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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Cancer mortality among shoe manufacturing workers: an analysis of two cohorts.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the cancer risk of shoe manufacturing workers and evaluate whether the risk was associated with exposure to leather dust and solvents. METHODS: Data from two historical cohort studies of shoe workers were expanded and analysed in parallel. A total of 4215 shoemakers from England contributing 103 726 person-years at risk and 2008 shoemakers from Florence, Italy, contributing 54,395 person-years at risk were included in the analysis. Exposure to leather dusts and solvents from glues was evaluated on the basis of job title information. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated as ratios of observed deaths (Obs) over expected derived from national mortalities. RESULTS: Overall mortality was lower than expected in both cohorts (English cohort: Obs 3314, SMR 81, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 78-84; Florence cohort: Obs 333, SMR 87, 95% CI 78-97). An increased risk of nasal cancer was found (English cohort: Obs 12, SMR 741; Florence cohort: Obs 1, SMR 909). 10 of the 13 cases occurred among English workers employed in the manufacture of welted boots (SMR 926, 95% CI 444-1703), a sector of the industry thought to have had the highest exposure to leather dust. Mortality from leukaemia was not increased in the English cohort (Obs 16, SMR 89), but was increased in the Florence cohort (Obs 8, SMR 214, 95% CI 92-421); and the highest risk was found among shoe workers in Florence who were first exposed between 1950 and 1959 when exposure to benzene was substantial (Obs 3, SMR 536, 95% CI 111-1566). Some evidence for an excess risk of stomach, bladder, and kidney cancer, as well as multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was also found in the Florence cohort only among workers employed in jobs with the highest exposure to solvents. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the associations between exposure to leather dust and nasal cancer and between exposure to benzene and leukaemia in the shoe manufacturing industry and suggest that the risk of other cancers may be increased among workers exposed to solvents or glues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of orthotic shoe inserts in the long-distance runner.

Five hundred questionnaires were distributed to long-distance runners who had used, or who were using orthotic shoe inserts for symptomatic relief of lower extremity complaints. Three hundred forty-seven (69.4%) responded (males, 71%; females, 29%). The mean age of the respondents was 36 years (range, 15 to 61). The average distance run per week was 39.6 miles (range, 5 to 98). The mean duration for use of the orthotic inserts was 23 months (range, 1 to 96). The predominant (63%) type of orthotic device used was flexible. The presumed diagnoses in the population studied were excessive pronation (31.1%), leg length discrepancy (13.5%), patellofemoral disorders (12.6%), plantar fasciitis (20.7%), Achilles tendinitis (18.5%), shin splints (7.2%), and miscellaneous (4.9%). Of the runners responding, 262 (75.5%) reported complete resolution or great improvement of their symptoms. Results of treatment with orthotic shoe inserts were independent of the diagnosis or the runner's level of participation. A high degree of overall satisfaction was demonstrated by the finding that 90% of the runners continued to use the orthotic devices even after resolution of their symptoms. Orthotic shoe inserts were most effective in the treatment of symptoms arising from biomechanical abnormalities, such as excessive pronation or leg length discrepancy. Along with other conservative measures, orthotic shoe inserts may allow the athlete to continue participation in running and avoid other treatment modalities that are more costly and time consuming, and therefore less acceptable to them.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What best protects the inverted weightbearing ankle against further inversion? Evertor muscle strength compares favorably with shoe height, athletic tape, and three orthoses.

