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PubMed2002

Cancer risks in second-generation immigrants to Sweden.

We used the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to analyze cancer risks in Sweden-born descendants of immigrants from European and North American countries. Our study included close to 600,000 0-66-year-old descendants of an immigrant father or mother. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 17 cancer sites using native Swedes as a reference. All cancer was marginally below the Swedish incidence in offspring of immigrant origin. Decreased SIRs were observed for breast cancer among Norwegian descendants, melanoma among descendants of Hungarian fathers and ovarian and bladder cancer among descendents of Finnish mothers, all consistent with the difference in cancer incidence between Swedes and the indigenous populations. Cervical cancer was increased in daughters of Danish men, whereas thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were in excess in offspring of parents of Yugoslav and Asian descent. Even these results agreed with the high incidence rates in parents compared to Swedes, except that for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma other explanations are needed; these may be related to immune malfunction. Comparison of the results between the first- and the second-generation immigrants suggest that the first 2 decades of life are important in setting the pattern for cancer development in subsequent life. Birth in Sweden sets the Swedish pattern for cancer incidence, irrespective of the nationality of descent, while entering Sweden in the 20s is already too late to influence the environmentally imprinted program for the cancer destiny.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of regulatory approval times for new chemical entities in Australia, Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Regulatory approval times of new chemical entities (NCEs) in Australia, Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) were compared. The approval times of a set of common 25 NCEs and a larger set of unmatched NCEs were very similar in Australia, Canada, Sweden and the US, with median approval times from 23 to 29 months. The median approval time in the UK was approximately 11 months. Analysis of the data showed that the approval times in Australia, Sweden, and the UK were not significantly affected by the therapeutic classification of the drug, the amount of additional data requested and received, or the submission date. In Canada, the date the drug submission was received and the frequency of additional data requests significantly affected the approval times. In the US, the date the drug submission was received and the frequency of additional data received significantly affected the approval times. The therapeutic classification of the drug did not significantly affect the approval time in Canada or the US.

Australia↗
PubMed2007

Nurses are increasingly involved in pharmacovigilance in Sweden.

INTRODUCTION: In Sweden, voluntary adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting started over 40 years ago to detect rare, serious, unexpected adverse, mainly type B, reactions. During the period 1965-2004, 92,000 reports were assessed. Since certain nurses are licensed to prescribe a limited number of drugs, nurses also form part of the reporting team. AIM: To analyse the ADR reporting by nurses in Sweden. METHODS: All reports by nurses and other health-care personnel entered into the Swedish ADRs database SWEDIS (Swedish Drug Information System) were retrieved for the 10-year period 1995-2004 (Swedish population: 9 million). The intention was to analyse the nurses' reports from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. RESULTS: The total number of ADR reports has gradually increased during the past 10 years from 3000 to over 4000 in 2004 (465 per million inhabitants), an increase by 28%. All ADR reports originate from health care personnel. The nurses' contribution to the ADR reporting increased from 2-3% in the mid-90s to 12% in 2004. The most common drugs involved in the nurses' reporting were various kinds of vaccines. Skin reactions dominated among the nurses' ADR reports. The ADRs reported by nurses were, as a consequence of many vaccine reports, compared to all reports, not so often classified as serious, but were on the other hand more often assessed with a causal relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses, in their position as drug administrators who record signs and symptoms of the patients, play an increasingly important role for detection of suspected ADRs and are now contributing to a significant amount of the ADR reporting in Sweden.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Utilization pattern of metamizole in northern Sweden and risk estimates of agranulocytosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in order to investigate the utilization pattern of metamizole to better estimate the quantitative risk of agranulocytosis since a cluster of such cases have been observed in Sweden. METHODS: Cases of agranulocytosis submitted to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (SADRAC) between 1996 and 1999 were identified. Based on the utilization pattern of metamizole in inpatients at three hospitals and in outpatients in two counties in northern Sweden risk estimates of agranulocytosis during metamizole treatment were estimated. The utilization of metamizole was investigated by scanning 3567 case records at 10 hospital departments as well as stored prescriptions at six pharmacies during a 3-month study period. RESULTS: Ten cases of agranulocytosis during treatment with metamizole have been reported to SADRAC over the period 1996 to 1999. During the 3-month study period metamizole was prescribed to 666 (19%) inpatients. Of these, approximately 96% received the drug for less than 1 week, 7.2% had used the drug previously. At the participating pharmacies 112 metamizole prescriptions for outpatients were found. The drug was prescribed in 34% for less than 1 week, in 28% for 7-15 days, and in 38% for more than 15 days. The mean prescribed daily dose was 2.7 g. Given certain assumptions including the actual amounts prescribed the calculated risks of agranulocytosis would be approximately one out of every 31,000 metamizole-treated inpatients and one of every 1400 metamizole-treated outpatients. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that in most inpatients the use of metamizole in northern Sweden was within the approved indications for the drug. However, a considerable number of outpatients received the drug for a longer time than recommended and this may carry an increased risk for developing agranulocytosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Teaching efforts to spread TME surgery in Sweden.

