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PubMedDate not supplied

[Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Genera Hellichiella Rivosecchi et Cardinali, 1975 and Boreosimulium Rubzov et Yankovsky, 1982].

The genus name Boreosimulium Rubzov et Yankovsky, 1982 was considered for a long time as a junior synonym of the genus name Hellichiella Rivosecchi et Cardinali, 1975. The status of Boreosimulium as a separate generic (or subgeneric) name has been confirmed in the monograph by Adler, Currie and Wood (2004). In the present paper the indentification keys for the Boreosimulium and Hellichiella (subfam. Simuliinae) species are given. Also the keys for the genera Stegopterna Enderlein, 1930 and Greniera Doby et David, 1959 (subfam. Prosimuliinae) being similar in some characters to the above genera are provided. The lists of species of these genera, together with their distribution ranges (according to the data obtained to the end of 2004) are added.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A new blackfly species Cnetha itelmenica sp. n. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Kamchatka].

The description of a new species Cnetha itehnenica Chubareva et Yankovsky, sp. n. is given. Only 6 species of the genus Cnetha have the simple lobes of rectal organ (C. fontia, C. garniensis, C. gejgelensis, C. costata, C. subcostata and C. karzhantavica). These species distribute only in Southern Europe, Northern Africa and Transcaucasia, excluding C. subcostata distributed in NE China, Korea and Japan. C. itelmenica differs from C. fontia and C. garniensis in having a deep inlet of the head capsula, from C. costata, C. subco- stata and C. karzhantavica in the different number of hook rows in the posterior circlet (86-90 versus 96-100 in C. gejgelensis and C. costata, 68 in C. karzhantavica). The new species differs from other Siberian and Far Eastern species of the genus (C. cornifera, C. paracornifera, C. patrushevae, C. pugetensis, C. shutovae) in having simple lobes of the rectal organ, from C. gejgelensis in having another pattern of setae arrangement on the submentum (by 1 line, versus 2 lines in C. gejgelensis), from C. shutovae, C. pugetensis and C. patrushevae in the different number of hook rows in the posterior circlet (86-90 versus 60-62 in C. shutovae and 62-66 in remains), and from C. pugetense and C. patrushevae in the number of primary fans (36-40 versus 41-52). C. itelmenica differs from C. vernum (as base standard), as well as from other studied species of the genus, in having a species-specific disk pattern, three wide homozygous inversions in IS, IL, IIIL, and a little homozygous inversion in IIS. It differs from C. fontia, C. garniensis, C. costata and C. zakhariensis in the absence of chromocenter and presence of additional heterochromatic B-chromosomes.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed2006

[B chromosome polymorphism of blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) from the north-western region of Russia].

We have studied karyofonds of natural populations and B-chromosome morphology of 8 species of blackflies from the North-Western region of Russia: Odagmia ornata Mg., Hellichiella crassa Rubz., Simulium morsitans Edw., Simulium argyreatum Mg., Shoenbaueria pusilla Fries., Cnetha fontinalis Radzv., Stegopterna duo-decimata Rubz., and Archesimulium tuberosum Lundstr. For this purpose we made slides of squashed blackflies larvae with salivary gland polytene chromosomes stained by aceto-orcein, in addition to similarly stained slides with mitotic chromosomes from gonads and ganglia. Morphology of polytene B-chromosomes of Shoenbaueria pusilla Fries., Cnetha fontinalis Radzv., Stegopterna duodecimata Rubz., and Archesimulium tuberosum Lundstr. has been first described. B-chromosome polymorphism was found in all species, but the number of B chromosomes was conserved within each differences in polytene individual. Stable and distinct interspecific differences in the morphology of polytene B-chromosomes were demonstrated, and these characters are advisable to use to distinguish the species. We have investigated for the first time karyofonds of Od. ornata populations from Arkhangelsk Region (Solovetskie Islands) and Leningrad Region (railway station Sablino), and those of S. argyreatum populations from Murmansk Region (Kandalaksha environs) and Karelia (railway station Chupa). A long term study of Od. ornata and S. argyrestum population from North-Western Russia revealed interspecific and interpopulation dynamics of the occurrence of specimens with B-chromosomes. Some populations showed an increased percentage of individuals with B-chromosomes. It is suggested that B-chromosomes may play a role in adaptation of polulations to severe environmental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Evaluation of control measures against Simuliidae in the framework of the OCP (Onchocerciasis Control Program)].

To control the vector S. damnosum s.l., the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP) uses larvicides which are sprayed mainly by air. Despite the more or less reversible resistance of some species of the S. damnosum complex to the organophosphorus compounds (temephos and chlorphoxim), the Programme has succeeded in finding effective replacement insecticides. These larvicides, which are used in rotation, taking into account the river discharges, blackfly species present, and their susceptibility to the different insecticides, have made it possible to maintain the good results obtained by the Programme. Through vector control alone, OCP has been able to bring the disease under control in more than 90% of the initial area. Resettlement is taking place on the fertile lands which were formerly deserted because of onchocerciasis and many socioeconomic development projects are currently being carried out. The extensions made towards the western and the southern parts of the Programme area and the use of ivermectin, a microfilaricide, will enable these results to be improved further.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1991

A simple technique for determining relative toxicities of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis formulations against larval blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae).

A laboratory system for assaying the potency of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulations against larval blackflies was developed. An orbital shaker was used to create a water current in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing the test larvae. This system produced dose-mortality relationships with acceptable statistical parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Control of Simuliidae with an emulsifiable concentrate of Bacillus thuringiensis].