We measured the maximal isometric eversion moment developed under full weightbearing in 20 healthy adult men (age, 24.4 +/- 3.4 years; mean +/- SD) with their ankles in 15 degrees of inversion. Tests were performed at both 0 degree and 32 degrees of ankle plantar flexion in low- and in three-quarter-top shoes with and without adhesive athletic tape or one of three proprietary ankle orthoses. At 0 degree of ankle plantar flexion, the mean maximal voluntary resistance of the unprotected ankle to an inversion moment was 50 +/- 8 N-m; this increased by an average of 12% (or 6 N-m) when the subject wore a three-quarter-top basketball shoe. The maximal voluntary resistances to inversion moments developed with the ankles further protected by athletic tape or any of three orthoses were not significantly different. Biomechanical calculations suggest that at 15 degrees of inversion the fully active ankle evertor muscles isometrically developed a moment up to six times larger than that developed when an athlete wears a three-quarter-top shoe alone and more than three times larger than that developed passively when the athlete has tape or an orthosis worn inside a three-quarter-top shoe. We conclude that fully activated and strong ankle evertor muscles are the best protection for a near-maximally inverted ankle at footstrike.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The MABAL shoe, an alternative method in contact casting for the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.

INTRODUCTION: Total Contact Casting (TCC) is considered the gold standard in the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. To overcome some disadvantages of TCC we developed a removable fiberglass combicast shoe--the MABAL shoe. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The MABAL shoe was used to treat 23 plantar ulcers. RESULTS: Before treatment the mean surface area was 2.0 cm2 (0.5-7.1 cm2). Twenty-one of 23 ulcers healed, with a mean healing time of 34 days (7-75 days). CONCLUSION: The MABAL shoe provides healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers comparable to existing methods of treatment, while offering some potential advantages. The main advantages are mobilization of the ankle, removability of the cast and a less time consuming form of treatment.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2000

Reliability and running speed effects of in-shoe loading measurements during slow treadmill running.

In-shoe measurement systems allow the clinician and researcher to examine the loading parameters within the shoe. This study sought to investigate the test retest reliability and speed effects of in-shoe loading parameters using the Pedar System (Novel GMBH Munich) during slow treadmill running. The results indicated good to excellent test retest reliability between the two days test-Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC's) ranged from 0.84-0.99 depending on the plantar region and variable analyzed. All plantar loading variables increased (peak pressure, peak pressure time impulse, peak force, and force time impulse) with the exception of contact area when treadmill running speed was increased from 2.24 m/s to 3.13 m/s. Results indicate that control of running speed is essential in obtaining reproducible data using this system to measure in-shoe loading data.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The treatment of rigid metatarsus adductovarus with the use of a new hinged adjustable shoe orthosis.

A retrospective review of the early results of treatment of metatarsus adductovarus with a new hinged adjustable shoe orthosis, the Bebax shoe, is presented. The results in 120 cases (210 feet) are included in the study. Criteria for severity of the initial deformity were developed, and all cases of true clubfoot and those cases with prior treatment were excluded. The average age at institution of treatment was 4.5 months, and treatment time averaged 2.7 months (range 1-7 months). Overall, 96% of the cases were completely resolved with the use of the orthotic alone, 3% required additional casting, and 1% required a bar and shoes for complete correction of the deformity. No treatment complications were encountered except some minor problems with hinge loosening, particularly in the child of walking age. We believe that the Bebax shoe is a lightweight, convenient, safe, and both cost- and treatment-effective device in the management of metatarsus adductovarus.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Plantar foot pressures during treadmill walking with high-heel and low-heel shoes.

The effect of walking with high-heel shoes on plantar foot pressure distribution was investigated. Ten normal women walking in shoes with low heels were compared to women walking in high-heel shoes. It was shown that high-heel shoes increased the load on the forefoot and relieved it on the hindfoot. The load passed toward the medial forefoot and the hallux. The lateral side of the forefoot showed a decrease in contact area, reduced forces, and peak pressures. The medial side of the forefoot had a higher force-time and pressure-time integral. It is suggested that these higher loads on the medial forefoot may aggravate symptoms in patients with hallux valgus deformity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reliability of F-scan in-shoe measurements of plantar pressure.

