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PubMed1980

Immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor, submandibular glands of Tfm/Y mice.

The submandibular glands of mice with testicular feminization (Tfm/Y) and their normal adult male littermates (Ta/Y) were studied by immunocytochemical techniques for the demonstration of epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), renin and protease A. In the glands of both the affected and normal males, these polypeptides were restricted to cells of the granular convoluted tubules (GCT), with the exception of protease A, which was also found in small amounts in striated duct cells. Compared to those of Ta/Y males, GCTs were narrower in the glands of Tfm/Y mice and contained a markedly reduced number of cells immunoreactive for EGF, NGF and renin. However, the number of GCT cells that stained for protease A in the glands of Tfm/Y males was not as drastically decreased.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the submandibular gland.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma in the submandibular region is rare and on initial evaluation must be distinguished from multiple myeloma. The diagnostic evaluation includes appropriate radiological and pathological studies including immunohistochemistry. We report a case of extramedullary plasmacytoma in the submandibular gland. A review of the literature suggests that it has a good prognosis, if multiple myeloma is excluded. This patient was treated by surgical excision followed by radiotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Uptake of cationized ferritin by the epithelium of the main excretory duct of the rat submandibular gland.

Previous studies demonstrated that the main excretory duct (MED) of the rat submandibular gland can internalize exogenous protein in addition to reabsorbing and secreting electrolytes. However, more precise studies have not been conducted. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cell types responsible for endocytosis of an exogenous protein (ferritin) and to follow the movements of the endocytosed protein in the ductal epithelial cells. The MEDs of the right submandibular gland of male Wistar rats were exposed near the glands proper and cationized ferritin solution was injected into each MED through a fine glass cannula. The MEDs were removed at intervals after ferritin injection, fixed and examined by transmission electron microscopy. The epithelium of the MED of the rat submandibular gland was pseudostratified and consisted of light (types I and II), dark, tuft and basal cells. Uptake of ferritin by the light (types I and II) and dark cells occurred frequently. Small vesicles and multivesicular bodies containing ferritin particles were observed in the supra-nuclear and lateral nuclear cytoplasm. Endocytosis of tracers by tuft cells was rare. Some of the small vesicles and the multivesicular bodies were acid phosphatase-positive. By 60 min after treatment, ferritin-containing small vesicles and multivesicular bodies appeared in the basal cytoplasm. Ferritin particles were also observed in basal extracellular spaces. The light (types I and II), dark and tuft cells (latter rarely) participated in endocytosis of exogenous proteins in the epithelium of the MED of the rat submandibular gland. Almost all of the internalized proteins appeared to be processed by the lysosomal system, and some proteins were released into the extracellular spaces.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Characterization of microsomal long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in the rat submandibular gland.

1. Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase in submandibular gland microsomes was characterized and compared to that in liver ones. 2. In rat submandibular gland, the microsomal long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase showed a higher relative activity for polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs than that of liver microsomes. 3. It was suggested that the hydrolase in rat submandibular gland microsomes may play a role in modulation in the acyl-CoA pool size.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Development of substance P and neurokinin A immunoreactivity in ganglia supplying nerves to the submandibular glands of the rat.

Developing submandibular, trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia, which provide innervation to the submandibular glands, were studied for substance P (SP)- and neurokinin A (NKA)-immunoreactive (IR) ganglion cells and nerve fibres in rat. These ganglia were examined by using an indirect immunofluorescence technique at daily intervals from the 16th day in utero (i.u.) until birth, and subsequently on the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 12th, 16th, 30th, 42nd postnatal day and in the adult (3 months). In the submandibular ganglion SP- and NKA-IR cells and fibres first appeared in considerable numbers on the 19th day i.u. (in one sample out of five on the 18th day i.u.), when more than 90% of the ganglion cells were immunoreactive to SP and NKA. The number stayed at more than 90% to the 7th postnatal day and then slowly decreased to the levels of adult animals (18% SP, 17% NKA). The first SP- and NKA-IR ganglion cells and fibres appeared in the trigeminal ganglion on the 18th day i.u. when they represented 7% (SP) and 4% (NKA) of the ganglion cells. The number of SP- and NKA-IR cells increased steadily, reaching a maximum at the time of birth when 68% (SP) and 74% (NKA) of the ganglion cells were immunoreactive. Thereafter they began to decrease toward the level of an adult rat (10% SP, 11% NKA). In the superior cervical ganglion only a few SP- and NKA-IR ganglion cells were detected from the 19th day i.u. to the fifth postnatal day. Positive ganglion cells were also occasionally found in the nerve trunks outside the superior cervical ganglion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Histamine release and mast cell alteration in the cat submandibular gland.

