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PubMed2006

Facial disfigurement in patients with head and neck cancer: the role of social self-efficacy.

This study investigated the moderating role of social self-efficacy (i.e., the belief that one is capable of exercising control over the reactions and openness of other people) with respect to the link between facial disfigurement and psychological and n = 76) as well as their physicians. In line with the hypotheses, the results revealed that the degree of facial disfigurement, as judged by patients as well as their physicians, was positively related to psychological distress and distress in reaction to unpleasant behavior of others, but only when patients did not feel self-efficacious in social encounters. Furthermore, social self-efficacy mitigated the positive link between facial disfigurement as judged by patients and social isolation.

Body Image↗

PubMed2007

Ethnic pride and self-control related to protective and risk factors: test of the theoretical model for the strong African American families program.

OBJECTIVE: To test a theoretical model of how ethnic pride and self-control are related to risk and protective factors. DESIGN: A community sample of 670 African American youth (mean age = 11.2 years) were interviewed in households. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and sexual behavior (lifetime to past month). RESULTS: Structural modeling analyses indicated parenting was related to self-control and self-esteem, and racial socialization was related to ethnic pride. Self-control and self-esteem variables were related to levels of deviance-prone attitudes and to perceptions of engagers in, or abstainers from, substance use and sexual behavior. The proximal factors (behavioral willingness, resistance efficacy, and peer behavior) had substantial relations to the criterion variables. Participant gender and parental education also had several paths in the model. Results were generally similar for the 2 outcome behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, self-esteem and self-control are related to parenting approaches and have pathways to attitudes and social perceptions that are significant factors for predisposing to, or protecting against, early involvement in substance use and sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Developmental origins of sociality in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

Five variables were studied relating to the emergence of sociality in hand-reared cowbirds (Molothrus ater): proximity, sex assortment, reactions to adults, head-down displays, and vocalizations. The authors were especially interested in female sociality because adult female birds influence male courtship, song content, and use through proximity, attention, and displays. The authors found that young female birds failed to show same-sex affiliation typical of the species at any point in the study. Brief introduction of adults did not affect social patterns. Adults used more head-down displays than juveniles, who used more displays with familiar peers. Directed and undirected singing emerged concurrently; directed singing was positively correlated with earlier hatching. This is the first demonstration of the need for early learning in the development of female sociality.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Patterns and importance of self-other differences in college drinking norms.

College students overestimate other students' drinking behavior (descriptive norms) and attitudes (injunctive norms). This study explored the effects of demographics, norm type, and reference group on the magnitude of self- other differences (SODs). Participants (N = 1,611; 64% women) completed surveys assessing demographics, drinking patterns, and perceived norms. A subset of 122 students provided consumption data 1 month later to test predictors of changes in drinking. Overall, women and non-Greeks (Greek = member of fraternity or sorority) reported larger SODs for both norm types compared with men and Greeks. Heavier drinkers reported smaller SODs. Gender x Reference Group interactions revealed that women had larger SODs for reference groups increasingly distal to them; for men, the largest SODs occur for close friends versus more distal groups. Larger SODs for descriptive norms predicted increases in drinking, consistent with social norms theory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Pubertal maturation and early substance use risks among African American children.

Using 2 waves of longitudinal data collected from approximately 870 African American adolescents, this study examined (a) changes in early risk factors for substance use during transition to early adolescence, including perceived prototypes of substance-using peers, willingness and intention to use substances, number of substance-using peers, and youths' own actual substance use; (b) the relationship between pubertal timing and these substance use risks; and (c) the interaction between pubertal timing and peer substance use in predicting the risks. Results showed that, first, risks for substance use increased, particularly among girls, during the transition to early adolescence. Children's prototypic images of substance users became increasingly favorable during this transitional period; a greater number of them were willing and intended to use substances during the transition to early adolescence; and an increased number of early adolescents and their friends began to use substances. Second, these changes were significantly more likely to occur among early maturing girls. Third, early physical maturation interacted with peer substance use to affect these changes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Cultural identity, explanatory style, and depression in Navajo adolescents.

This study investigated the interrelationships among cultural identity, explanatory style, and depression in Navajo adolescents. A total of 332 (197 female, 135 male) Navajo adolescents completed 7 self-report measures. These data were used to create, via structural equation modeling, a series of factor models and full structural models. Analyses indicated that current factor structures for explanatory style and depression are adequate for use with Navajo adolescents. Increased control and predictability and limited duration of stressful encounters were both predictive of decreased symptoms of depression. Higher levels of Navajo cultural identity had a modest effect in terms of reducing depression. Other factors, such as perceived discrimination and urban/reservation domicile, are important to study to provide an increased understanding of depression among Navajo adolescents.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2005

Ethnic identity and mentoring among Latinas in professional roles.

