towards noisy environments and the individual's behaviour regarding the use of hearing protection may be considered as important factors in the understanding of why the prevalence of hearing related problems has increased among adolescents.

Adolescent↗