The whole infrastructure of rectal cancer treatment in Sweden has changed dramatically due to the awareness of the local recurrence rate, good surgical technique, and selective use of radiotherapy. Surgeons have been trained in a proper way, and it has been proven that the outcome has improved enormously in our country [14]. Due to repeated reports from the SRCR to each unit, it is possible for every surgeon to follow the process. It has been shown that the outcome for not only colon cancer but also rectal cancer has improved dramatically during the last 40 years, and there is a marked improvement in survival from approximately 40% in the early 1960s to almost 60% in the late 1990s [15]. An interesting phenomenon is that the relative 5-year survival rate has, during the 5-year cohort, been better for patients with colon cancer compared to those with rectal cancer. For the last two 5-year cohorts in Sweden, 1990-1995 and 1996-2000, the results for rectal cancer patients have improved, and in the most recent cohort, rectal cancer patients are actually doing better than colon cancer patients in terms of relative survival [16]. This increase has been interpreted to be a result of much better surgery, a more selective use of radiotherapy, but most of all an awareness of the results and focus on good auditing. This quality assurance and quality control of rectal cancer surgery is important and will be mandatory in the future for all units to not only know the results but also be able to present them in a way that patients can understand. We are facing a new generation of young patients who are familiar with the Internet and find all types of information before having surgery. It is obvious that only the best units will survive in such a competition, and the only way to be able to compete is to show good results within a good and validated population-based quality registration, as is the situation for many different diseases in Sweden today. A tremendous change has been seen in our country over the last two decades, and it is in part a result of registration and quality auditing, where the results are displayed to the surgeons.

Colorectal Surgery↗
PubMed1987

Assessment and comparison of human exposure to lead between Belgium, Malta, Mexico and Sweden.

This is a follow-up study of UNEP/WHO Pilot Project on Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead and Cadmium through Biological Monitoring, carried out in 1983/1984. The main objectives of the follow-up study were: to study whether differences in blood-lead levels found between countries in the Biological Monitoring Project were confirmed and were primarily due to exposure via ingested lead (oral intake) or via inhaled lead; to make a preliminary survey, in selected areas, of the possible sources of high exposure (Malta, Belgium). Four countries participated: Belgium, Malta, Mexico, Sweden. To insure comparability between the populations, certain categories were monitored: teachers for socio-economic status, non smoking males, aged between 25 and 50 years old. The blood-lead concentration (PbB) was measured to determine the current exposure and the feces-lead excretion (PbF) was determined to find out the part of the exposure due to ingestion. Blood-lead levels and feces-lead excretion were very different between the four countries. Median values for PbB, in micrograms Pb/1, were, in decreasing values 247 in Malta, 188 in Mexico, 135 in Belgium and 53 in Sweden. Median values for PbF, in micrograms Pb/day, were 361 in Malta, 159 in Mexico, 82 in Belgium and 22 in Sweden. Oral intake seems to be the major exposure route in the four countries. The relationship between PbB and PbF is curvilinear. To investigate the possible source of high exposure, a preliminary survey was made in Malta and Belgium; lead in air suspended and sedimenting particles was monitored as well as the lead concentration in some food and street dust samples. Concerning the comparison of lead concentrations in these environmental samples between Belgium and Malta, no major differences were detected. The high internal exposure to lead in Maltese people, as measured by PbB, is probably due to a combination of several factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Validation of observed differences in the utilization of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden.