Histamine release from cat submandibular gland was studied in vitro under several conditions. Cholinergic drugs and compound 48/80 were effective in the following ranking: acetylcholine less than pilocarpine less than compound 48/80. These results are in agreement with our previous experiments in the intact animal.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

The non-mast cell histamine in the submandibular gland of the cat.

The submandibular gland of the cat contains the typical mast cells. In these cells most of the tissue histamine is stored, and the non-mast histamine adds only a smaller part (10%) of the total histamine content in the gland. However, the stimulation of the gland (nerve stimulation, i.a. application of pilocarpine or compound 48/80) increases the non-mast cell histamine as calculated from the correlation between histamine and mast cell contents of the gland. The free histamine is taken up by different tissues of the cat and its methylated metabolite, N tau-methylhistamine, is formed. The cholinergic stimulation of the tissues causes a decrease of methylation of histamine indicating a decrease of the uptake of the amine into the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Formation of saliva and potassium transport in the perfused cat submandibular gland.

1. In the cat submandibular gland perfused with modified Locke solutions, salivary secretion during acetylcholine (ACh) infusion and K uptake from the perfusion fluid after the ACh-induced K loss were measured.2. Strophanthin G (10(-5)M) abolished K uptake, whereas salivary secretion was unaffected.3. Ethacrynic acid (10(-4)-2 x 10(-4)M) hardly affected K uptake whereas salivary secretion was severely inhibited.4. During perfusion with Ca-free solution K uptake was unaffected, whereas salivary secretion was severely reduced.5. The presence or absence of CO(2)/HCO(3) in the perfusion fluid was of no importance for the secretory process and the K uptake. Acetazolamide (2 x 10(-4)-10(-3)M) did not inhibit these transport processes.6. It is suggested that two kinds of Na transport occur in the acinar cells of the salivary glands: a Na extrusion coupled with K uptake, responsible for the maintenance of the concentration gradients across the cell membrane; and a Na transport coupled with Cl transport into the acinar lumen, responsible for the formation of the primary secretion.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1996

Surgical management of nonneoplastic diseases of the submandibular gland. A follow-up study.

A total of 233 patients with nonneoplastic diseases of the submandibular gland were treated between 1966 and 1992 at the otorhinolaryngology department of the University of Göttingen. Of them, 212 patients (91%) suffered from sialadenitis with or without sialolithiasis, and 21 (9%) suffered from other diseases. The first part of the present study analyzes the clinical data with regard to history, symptoms, and therapy. It was found that in most cases (77%) extirpation of the affected gland had been the standard operation. In the second part, the surgical procedures applied are critically assessed. Extirpation of the submandibular gland proved to be an effective therapy in all patients. Side-effects were rare. The management of chronic sialadenitis caused by calculi should include extirpation of the submandibular gland. In case of calculi not causing inflammatory disease, lithotripsy should be considered.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Nerve growth factor synthesis by mouse submandibular gland cells in culture.

Mouse submandibular gland (SMG) cells in culture rarely retain functional properties of SMG cells in vivo. We demonstrate that both primary SMG cells and the mouse SMG cell line SCA-9 secrete biologically active nerve growth factor (NGF). However, primary cells secrete 40-fold more NGF than SCA-9 cells, demonstrating that SCA-9 cells cannot substitute for primary SMG cells for the study of SMG NGF in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Differential effects of testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol on rat submandibular gland versus renal kallikrein.