This study examined ethnic identity and mentoring (a known strategy to promote career success and advancement) in a sample of 103 Latina women with professional roles in the areas of business, academia, policy, and politics. Other variables examined included traditional gender roles and perceptions of professional success. Findings indicated that the women's ethnic identity was consistent with a bicultural profile; some received mentoring and, if given a choice, would prefer to be mentored by someone of similar ethnicity. This finding is critical and can allow researchers, service providers, and policy developers to apply culturally responsive strategies in communities and in organizations. Other hypotheses were not supported. A discussion of the findings, implications, and suggestions for future research are presented.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2006

South Asian women: identities and conflicts.

This study investigated the effects of education, level of religiosity, ethnic identity (internal and external), and racial identity statuses (conformity, dissonance, resistance, and awareness) on cultural value conflict for first and second generation South Asian women (N = 193). Cultural value conflict was examined in two areas, intimate relations and sex-role expectations. Results revealed that level of religiosity was more predictive of intimate relations conflict for second generation than first generation women. Furthermore, higher ratings in internal ethnic identity predicted greater intimate relations conflict in first generation women, while both internal and external ethnic identity predicted intimate relations conflict in second generation women. Finally, higher dissonance scores in racial identity predicted greater conflicts in sex-role expectations for second generation women alone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Sociocultural predictors of psychological help-seeking attitudes and behavior among Mexican American college students.

Sociocultural variables of acculturation, enculturation, cultural congruity, and perceived social support were used as predictors of psychological help-seeking attitudes and behaviors among 162 Mexican American college students. Multivariate multiple regression analyses indicated that higher cultural congruity, lower perceived social support from family, and higher perceived social support from significant others were significant predictors of positive help-seeking attitudes. In addition, higher acculturation into the dominant society, lower perceived social support from family, and lower perceived social support from friends were significantly predictive of greater help-seeking behavior. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2006

Asian Americans and racism: when bad things happen to "model minorities.".

Due to the limited psychological research on Asian Americans' experiences with racism, in the current study the authors examined the relationships between racial socialization, racial identity, and perceptions of racism, with a college-aged sample (N = 254) consisting primarily of Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans. With the use of multiple regression analyses, the results indicated that racial socialization, particularly discussions about race and racism, was positively related to one's perceptions of racism. Moreover, the study also showed that the relationship between racial socialization and perceptions of racism was partially mediated by racial identity schemas. To understand how Asian Americans regard racism, it is useful to have an understanding of racial identity theory and the manner in which Asian Americans are socialized to perceive racism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Existential hazards of the multicultural individual: defining and understanding "cultural homelessness".

Cultural homelessness (CH) is the authors' term to describe unique experiences and feelings reported by some multicultural individuals. Ethnically related concepts found in the cross-cultural and multiethnic literature (e.g., marginality, intercultural effectiveness, ethnic enclaves, reference group) are used to explain how CH may arise from cross-cultural tensions within the ethnically mixed family and between the family and its culturally different environment, especially due to geographic moves. CH is conceptualized as a situationally imposed developmental challenge, forcing the child to accommodate to contradictory and changing norms, values, verbal and nonverbal communication styles, and attachment processes. Culturally homeless individuals may enjoy a broader, stronger cognitive and social repertoire because of their multiple cultural frames of reference. However, code-switching,complexities may lead to emotional and social confusion, which, if internalized, may result in self-blame and shame. Culturally encoded emotion labeling may be disrupted, leading to alexithymia.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of racial socialization and racial identity on acculturative stress in African American college students.

The aim of this study was to determine if racial identity mediates the relation between racial socialization and acculturative stress in African American university students, once demographic factors are accounted for. In a sample of 84 participants, significant relations were found between racial socialization and acculturative stress, racial socialization and racial identity, and racial identity and acculturative stress. Partial support for a mediational model was found, with the best predictors of acculturative stress being immersion attitudes and internalization attitudes.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2001

Racial identity and reflected appraisals as influences on Asian Americans' racial adjustment.

J. E. Helms's (1990) racial identity psychodiagnostic model was used to examine the contribution of racial identity schemas and reflected appraisals to the development of healthy racial adjustment of Asian American university students (N = 188). Racial adjustment was operationally defined as collective self-esteem and awareness of anti-Asian racism. Multiple regression analyses suggested that racial identity schemas and reflected appraisals were significantly predictive of Asian Americans' racial adjustment. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2003

Examining culturally based variables associated with ethnicity: influences on credibility perceptions of empirically supported interventions.

