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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Feeding calcium soaps of fatty acids to lactating cows: effect on production, body condition and blood lipids.

Ca soaps of fatty acids (CSFA, 0.5 kg/d) were added to the diet of lactating cows for 170 d, and production, body condition score and blood lipids were examined. Production of fat-corrected milk was increased by 1.5 kg/d owing to increase in both milk and fat production. Over 250 d lactation, production of fat-corrected milk was enhanced by 1.3 kg/d. Body condition scores were lower in cows fed CSFA in early lactation, but tended to exceed those of control cows after 80 d lactation. Reproductive performance was improved in cows fed CSFA. Serum total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol were increased in CSFA cows at 15 and 29 d but not at 59 d post partum. The cholesterol increase was mainly in the high density lipoprotein fraction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Effects of dietary calcium soaps of unsaturated fatty acids on digestion, milk composition and physical properties of butter.

Dairy cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were utilized to investigate the effects of feeding with Ca soaps (CaS) of palm fatty acids (FA) and rapeseed FA. Diets compared were control diet based on maize silage and concentrate, and two diets with 40 g CaS of palm oil FA or rapeseed oil FA/kg diet, replacing part of the concentrates of the control diet. Total digestibilities of dry matter, fibre and fat, and ruminal fermentation were not significantly altered by giving CaS; the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation of total unsaturated C18 FA was significantly reduced by both CaS diets. Apparent intestinal digestibility of FA was not different among diets, although the amount of FA absorbed with the CaS diets was twice that with the control diet. No difference among diets was observed for milk production, or fat and protein contents. Giving CaS diets decreased the proportions of 4:0 to 14:0 FA in milk fat, and increased cis-18:1n-9, compared with control diet. The rapeseed diet lowered the content of 16:0, and increased the contents of 18:0 and trans-18:1n-7. CaS diets did not result in a marked increase of polyunsaturated FA content in milk fat. Butter from cows fed on the CaS diets contained more liquid fat at 6 and 14 degrees C than butter from the cows fed on the control diet. Incorporating CaS, particularly those from rapeseed, in dairy cows' diets increased C18 FA in milk and improved butter spreadability.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1999

Effects of calcium soaps and rumen undegradable protein on the milk production and composition of dairy ewes.

Forty-eight Manchega dairy ewes were used during a complete lactation in a 2 x 2 factorial design to determine the effects of supplementing diets with fat (calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids, CSFA) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on milk production and composition. Factors tested were amounts of CSFA (0 or 200 g/kg) and RUP (300 or 450 g/kg crude protein) in the concentrate. RUP was altered by adding a mixture of maize gluten meal and blood meal. Lactation was divided into one nursing period (period 1, weeks 1-4), and three milking periods (periods 2-4, weeks 5-8, 9-14 and 15-21). Concentrates were given at 0.8 kg/d during periods 1 and 2, and at 0.6 kg/d in periods 3 and 4. Ewes grazed rotationally in an Italian rye-grass pasture and received a daily supplement of 0.8 kg vetch-oat hay during period 1, and 0.3 kg lucerne hay during periods 2-4. For the whole lactation, supplemental fat markedly increased milk fat content (+23%) and yield (+16%), and decreased milk protein content (-9%). The positive effect of feeding CSFA on milk fat content was more evident at the beginning of lactation; however, its negative effect on milk protein was more pronounced in late lactation. Supplementary RUP had little effect, increasing milk protein content only in period 3, when the crude protein content of pasture was lower. Milk yield and lamb growth were not affected by dietary treatments. The results indicated that CSFA can be useful for increasing the milk fat content of dairy ewes at pasture, which may help farmers to produce milk reaching the minimum requirements of fat content for the cheese industry.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Molecular-scale observation of formation of nuclei in soap-free polymerization of styrene.

To clarify the mechanism of the nucleation process in the soap-free polymerization of styrene in water, the polymerization process of styrene mainly at a temperature 46 degrees C was investigated on a molecular scale using an atomic force microscope (AFM) as well as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a dynamic light scattering apparatus (DLS). A cationic initiator was employed to make polymerized styrene adsorb electrostatically on the negatively charged mica plate with molecular-scale smoothness, and the mechanism was estimated from their AFM measurements in situ in water. The following was found. There exist two streams to produce PSL particles in the polymerization: one is the polymerization in monomer droplets fragmented by mixing from the main monomer reservoir floating above the solution, and the other is the polymerization of monomers dissolved in the solution by initiators. The former is normally neglected or not recognized because of the small contribution. The latter is the main production process of PSL particle, which is investigated in detail on a molecular scale, and a possible mechanism was proposed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of micrometer-sized polymer particles with control of initiator dissociation during soap-free emulsion polymerization.