The effects of the three flowable concentrate formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (H-14): Teknar (Zoecon, Sandoz Inc.), Vectobac (Abbott Labs.), and Bactimos (Biochem, Solvay Labs.) against Simulium pertinax were evaluated in 24 streams in the North Littoral Zone of São Paulo State, Brazil. There was no significant difference in effective carry (80% or more mortality) among the formulations when applied at the rate of 10 mg/liter for one minute. There was a strong correlation between stream discharge and effective carry of the formulations, except in the case of Teknar, possibly due to the influence of the physical characteristics of the streams where evaluation was conducted.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A survey of annoyance of livestock by Simulium chutteri Lewis along the Orange River, South Africa (Diptera: Simuliidae).

A survey by means of questionnaires was conducted along the Orange River to determine the extent of blackfly annoyance to livestock during 1984-1988. Severe annoyance reached peaks during September-November and increased over the years. Annoyance levels decreased with distance from the river with occasional severe annoyance as far away as 76 km. Annoyance levels increased with distance downstream from the P. K. le Roux dam to Augrabies (750 km). Greater water releases for increased irrigation and electricity generation may be an important reason for the higher annoyance levels. Present day high and increasing irrigation water requirements and the great length of the river probably render control by water level fluctuations impractical. Loss of condition of especially small livestock is the main consequence of annoyance by female blackflies. Decreased percentage lambing and occasional deaths were also reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Field efficacy of Vectobac-12AS and Vectobac-24AS against black fly larvae in New Brunswick streams (Diptera: Simuliidae).

The control of black fly larvae using 2 aqueous suspension formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis, serotype H-14 was evaluated in 6 trials on small and large sized streams in New Brunswick. Applications equivalent to 25 ppm (Vectobac-12AS) or 12.5 ppm (Vectobac-24AS) over a 1-min period resulted in 100% control of black fly larvae up to 3 km downstream of the application point. Over the 6 trials, effective carry was seen to increase with increased stream discharge which varied from as low as 0.8 m3/min in the small stream to 108.6 m3/min in the large stream.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Bioamines and proteins in the saliva and salivary glands of Palaearctic blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae).

To elucidate the mechanisms of skin-reactions to blackfly bites, components in the saliva and salivary glands of Simulium lineatum and S. equinum females were studied. Histamine, putrescine, spermine, N1-monoacetyl-spermine, and spermidine were detected in both the saliva and salivary gland extract through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the content of histamine being much higher than that of the other amines. Whereas histamine concentration was increased by food stimulation and actual feeding, the content of the other amines did not differ from that of non-stimulated flies. S. lineatum and S. equinum females differed significantly in their spermine and spermidine contents, autumn and spring generation females did not differ from each other. The dispersion of histamine in the salivary glands of male and female S. lineatum and S. equinum was demonstrated through histochemical staining. The globular proteins of the salivary glands were fractionated by chromatography and electrophoresis, the molecular weight of proteins and the enzymatic activity of esterase were also determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Persistence of mermithidae (Nematoda) infections in black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) populations.

Data on the persistence of mermithid infections in black fly populations over several years indicate mermithid infection rates are relatively stable over several years in a stream. These data were from specific sites in a variety of streams all having the same simuliid fauna present each season. This suggests that the suitability of the stream bed for the free living phase is very important in regulating mermithid populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Following movements of resistant populations of Simulium soubrense/sanctipauli (Diptera: Simuliidae) by means of chromosome inversions.

Following larval insecticide treatment, resistance to the organophosphates temephos and chlorphorxim appeared in a population of the Simulium soubrense/sanctipauli group of the S. damnosum complex on the Bandama Rivers, Ivory Coast. Resistant populations were subsequently identified from other river basins in the north of Ivory Coast. A small chromosomal rearrangement, IIL-A, was found to be associated with resistant populations. Monitoring the presence of this inversion was used to detect the spread or resistance eastwards into untreated areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A broad evaluation of B.t.i. for black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control in a Michigan river: efficacy, carry and nontarget effects on invertebrates and fish.

Efficacy for black fly control, carry and nontarget effects of B.t.i. (Teknar HP-D), applied in the Betsie River, Michigan, were studied in June 1988. Black fly mortality was high (approximately 100%) for a 2,200 m stretch downstream from the application site, declined to 30% at 3,200 m, and was nil at 4,500 m. Drift of black flies greatly increased after application at a downstream site, but did not change at an upstream site. There were no detectable nontarget effects of B.t.i. application on: 1) invertebrate macro- or micro-drift; 2) numbers of invertebrates in benthic Surber samples; 3) mortality or feeding of drifting and nondrifting insects; 4) growth or mortality of caged Stenomena sp. larvae; 5) invertebrate functional group composition; 6) mortality or weight change of caged rock bass; or 7) fish numbers, species composition, length-weight (rock bass only) relationships or rock bass diet. Sampling of Rheotanytarsus sp. midges on natural substrates indicated low (27%) mortality owing to B.t.i. at only 100 m downstream from the application site, with negligible mortality at all other downstream and upstream sites. This information, combined with no pronounced changes in numbers of midges in macro-drift after application, indicated that midge populations were not adversely affected by B.t.i. in the study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hematophagic rhythm of Simulium quadrivittatum Loew, 1862 (Diptera: Simuliidae)].

A relation between the hematophagic activity of Simulium quadrivittatum and the variation of solar position north of "La Canada" hill (21 degrees 43'N and 82 degrees 54'W), in the central area of the Isle of Youth, was found. Two paraboles were derived. They respond to the equations y = 11.61 + 0.137 S + (-4.727) S2 and y = 17.06 + 0.415 S + (-9.495) S2, for the morning and afternoon values respectively. A higher hematophagic activity, on average, was found in the afternoon (U = 24, P less than 0.05).

Altitude↗