The amount of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs based of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day varies two to three fold between Northern Ireland, Norway, and Sweden. We explored whether variations based on the universally applied defined daily doses might be accounted for by national differences in the actual average prescribed daily doses. Use of prescribed daily doses for antihypertensive drugs resulted in Northern Irish and Norwegian consumption figures which were respectively 40 and 21% lower than the Swedish one, compared to 38 and 25% when defined daily doses were used. The effect of population age-sex differences on the gross defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day figures was determined by applying the Northern Irish or Norwegian age-sex group proportions to Swedish age-sex specific sales data. Taking population differences into account would have resulted in antihypertensive drug use being 21 rather than 38% less in Northern Ireland and 18 rather than 25% less in Norway. Also adjustment for prescribed daily doses left an unexplained difference of 23% between Sweden and Northern Ireland and 14% between Sweden and Norway. For oral antidiabetics use of prescribed daily doses resulted in a Northern Irish - Swedish difference of 62% compared to 67% when defined daily doses were used. Simultaneous adjustment for population differences and prescribed to defined daily dose variations left a 52% difference.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The measurement of drug consumption. Drugs for diabetes in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden.

The consumption of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs was measured at the gross sales level in Sweden and Norway and at the prescription level in Northern Ireland. ""Agreed daily doses'' were used as units of comparison, which defined as follows: insulin 40 I.U., tolbutamide 1 g, acetohexamide 500 mg etc. Consumption was expressed as the number of ""agreed daily doses'' per 1,000 inhabitants per day. This provided a rough estimate of the number of subjects for whom the drug had been prescribed per 1,000 population. The data were collected during the three months April-June 1971. Marked differences in the consumption of antidiabetic drugs were found between the three countries and also between areas within each country. The consumption of insulin was similar in Norway and Northern Ireland (3.5 and 3.9 agreed daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day), but almost twice as high in Sweden. In Norway much lower use was found in certain rural areas. The variation in the consumption of oral antidiabetic drugs was even more marked. Surprisingly, consumption was considerably higher in Sweden (15.8) than in the nearby Norway (7.3), and was even lower in Northern Ireland (4.3). The major use was of sulphonylureas, especially chlorpropamide. Within the countries there was marked regional variation in the choice of individual biguanides and sulphonylureas. The data are discussed in relation to such factors as the incidence of diabetes, the sole use of dietary treatment etc. It is concluded that studies in depth, which link the actual use of drugs by patients to diagnosis, diabetic symptoms and clinical outcome of treatment are necessary in order to explore the reasons behind the marked geographical differences and to define a rational drug policy. However, the methods described in the study may be used for early detection of gross national differences in drug utilization, the further investigation of which may reveal to be of great public health interest.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1995

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in different parts of Sweden.

Surveys of pregnant women in four areas of Sweden in 1987-88, reveal a significant trend for decrease in Toxoplasma seroprevalence from Gotland island (26%, n = 467) in the south through Orebro county (18%, n = 1413) and Stockholm area (18%, n = 939), to Northern Sweden (12%, n = 837). No within area differences were observed between samples from rural and urban localities. Quantitative antibody data indicate marginally higher levels in the north than in the south, and a significant declining trend by age only in Orebro county. Incidence models are used to describe age-seroprevalence profiles for each area, using different assumptions about age- and time-specific infection rates, and to estimate the risk of maternal infection at the time of the survey. It is shown that the patterns of seroprevalence with age in Orebro county and Northern Sweden, but not Gotland island or Stockholm, strongly implicate time-dependent changes in Toxoplasma incidence, consistent with a declining incidence in the past which has possibly been reversed in recent years. The estimates of Toxoplasma incidence and risk of maternal toxoplasmosis are strongly dependent upon the underlying assumption of temporal change in incidence, with wide ranges in the predicted values. These studies demonstrate the difficulties in interpretation of horizontal cross-sectional data and the need for longitudinal studies of age-prevalence and seroconversion in the determination of the true risk of maternal toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The systems of care for frail elderly persons: the case of Sweden.