The effects of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (T alpha), T4, or cortisol (F) on tissue kallikrein in the rat submandibular gland and renal cortex were measured. Castrated male or normal female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with T alpha or T4 for 2 weeks. In addition, F, T alpha, or T4 was given to adrenalectomized female rats for 2 weeks. In the submandibular glands of male rats, castration resulted in a significant reduction of both kallikrein-like alpha-N-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (Tos-Arg-OMe) esterase activity and immunoreactive kallikrein content. Treatment with T alpha or administration of T4 significantly increased Tos-Arg-OMe esterase activity and immunoreactive kallikrein over that in the castrated rats receiving vehicle. Both the Tos-Arg-OMe esterase activity and kallikrein content of the submandibular glands of normal female rats were increased significantly by T alpha or T4. However, T alpha or T4 either significantly reduced or had no effect on renal Tos-Arg-OMe esterase activity or kallikrein content in castrated male or normal female rats. Adrenalectomy had no effect on submandibular gland Tos-Arg-OMe esterase activity and kallikrein content in the female rat, but F or T alpha significantly increased submandibular gland Tos-Arg-OMe esterase activity and kallikrein content. These adrenalectomized female rats showed a marked increase in renal cortical Tos-Arg-OMe esterase activity and kallikrein content, and F, T alpha, or T4 markedly decreased both esterase activity and immunoreactivity. These data show that T alpha, T4, and F modulate both kallikrein-like activity and quantity, but in a generally opposite way in the rat submandibular gland vs. the kidney.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1975

The amino acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from canine submandibular glands, III. Sequencing studies.

Canine submandibular glands contain 3 polyvalent, double-headed proteinase inhibitors. The amino acid sequences of the two main inhibitors were determined. They differ only in the substitution of one Lys for a Glu residue. The inhibitor molecules are composed of two halves (domains), one antitryptic and one antichymotryptic. The two domains are covalently linked by 3 amino acid residues. The domains are structurally related to each other and to the sequenced monovalent secretory pancreatic trypsin inhibitors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Long term results of submandibular gland transfer for the management of xerophthalmia.

Free submandibular gland transfer is potentially the best surgical solution to total xerophthalmia. Experimentally, gland function has only previously been followed for 2 months. This study was designed to investigate the long term effects of free transfer on gland function. Simultaneous creation of experimental xerophthalmia and free microvascular transfer of the submandibular gland to the orbit was completed in 10 rabbits. Two died before the end of the experimental period and the study was based on the remaining eight. Six months after transfer, five of the eight transferred glands were histologically normal and contained healthy neurones and nerve terminals. In these animals, tear secretion in the transfer eye was significantly greater than that of the control eye at 2 (p less than 0.05) and 6 months (p less than 0.02) after transfer. In the transfer eye, tear secretion was also found to have significantly increased from preoperative levels at 2 (p less than 0.05) and 6 months (p less than 0.01). The observed innervation of the transferred glands may play a role in maintaining secretion in the long term.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Epidermal growth factor and renin in mouse submandibular glands.

Epon sections of the submandibular gland of SWF/J male mouse were stained immunocytochemically for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and renin. Most cells of the granular convoluted tubules (GCT) contained both EGF and renin. However, examinations of adjacent semithin or thin sections stained for EGF and renin, respectively, revealed a small population of GCT cells that contained EGF but no renin. Within a cell all secretory granules contained both EGF and renin. The renin-negative/EGF-positive cells may represent a subpopulation of tubular cells that do not express, or carry, the renin gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Myoepithelial cell ultrastructure in the submandibular gland of man.

In human submandibular glands, two types of myoepithelial cells can be distinguished in serial ultrathin sections. The dark myoepithelial cell type was stellate in shape and exhibited a pronounced electron density due to numerous myofilaments with focal densities. Dark cell types accounted for the greater part (76%) of the myoepithelial cells and furthermore showed adenosine triphosphatase activity. This type of myoepithelial cell is considered to be that previously observed in mammalian salivary glands. Occasionally, desmosomes could be found between the processes of adjacent dark myoepithelial cell types, which is appropriate with respect to the strong compression of acinar or intercalated duct cells. The light myoepithelial cell type was large and ellipsoid with a few short-thick processes, and was characterized by an electron lucent cytoplasm which included scant and unevenly distributed myofilaments. Light cell types showed positive adenosine triphosphatase activity and accounted for only a small part (17%) of the myoepithelial cell number. Transitional forms between these two types were also observed. The light myoepithelial cell type may mature into the dark myoepithelial cell type by means of the transitional form. In addition, clear cells were sometimes encountered between the myoepithelial cell and the acinar or intercalated duct cells.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructural studies on apical blebs of striated ducts in the rat submandibular gland.