A previously proposed method of soap-free emulsion polymerization employing an amphoteric initiator, 2,2'-azobis [N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-methylpropionamidine] tetrahydrate (VA-057), was extended to synthesize micrometer-sized polystyrene particles with low polydispersity in an acidic region of pH from 3.3 to 4.6. A buffer system of CH3COOH/CH3COONa was used for the adjustment of pH, which was aimed at effective promotion of particle coagulation in early stage of the polymerization. In these experiments, CH3COOH concentration was varied from 20 to 360 mM at a CH3COONa concentration of 10 mM. Polymer particles with an average size of 1.8 microm and low polydispersity were obtained at the CH3COOH concentration of 40 mM for the concentrations of 1.1 M styrene monomer and 10 mM initiator. To more precisely control dispersion stability of particles, experiments in which pH was stepwisely changed during the polymerization were also carried out. This polymerization method could enhance the average size of particles to 2.2 microm while retaining the monodispersity of particles. Furthermore, combination of pH stepwise change and monomer addition during the polymerization could produce particles with an average size of 3.0 microm and low polydispersity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Flexible filaments in a flowing soap film as a model for one-dimensional flags in a two-dimensional wind.

The dynamics of swimming fish and flapping flags involves a complicated interaction of their deformable shapes with the surrounding fluid flow. Even in the passive case of a flag, the flag exerts forces on the fluid through its own inertia and elastic responses, and is likewise acted on by hydrodynamic pressure and drag. But such couplings are not well understood. Here we study these interactions experimentally, using an analogous system of flexible filaments in flowing soap films. We find that, for a single filament (or 'flag') held at its upstream end and otherwise unconstrained, there are two distinct, stable dynamical states. The first is a stretched-straight state: the filament is immobile and aligned in the flow direction. The existence of this state seems to refute the common belief that a flag is always unstable and will flap. The second is a flapping state: the filament executes a sinuous motion in a manner akin to the flapping of a flag in the wind. We study further the hydrodynamically coupled interaction between two such filaments, and demonstrate the existence of four different dynamical states.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Spurious hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients after heparinization. In-vitro formation of calcium soaps.

Patients on long-term hemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula received heparin when the fistula needle was inserted, before a sample of blood was obtained for chemical analysis. The resultant release of lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo and continued lipolytic activity in vitro sometimes produced sufficient free fatty acid to precipitate calcium soaps. The consequent spurious hypocalcemia was most frequently observed when the patients had chylomicronemia. This cause of apparent hypocalcemia was eliminated either by immediate analyses of the blood samples or by obtaining samples before systemic heparinization.

Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical↗
PubMed2003

Biological SOAP servers and web services provided by the public sequence data bank.

A number of biological data resources (i.e. databases and data analytical tools) are searchable and usable on-line thanks to the internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) servers. The output from the web server is easy for us to browse. However, it is laborious and sometimes impossible for us to write a computer program that finds a useful data resource, sends a proper query and processes the output. It is a serious obstacle to the integration of distributed heterogeneous data resources. To solve the issue, we have implemented a SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) server and web services that provide a program-friendly interface. The web services are accessible at http://www.xml.nig.ac.jp/.

Databases, Nucleic Acid↗
PubMed2005

SOAP-based services provided by the European Bioinformatics Institute.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) (http://www.w3.org/TR/soap) based Web Services technology (http://www.w3.org/ws) has gained much attention as an open standard enabling interoperability among applications across heterogeneous architectures and different networks. The European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) is using this technology to provide robust data retrieval and data analysis mechanisms to the scientific community and to enhance utilization of the biological resources it already provides [N. Harte, V. Silventoinen, E. Quevillon, S. Robinson, K. Kallio, X. Fustero, P. Patel, P. Jokinen and R. Lopez (2004) Nucleic Acids Res., 32, 3-9]. These services are available free to all users from http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/webservices.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2002

The impact of a television soap opera on the NHS Cervical Screening Programme in the North West of England.