Sweden has a well-developed welfare system following the Nordic model and it maintains - even though there have been some reductions in the last decade - good economic security and comprehensive services for the elderly. The national policy for the elderly aims at enabling older persons to live independently with a high quality of life. A great majority of the elderly in Sweden live in ordinary homes - very few live with their grown-up children. The municipalities are responsible for providing long-term social services and care for the frail elderly in the form of home help services for those that live in ordinary housing, and special housing accommodation for those with extensive needs. The county councils are responsible for health care and provide home nursing care and rehabilitation. Sweden used to have the oldest population in the world. The proportion of 80+ years old in the population increased from 3% to over 5% between 1980 and 2000. Due to financial restrictions as a result of the economic recession in the last decade, the health and social services for the elderly have not been able to keep up with the population development. The previous generous allocation of care has been replaced by a more restrictive approach. This has mainly affected persons with lesser needs for help, younger elderly, and married persons. The number of elderly persons is expected to increase rapidly in the coming decades. However, due to improved health among the elderly, this will lead to a relatively limited increase of needs. Depending on assumptions concerning the health development, the required increase in volume of health and social services is expected to fall somewhere between 10-30% during the coming 30-year period.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Hip fractures in Hungary and Sweden - differences in treatment and rehabilitation.

Data of 1,337 consecutive hip fracture patients were registered during 1 year within a prospective comparative multicenter study comparing osteosynthesis techniques and rehabilitation results in Budapest, Hungary, in Sundsvall, northern Sweden, and in Lund, southern Sweden. In Budapest the mean age was 4-5 years lower than in Sweden, and more patients lived in their own home (91% versus 70% and 62%). Less intracapsular (41% versus 54% and 54%) and more trochanteric fractures (52% versus 40% and 35%) were observed in Budapest. Many more Hungarian patients returned home (68% versus 54% and 33%); however, their mortality rate 4 months later significantly exceeded that of the Swedish centres (24% versus 15% and 13%), and more had severe pain in the operated hip (27% versus 17% and 15%). Four months after double nail osteosynthesis of displaced cervical fractures, more patients (28%) had severe hip pain than after hemiarthroplasty (16%) in Budapest as compared to Lund or Sundsvall (19% and 22%). Mortality rate after 4 months following hemiarthroplasty and nailing (36% and 20%) was significantly higher than in the Swedish centres (14% and 11%).

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed1999

Plant sterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden.

Plant sterols are known to have serum cholesterol lowering effects. A high dietary intake might therefore have a positive impact on health. All food items of vegetable origin contain some amount of plant sterols. The aim of this study was to analyse the plant sterol content of vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden, and to compare fresh and cooked samples of the same items. Altogether 20 different vegetables and 14 fruits were analysed. All vegetables and fruits were purchased in two shops in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. Lyophilization was performed within one month of the items being purchased. The samples were frozen at -20 (C and analysed within six months, with a GLC method after acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis and silylation with tri-methylsilylether. The acid hydrolysis was done in order to detect the fraction of glycosylated plant sterols, which are split during boiling with HCl. The median plant sterol content of vegetables was 14 (3.8-50) mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentrations were found in broccoli. Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and olives. The median plant sterol content of fruits was 16 (3-44) mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentrations were found in oranges and passion fruits. The plant sterol concentrations were thus low in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden. A serum cholesterol lowering effect attributed to the plant sterols in vegetables and fruits would therefore be of limited significance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Calculation of the 1995 lung cancer incidence in The Netherlands and Sweden caused by smoking and radon: risk implications for radon.