Treatment rationales for 2 widely used and empirically supported interventions, cognitive therapy (CT) and time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP), were examined for their perceived credibility among 136 Asian American college students. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of culturally based variables (often assumed to underlie ethnicity) and their related effects on credibility perceptions. Variables assessed included cultural identity, self-construals, values, and mental health beliefs. Participants were randomly assigned to read either a CT or TLDP treatment rationale for depression and then rated the credibility of the interventions. Results indicated that cultural identity and self-construals moderated credibility ratings across CT and TLDP rationales. Findings underscore the importance of moving beyond ethnic group analyses to the examination of specific culturally based variables.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Multicultural identity and gay men in the era of AIDS.

In establishing integrated identities, gay men face psychosocial challenges that differ from those of most heterosexuals, although heterosexual males of minority cultures may confront similar developmental tasks. In the 1990s, the need for gay men to integrate bicultural identity and the "coming-out" process is further complicated by the stigma of AIDS. This paper aims to enhance clinicians' understanding of the multiple influences of culture and subculture, the AIDS epidemic, and racial and ethnic factors on the healthy development of gay males.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2001

Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: the Urban Men's Health Study.

AIMS: To measure the prevalence and independent associations of heavy and problematic use of alcohol and recreational drugs among a household-based sample of urban MSM (men who have sex with men). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: Men who identified as being gay or bisexual or who reported sex with another man in the prior 5 years were included in this analysis (n = 2172). SETTING: A probability telephone sample of MSM was taken within Zip Codes of four large American cities (Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco) estimated to have total concentrations of at least 4% of all households with one resident MSM. MEASUREMENTS: Standard measures of alcohol use, problems associated with alcohol use, and recreational drug use were administered by trained telephone interviewers. FINDINGS: Both recreational drug (52%) and alcohol use (85%) were highly prevalent among urban MSM, while current levels of multiple drug use (18%), three or more alcohol-related problems (12%), frequent drug use (19%) and heavy-frequent alcohol use (8%) were not uncommon. The associations of heavy and/or problematic substance use are complex, with independent multivariate associations found at the levels of demographics, adverse early life circumstances, current mental health status, social and sexual practices and connection to gay male culture. CONCLUSIONS: The complex pattern of associations with heavy and/or problematic substance use among urban MSM suggests that heavy and/or problematic substance use is grounded in multiple levels: the individual, the interpersonal and the socio-cultural.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Smoking cessation among daily smokers, aged 45-69 years: a longitudinal study in Malmö, Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in snuff consumption, socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics between baseline daily smokers who had remained daily smokers, become intermittent smokers or stopped smoking at the 1-year follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A population of 12 507 individuals aged 45-69 years, interviewed at baseline in 1992-94 and at a 1-year follow-up, was investigated in this longitudinal study. The three groups of baseline daily smokers were compared to the total population according to socio-demographic, psychosocial and snuff consumption characteristics. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess differences in psychosocial conditions, adjusting for age, sex, country of origin, marital status, education and snuff consumption. FINDINGS: Eighty-six per cent of all baseline daily smokers remained daily smokers, 6.5% had become intermittent smokers and 7.3% had stopped smoking at the 1-year follow-up. The daily smokers who remained daily smokers were more likely to be born in other countries than Sweden, not married, have a lower educational level and poorer psychosocial conditions than the total population, while the socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial resources of those daily smokers who had become intermittent smokers or had stopped smoking were much more similar to the general population, with the exception of a higher snuff consumption, especially for intermittent smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Daily smokers who remained daily smokers at the 1-year follow-up had poorer psychosocial assets, especially social participation, than baseline daily smokers who had become intermittent smokers or had stopped smoking, and the general population. The results suggest that low levels of social participation are a potent barrier against smoking cessation. Snuff consumption may explain a part of the increase in smoking cessation among men as opposed to women in Sweden.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

A sociological analysis of the extent and influence of professional socialization on the development of a nursing identity among nursing students at two universities in Brisbane, Australia.

Professions make extraordinary demands on its practitioners. Professionals are required to master substantive theory and technical skills. They also develop their own unique subcultures, demanding specific normative standards from their members, which are symbolized by professional ethical codes. In the health professions, ethical codes include strong altruistic elements. Professional normative standards are learnt on a formal level (for example, at a university) and informal level (during the process of professional socialization and contact with the peer group, as well as informal sanctions). The transformation process of a novice to a professional is essentially an acculturation process during which the values, norms and symbols of the profession are internalized. Acculturation can be so strong that it may cause personality transformation, which the French refer to as 'deformation professionelle', usually displayed by stereotypes, which are almost always exemplified by members of professions as ideal professionals, those who have internalized the profession's culture completely. The question is, what is the extent of normative standards and professional characteristics that nursing students are exposed to during professional socialization, and to what extent are these standards and characteristics internalized so that a nursing 'deformation professionelle' develops? A reliable Likert-type measurement scale was developed to measure this phenomenon. One of the most important findings of this study was that students at both universities are highly professionally socialized.

Acculturation↗