BACKGROUND: Mass media interventions can influence health care utilization but the effect of televised fictional accounts of illness upon national screening programmes is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of a Coronation Street story line, in which one of the characters died from cervical cancer, on the National Health Service (NHS) Cervical Screening Programme. METHODS: The study involved a retrospective analysis of information held on cervical screening databases ('Exeter' computer systems) of the nine Health Authorities constituting the Lancashire and Greater Manchester zones of the North West Region of the NHS. The number of cervical smears performed in the community, in women over 25 years of age, whose previous smear was normal and who were on routine recall, during a 6 month period that included the story line, was compared with those taken over the same period in the previous year. The proportions of smears classified by a screening interval of 'unscheduled', 'on time', 'overdue' or 'no previous smear' were compared. RESULTS: The number of smears performed increased from 65,714 in 2000 to 79,712 in 2001, an increase of 13,998 (21.3 percent; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 21.0-21.6 per cent) in the 19 weeks after the story line. The increase in the number of smears occurred in all categories of screening interval, with the largest increase seen in those attending 'on-time' (26 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated a large impact of a soap opera story line on the cervical screening programme although the benefit to health is not clear. Further research will determine the long-term effect of the story.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Soap and sand: construction tools for nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is the science of making and using very small structures. As the scales of the constructions become smaller, the existing methods of making these structures--lithography, etching and micromoulding--although constantly improving, will reach physical limits. To overcome the limitations and create smaller, designed and ordered structures, a so-called 'bottom-up' approach must be used. In bottom-up manufacture, self-assembly and nanocasting using molecular assemblies is a burgeoning area of research producing promising materials with current and future applications. In particular, the use of amphiphilic molecules, such as surfactants, which are familiar to most people as the soap bubbles in their kitchen sink, form a range of very uniform structures in the 1-100 nm size range that can be used to direct the structure of other materials. This paper reviews the use of surfactant templating to create nanoscale structures focusing on recent advances in the understanding of how the ordered nanostructures form, and the developing appreciation of how emergent larger-scale structures made of these materials come about.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Numerical study of grid turbulence in two dimensions and comparison with experiments on turbulent soap films.

Numerical simulations of two dimensional channel flow behind an array of cylinders are carried out for high Reynolds numbers. Results for the energy density and enstrophy spectra, as well as for velocity and vorticity differences, are presented. The results compare favorably with recent experiments carried out with turbulent soap films. Some marked deviations from expected behavior are found for the enstrophy spectrum and for moments of vorticity increments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Cell growth in a pinned soap froth.

Experimental kinetic data on soap froth cell growth in a random array of fixed pinning centers is reported. The scaling of our two-dimensional data is analyzed and compared with pinning-free growth. The obtained data agree fairly well with a proposed cell growth law. We also discuss the relationship between the pin concentration and the final cell size.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Electrostatic fluctuations in soap films.

A field theory to describe electrostatic interactions in soap films, described by electric multilayers with a generalized thermodynamic surface-charging mechanism, is studied. In the limit where the electrostatic interactions are weak, this theory is exactly soluble. The theory incorporates in a consistent way, the surface-charging mechanism and the fluctuations in the electrostatic field that correspond to the zero-frequency component of the van der Waals force. It is shown that these terms lead to a Casimir-like attraction that can be sufficiently large to explain the transition between the common black film to a Newton black film.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Resummed two-loop calculation of the disjoining pressure of a symmetric electrolyte soap film.

In this paper we consider the calculation of the disjoining pressure of a symmetric electrolytic soap film correct to two loops in perturbation theory. We show that the disjoining pressure is finite when the loop expansion is resummed using a cumulant expansion and requires no short distance cutoff in order to give a finite result. The loop expansion is resummed in terms of an expansion in g= lB / lD where lD is the Debye length and lB is the Bjerrum length. We show that there there is a nonanalytic contribution of order g ln(g). We also show that the two-loop correction is greater than the one-loop term at large film thicknesses suggesting a nonperturbative correction to the one-loop result in this limit.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Thickness fluctuations in turbulent soap films.

Rapidly flowing soap films provide a simple and attractive system to study two-dimensional hydrodynamics and turbulence. By measuring the rapid fluctuations of the thickness of the film in the turbulent regime, we find that the statistics of these fluctuations closely resemble those of a passive scalar field in a turbulent flow. The scalar spectra are well described by Kolmogorov-like scaling while the high-order moments show clear deviations from regular scaling just like dye or temperature fluctuations in 3D turbulent flows.

Journal Article↗