A two-mutation carcinogenesis model was used to calculate the expected lung cancer incidence caused by both smoking and exposure to radon in two populations, i.e. those of the Netherlands and Sweden. The model parameters were taken from a previous analysis of lung cancer in smokers and uranium miners and the model was applied to the two populations taking into account the smoking habits and exposure to radon. For both countries, the smoking histories and indoor radon exposure data for the period 1910-1995 were reconstructed and used in the calculations. Compared with the number of lung cancer cases observed in 1995 among both males and females in the two countries, the calculations show that between 72% and 94% of the registered lung cancer cases may be attributable to the combined effects of radon and smoking. In the Netherlands, a portion of about 4% and in Sweden, a portion of about 20% of the lung cancer cases (at ages 0-80 years) may be attributable to radon exposure, the numbers for males being slightly lower than for females. In the Netherlands, the proportions of lung cancers attributable to smoking are 91% for males and 71% for females; in Sweden, the figures are 70% and 56%, respectively. The risk from radon exposure is dependent on gender and cigarette smoking: the excess absolute risk for continuous exposure to 100 Bq m-3 ranges between 0.003 and 0.006 and compares well with current estimates, e.g. 0.0043 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The excess relative risk for continuous exposure to 100 Bq m-3 shows a larger variation, ranging generally between 0.1 for smokers and 1.0 for non-smokers. The results support the assumption that exposure to (indoor) radon, even at a level as low as background radiation, causes lung cancer proportional to the dose and is consistent with risk factors derived from the miners data.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Current use of thromboembolism prophylaxis for laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: The need for thromboembolism (TE) prophylaxis during laparoscopic surgery is not well established. The aim of this study was to investigate current TE prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in Sweden. METHODS: Mail questionnaire to all Surgical Departments in Sweden about the current use of thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RESULTS: The response rate was 78 of 80 departments of surgery (98%). Seventy reported performing LC. Thirty-six percent used thromboembolism prophylaxis in all patients, 17% in most, 9% in half their patients and 39% only rarely. The current use of thromboembolism prophylaxis ranged from low-molecular-weight heparin for 7 days + stockings in all patients to no prophylaxis at all in the majority of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The use of thromboembolism prophylaxis in LC patients is highly variable, even in the small and homogenous country of Sweden. Further studies concerning the risk of TE complications after laparoscopic surgery are warranted.

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic↗
PubMed2006

Incisional hernia repair in Sweden 2002.

Incisional hernia is a common problem after abdominal surgery. The complication and recurrence rates following the different repair techniques are a matter of great concern. Our aim was to study the results of incisional hernia repair in Sweden. A questionnaire was sent to all surgical departments in Sweden requesting data concerning incisional hernia repair performed during the year 2002. Eight hundred and sixty-nine incisional hernia repairs were reported from 40 hospitals. Specialist surgeons performed the repair in 782 (83.8%) patients. The incisional hernia was a recurrence in 148 (17.0%) patients. Thirty-three per cent of the hernias were subsequent to transverse, subcostal or muscle-splitting incisions or laparoscopic procedures. Suture repair was performed in 349 (40.2%) hernias. Onlay mesh repair was more common than a sublay technique. The rate of wound infection was 9.6% after suture repair and 8.1% after mesh repair. The recurrence rate was 29.1% with suture repair, 19.3% with onlay mesh repair, and 7.3% with sublay mesh repair. This survey revealed that there is room for improvement regarding the incisional hernia surgery in Sweden. Suture repair, with its unacceptable results, is common and mesh techniques employed may not be optimal. This study has led to the instigation of a national incisional hernia register.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Health and well-being among 70-year-old migrants living in Sweden--results from the H 70 gerontological and geriatric population studies in Göteborg.

