Self-disclosure patterns of Mennonite adolescents to parents and their perceived relationships.
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Adolescent↗
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Women's self-disclosure of HIV infection: rates, reasons, and reactions.
A survey of 65 ethnically diverse women at 2 outpatient HIV clinics revealed relatively low rates of disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus to extended family members, somewhat higher rates for immediate family members, and highest rates for lovers and friends. Spanish-speaking Latinas were less likely to disclose their serostatus or to discuss HIV-related worries with others than English-speaking Latinas, African Americans, and Anglo Americans. Reasons for disclosure and nondisclosure varied by target. In general, targets reacted positively to disclosure. Implications for clinicians treating women with HIV infection are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[Exposing obsessive-compulsive patients: often only 3 simple questions are enough. The family physician as "facilitator of self-disclosure"].
For numerous patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, the family doctor is the first contact person. Many of these patients have concealed their problem for years. This paper summarizes the forms of the disorder and their indirect manifestations in the doctor's office, discusses the reasons for concealment on the part of the patient and/or his relatives, and describes the family doctor's help in three areas: aiding the "birth of revelation"; initiating pharmacotherapy and supporting behavior therapy-related self-help for patient and relatives; motivating patient and relatives to seek expert psychiatric and psychotherapeutic aid. In the second part of the paper, the family doctor is given model explanations designed as answers to common questions asked by sufferers from obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Behavior Therapy↗
The ideal of the anonymous analyst and the problem of self-disclosure.
The principle of analytic anonymity is critically reviewed. A connection between the technical stance of nondisclosure and idealization of the analyst is proposed. Some preliminary suggestions are offered concerning what kinds of information about the analyst are useful to communicate to a patient.
Defense Mechanisms↗
Self-disclosure: an attributional perspective.
This experiment examined the effect of timing of an intimate disclosure and assignment of responsibility for the event disclosed on interpersonal attraction. Subjects were induced to interact with a confederate who in all cases revealed something quite personal about himself. The disclosure occurred either early or near the end of a 10-minute conversation. The confederate accepted responsibility for the event disclosed, did not mention responsibility, or assigned responsibility to external factors. Negative traits were assigned to the early disclosure, and he was liked significantly less than the late discloser. The results are explained in terms of differential attributions made to early and late disclosures. The results for the assignment of responsibility variable were surprising: The confederate who accepted responsibility for the event disclosed elicited more negative reactions than the confederate who blamed other factors or who did not mention responsibility. Some possible reasons for this unexpected finding are discussed.
Humans↗
HIV-positive men's sexual practices in the context of self-disclosure of HIV status.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether disclosure of HIV-positive status to sex partners at risk for HIV infection is associated with safer sex practices and to examine the prevalence and correlates of specific disclosure/sexual behavior patterns. METHODS: Cross-sectional assessment of 206 HIV-positive men (41% homosexual, 35% bisexual, 24% heterosexual) sampled randomly at an outpatient HIV clinic in Los Angeles, who reported that their most recent sex partner was HIV-negative or of unknown serostatus. Unsafe sex was defined as unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse with that partner. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of the men engaged in unsafe sex, and 48% of the total sample withheld disclosure from the partner. The prevalence of safer sex was not significantly higher among disclosers than among nondisclosers (unadjusted odds ratio = 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 0.69-2.45), and disclosure was not significantly associated with safer sex in any of 25 demographic or partner subgroups examined in the study. In the full sample, 40% of the men disclosed and engaged in safer sex (informed protection), 35% withheld disclosure and engaged in safer sex (uninformed protection), 12% informed their partner and engaged in unsafe sexual behavior (informed exposure), and 13% withheld disclosure and engaged in unsafe sex (uninformed exposure). Risky behavior patterns were associated with using alcohol/drugs before sex, having an HIV-unknown partner, being less emotionally involved with one's partner, and testing seropositive in the previous 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for seropositive men that focus primarily on increasing disclosure of serostatus to sex partners may not reduce the prevalence of unsafe sex. Interventions are needed to address the social and psychologic processes that give rise to risky behavior patterns in HIV-infected men. Improved substance abuse counseling also may be needed.
Adult↗
Differences in self-disclosure in psychotherapy between American and Israeli patients.
This study investigated differences in extent and patterns of disclosure in psychotherapy between American (n = 164) and Israeli (n = 45) patients. Participants completed the Disclosure to Therapist Inventory-R, an 80-item measure that uses a rating scale to assess the extent to which psychotherapy patients have discussed each of 80 moderately to highly intimate topics with their most recent therapist. Analysis yielded no significant difference between groups in overall disclosure and high overlap in the topics most and least discussed. Both groups frequently discussed aspects of their personalities they disliked, feelings of desperation or depression, and feelings of rage or anger towards parents. Findings suggest universal concerns may outweigh the cultural context in which therapy occurs.
Adolescent↗
Factors that affect a victim's self-disclosure in father-daughter incest.
Out of concern about the underreporting of father-daughter incest, the author has conducted a study in Virginia to test certain observations in the literature about the relatively small number of cases that come to light voluntarily. The findings point clearly to contributory case characteristics that can sensitize practitioners to the possibility of undisclosed incest.
Adolescent↗
Self-disclosure of HPV infection to sexual partners.