Apical blebs of rat submandibular gland striated ducts were studied by electron microscopy. The glands were stimulated by starvation of the animals for 24 h whereafter they were fed 15 min before death and tissue removal. After stimulation most striated duct cells developed apical blebs, with various shapes and usually without granules and vesicles. A semi-separating filamentous structure separates the cell from the content of the bleb. Apparently only the vesicular and granular content can pass through this structure and enter the bleb. Following the appearance of small ruptures in the bleb membrane, the bleb is discarded into the lumen of the duct where it disintegrates. Typical wall-like protrusions on the luminal surface of the duct cell, are probably, rudiments of the ruptured bleb membrane. It is suggested that the apical blebs are manifestations of apocrine secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Functional imaging of submandibular glands: diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI before and after stimulation].

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of diffusion-weighted (DWI) echo-planar imaging (EPI) to depict the submandibular glands and to measure different functional conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were examined. Diffusion weighted sequence was performed prior to stimulation. Exactly 30 seconds after a commercially available lemon juice was given orally, the diffusion weighted sequence was repeated. All examinations were performed by using a 1.5-T superconducting system with a 30 mT/m maximum gradient capability and maximum slew rate of 125 mT/m/sec (Magnetom Symphony, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The lower part of the circularly polarized (CP) head coil and a standard two-element CP neck array coil were used. The flexibility of the neck array coil allowed positioning the N1 element (upper part of the coil) right next to the submandibular gland. The axial diffusion-weighted EPI (echo planar imaging) sequence was performed using a matrix of 119 x 128, a field of view of 250 x 250 mm (pixel size 2.1 x 1.95 mm), a section thickness of 5 mm with an interslice gap of 1 mm. The b factors used were 0 sec/mm(2), 500 sec/ mm(2) and 1000 sec/mm(2). Apparent diffusion coefficiant (ADC) maps were digitally transferred to MRIcro (Chris Rorden, Universitiy of Nottingham, Great Britain). After detecting the submandibular glands a region of interest (ROI) was placed manually exactly within the boarder of both submandibular glands, excluding the external carotid artery on ADC maps. These procedures were performed on all ADC slices the submandibular glands could be differentiated in before and after oral stimulation. For statistical comparison of results, a student's t-test was performed with an overall two-tailed significance level of p = 0.05. RESULTS: The visualization of the submandibular glands using the diffusion-weighted EPI sequence was possible in all of the 27 volunteers. Prior to oral stimulation an ADC of 1.31 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (95 % CI, 1.39 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, 1.44 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec) was calculated which increased to 1.41 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (95 % KI, 1.39 x 10(- 3) mm(2)/sec, 1.44 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec) 30 seconds after stimulation. This increase proved to be significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging allows non-invasive quantification of functional changes in the submandibular gland.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Histopathologic studies of DMBA-induced mouse submandibular-gland tumors with or without cryoprobe treatment.

Histopathologic observations of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced tumors in the mouse submandibular glands are reported using cryoprobe treatment. The experimental animals were divided into 2 groups; one received a carcinogen injection into the normal submandibular gland, and the other was injected with DMBA on the 14th day following cryosurgery of the gland using a -60 degrees C cryoprobe. Pathologic findings were classified as premalignant lesions or squamous-cell carcinomas with varying degrees of keratinization, fibrosarcoma and mixed carcinoma. There was also one case each of malignant pleomorphic adenoma and cystic adenoma. Tumor incidence was nearly the same in the 2 groups. Most of the carcinomas and sarcomas in the submandibular gland were induced during the 12th and 17th weeks. DMBA application during the proliferating stage which followed the cryosurgery did not enhance epithelial-tumor induction. During submandibular gland carcinogenesis, alterations in the granular convoluted tubule cells suggests they were the initial target cells undergoing malignant transformation. Squamous-cell carcinomas with varying degrees of keratinization were induced following squamous metaplasia in duct-like structures or multicystic lesions.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