BACKGROUND: Comparative epidemiological studies in migrants in Sweden have shown increased prevalence of psychosocial morbidity in young adults, but there is paucity of information on health in people aged 65 years and over. AIMS: We aim to compare prevalence of mental, physical and social health problems, rates of hospital admission, and mortality in Swedish and non-Swedish born people aged 70 years living in Göteborg, Sweden, and examine associations between social factors, physical health, mood and life satisfaction in the ethnic groups. In addition, we aim to test for the hypothesis that differences in mental health between migrants and natives are explained by social disadvantages rather than ethnicity. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were administered to 84 migrants (47 women and 37 men randomly selected) with the help of bilingual interpreters, and 409 Swedes (183 males and 226 females) used as "controls". Complementary health and social data obtained from official sources on the total sample (N = 764, including non-participants in overall medical interviews) were used in comparative analyses of in-patient care and mortality and to check for the possibility of sampling bias. RESULTS: Migrants--originating mainly from Estonia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Germany, Italy and Nordic countries other than Sweden--reported more dizziness, poor vision and urinary problems, and fewer gall bladder problems than indigenous people (p < 0.05). Migrants also had higher levels of anxiety and depression and bodily pain, and lower levels of general health, social and emotional functioning, satisfaction with physical health status, family contacts, housing conditions and economic status than natives (p <0.05). Satisfaction with physical health seemed to be one of the strongest factors related to a lower prevalence of anxiety and depression together with family support and time spent in leisure pursuits. No significant differences in inpatient care in several ICD categories and all-cause mortality were found between overall migrants and the control group notwithstanding differences in self-reported health. CONCLUSION: The results indicate poorer subjective health in older migrants than natives in Göteborg, and also point to a "healthy migrant" effect on survival.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1975

The risk of tuberculous infection in Sweden.

Large sections of the population of Sweden were tuberculin tested during the 1940s prior to BCG-vaccination. This material has been used to estimate the risk of tuberculous infection and its trends with calendar year and age. An analysis of the results of approximately 200,000 tuberculin tests in military recruits and schoolchildren was made, using the method developed in the Tuberculosis Surveillance Research Unit. The risk of infection was estimated to be 2-8 per cent at age 10 in 1935, the rate decreasing by 9-0 per cent annually. There was also a substantial increase in the risk with each year of age, amounting to 8-6 per cent for each year of age. Separate analyses of the risk of infection and its trend with time for each of the individual 24 counties and the city of Stockholm, showed considerable variations in the level of the risk between the different areas. These are related to variations in tuberculosis in cattle in a further report. In seven areas information was available from earlier surveys in schoolchildren or recruits, using the same method of testing. In these areas separate estimates of the calendar trend of the risk of infection and the age trend have been made. The decrease in the risk with calendar year and the increase with age seem to apply in each of these counties, as in the whole of Sweden. The reliability of the findings was tested by comparing the estimated risk of infection for the whole of Sweden and the tuberculous meningitis mortality rate in children aged 0-4 years between 1925 and 1935. There was a similar trend in the risk and in the mortality rate. Between 1935 and 1940 the decline in the tuberculous meningitis mortality rate became steeper, and amounted to about 11-5 per cent annually between 1935 and 1945. Special measures for the protection of uninfected but exposed children became increasingly common during the 1920s and 1930s, and these were supplemented with BCG-vaccination at a later date. From July 1939 all milk sold for human consumption had to be pasteurised. It is suggested that all these factors may have contributed to the more rapid decrease in the tuberculous meningitis mortality in young children after about 1938.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Radiocaesium transfer to man from moose and roe deer in Sweden.

Studies of radiocaesium in the forest ecosystems in Sweden resulted in aggregated transfer factors quantified for the transfer of 137Cs from soil to moose and roe deer. These aggregated transfer factors were 0.02 m2 kg-1 for moose and 0.05 m2 kg-1 for roe deer. There seems to be no decrease in the 137Cs activity concentrations in moose harvested in our research area and therefore we suggest the use of the physical half-life of 137Cs (30 years) as the effective ecological half-life. The time-integrated transfer of 137Cs from the Chernobyl fall-out to man by moose in Sweden was calculated and found to be 115 GBq, corresponding to 1500 man Sv for moose. The time-integrated transfer by roe deer to man was estimated to be between 25-48 GBq, corresponding to 327-620 man Sv for roe deer. The annual transfer of 137Cs to man by moose has varied between 2.0-2.7 GBq, corresponding to 27-34 man Sv. Depending on the group studied, the mean annual transfer of 137Cs can be calculated to be from about 250 to 43,000 Bq. For example, the mean annual transfer of 137Cs by moose to hunters and their families in Gävle commune, the most affected commune in Sweden, was estimated to be about 26,000 Bq, corresponding to 0.34 mSv.

Animals↗