Disclosure decisions of persons with genital HPV infection were examined. The research questions focused on relationships among knowledge of transmission, beliefs about the obligation to disclose knowledge of HPV infection to sexual partners, factors that influence the disclosure decision, and evaluations of the decision. Participants were 92 persons diagnosed with HPV 6 months prior to data collection. Sixty-three women and 29 men whose average age was 23.1 years constituted the sample. A subset of 48 persons provided detailed information about their reasons for disclosing or not disclosing knowledge of HPV and subsequent evaluation of their behavior. Knowledge of HPV transmission was adequate; however, there was no relationship between transmission knowledge and disclosure beliefs. Participants tended to disclose the presence of HPV to partners at point of diagnosis, but not to new partners 6 months later. Both disclosers and non-+disclosers felt positively about their decision. Possible changes in clinical interventions for persons with HPV infection are discussed.
Adult↗
Race, self-disclosure, and "forbidden talk": race and ethnicity in contemporary clinical practice.
In this paper I attempt to extend the psychoanalytic conversation about race and ethnicity by discussing the intersubjectivity of race and racial difference. I present clinical material from an interracial treatment in which disclosures about race played an important role in deepening the clinical process. The resulting interactions permitted the patient to admit more of herself into the treatment space. I suggest that contemporary psychoanalytic formulations and multicultural perspectives from outside of psychoanalysis can together create more meaningful conceptualizations which take into account the lived realities of race and the ways in which these may be shaped by individual psychology.
Adult↗
Self-disclosure experience of people with HIV infection in dedicated and mainstreamed dental facilities.
OBJECTIVES: People infected with HIV choose dental care in dedicated or mainstreamed facilities. In this study, people with HIV were asked whether they sought care in dedicated or mainstreamed dental facilities, their reasons for choosing this source of care, their HIV disclosure experiences, and what, if any, consequences the disclosure had on access to dental care. METHODS: Patients in a dedicated AIDS medical clinic (n = 84) responded to questions in a telephone survey. The sample was predominantly gay, white males with symptomatic HIV infection, from randomly chosen clinic appointments. RESULTS: The study found that 67.6 percent of respondents who had seen a dentist since their HIV diagnosis chose mainstreamed dental facilities. The majority of study participants (70%) disclosed their HIV status. Of those subjects who chose disclosure, discrimination was minimal (2.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest support for public policy encouraging people with HIV to go to any dentist with whom they feel most comfortable and with whom they will receive the best possible care, regardless of whether the dentist practices in a dedicated or mainstreamed facility.
Adult↗
Effects of communication about interpersonal process on the evolution of self-disclosure in dyads.
In an earlier investigation, like-sex partners in an acquaintance exercise were found to match their mean levels of intimacy. This "consensus" was achieved through the adoption of asymmetric roles, whereby one partner would consistently set the pace with respect to intimacy, and the other would reciprocate. It was proposed that such unilateral control of the dyad's evolution would be replaced by shared control if partners were encouraged to discuss the problem of how intimate to be with one another. As predicted, role asymmetry gave way to role symmetry when such communication took place. In addition, partners were able to match their mean levels of intimacy during the exercise without recourse to matching on a moment-to-moment basis. In place of a monotonic increase in intimacy, dyads followed a curvilinear course marked by an accelerated increase and a subsequent tapering off or decrease in intimacy level. The findings are discussed in relation to the more general question of how consensus is achieved in the social construction of an encounter or relationship.
Communication↗
The effects of selected classical music on self-disclosure.
A cognitive theory of emotion and aesthetics in music suggests that listening to music is cognitively and in turn emotionally arousing. In addition a theory of inhibition and psychosomatic disease suggests that disclosing personal and traumatic information is psychologically and physically beneficial. This study examined the effect of music within a disclosure setting on the use of cognitive and emotional language in 85 undergraduates. Participants in both the background music and no music conditions wrote or spoke into a tape recorder, about the most significant event or experience of their lives. In addition to language, self-reported moods, subject impressions about the disclosure experience, and the environment were examined. Results indicate that background music had an effect on the disclosure topics chosen, promoted cognitive suggestion and expression, and increased the enjoyment of listening to classical music.
Adult↗
Physical encounter and self-disclosure.
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Female↗
Outcomes of nonreciprocal self-disclosure strategies.
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Group Processes↗
Employment self-disclosure of postsecondary graduates with learning disabilities: rates and rationales.
One hundred thirty-two graduates with learning disabilities (LD) of a large, public, competitive postsecondary institution were surveyed to determine if they had self-disclosed their LD to their current employer and to provide the reasons for choosing to self-disclose or not to self-disclose. Based on a response rate of 67.4% (n = 89), the results indicated that 86.5% of the respondents were employed full time. Although nearly 90% of the respondents stated that their LD affected their work in some way, only 30.3% self-disclosed to their employer. Of those who had not self-disclosed, the majority reported that there was no reason or need to self-disclose. However, 46.1% reported not self-disclosing due to fear of a potentially negative impact in the workplace or due to a concern for job security. Specific rationales for disclosure and information related to the use of self-reported accommodations and strategies are presented.
Adult↗
Self-disclosure and anxiety change.
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Anxiety↗
Relationship with and self-disclosure to friends.
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Humans↗