Research by our group and others indicates that many amputations of the lower limb occur after foot ulceration in patients with diabetes. It has been proposed that diabetic foot ulcers are mainly caused by repetitive trauma in areas of high plantar pressure during walking. Recent technology permits in-shoe measurement of plantar pressure. We assessed the reliability of the F-Scan in-shoe system for measurement of plantar pressure (Tekscan Inc., Boston, MA) in 51 subjects from a cohort of 977 diabetic veterans enrolled in a prospective study of risk factors for foot ulceration and amputation (the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study). Subjects were tested twice, wearing their own shoes. We used the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) to estimate the reliability of F-Scan measurements of pressure. Peak pressure over the metatarsal heads proved to have the best indices of reliability, with CVs of 0.150 and 0.155, and ICCs of 0.755 and 0.751. Coefficients of variation for the heel, whole foot, and hallux ranged from 0.148 to 0.240, with ICCs ranging from 0.493 to 0.832. By published standards, peak pressures over the metatarsal heads and right hallux met the criteria for excellent reliability. Our ICCs for high pressures under the foot, heel, metatarsal heads, and hallux, and for peak pressures under the heel and left hallux represented fair-to-good reliability. No F-Scan plantar measurements could be judged by these criteria as having poor reliability. This clinical study found that for elderly patients with diabetes who were wearing their own shoes and were tested on two different days with different insoles, the F-Scan insole system was generally reliable for measurements of high pressure and peak pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Heel-region properties of prosthetic feet and shoes.

The properties of the prosthetic components prescribed to amputees have the potential to ameliorate or exacerbate their comfort, mobility, and health. To measure the difference in heel-region structural properties of currently available prosthetic feet and shoes, we simulated the period of initial heel-ground contact with a pendulum apparatus. The energy dissipation capacity of the various prosthetic feet ranged from 33.6% to 52.6% of the input energy. Donning a shoe had a large effect. Energy dissipation of a Seattle Lightfoot 2 prosthetic foot was 45.3%, while addition of a walking, running, and orthopedic shoe increased energy dissipation to 63.0%, 73.0%, and 82.4%, respectively. The force versus deformation response to impact was modeled as a hardening spring in parallel with a position-dependent damping element. A nonlinear least-squares curve fit produced model coefficients useful for predicting the heel-region impact response of both prosthetic feet and shoes.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Running shoes, orthotics, and injuries.

Running is the most visible expression of the continued interest in regular physical activities. Unfortunately injuries are common, primarily due to overuse, and a number of aetiological factors have been recognised. Of these, training errors can be responsible for up to 60% of injuries. The training surface, a lack of flexibility and strength, the stage of growth and development, poor footwear and abnormal biomechanical features have all been implicated in the development of running injuries. A thorough understanding of the biomechanics of running is a necessary prerequisite for individuals who treat or advise runners. Clinically, the configuration of the longitudinal arch is a valuable method of classifying feet and has direct implications on the development and management of running problems. The runner with excessively pronated feet has features which predispose him/her to injuries that most frequently occur at the medial aspect of the lower extremity: tibial stress syndrome; patellofemoral pain syndrome; and posterior tibialis tendinitis. These problems occur because of excessive motion at the subtalar joint and control of this movement can be made through the selection of appropriate footwear, plus orthotic foot control. The runner with cavus feet often has a rigid foot and concomitant problems of decreased ability to absorb the force of ground contact. These athletes have unique injuries found most commonly on the lateral aspect of the lower extremity: iliotibial band friction syndrome; peroneus tendinitis; stress fractures; trochanteric bursitis; and plantar fasciitis. Appropriate footwear advice and the use of energy-absorbing materials to help dissipate shock will benefit these individuals. Running shoes for the pronated runner should control the excessive motion. The shoes should be board-lasted, straight-lasted, have a stable heel counter, extra medial support, and a wider flare than the shoes for the cavus foot. For these athletes a slip-lasted, curve-lasted shoe with softer ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and a narrow flare is appropriate. Orthotic devices are useful in selected runners with demonstrated biomechanical abnormalities that contribute to the injury. Soft orthotics made of a commercial insole laminated with EVA are comfortable, easily adjusted, inexpensive, and more for-giving than the semirigid orthotics which are useful in cases where the soft orthotic does not provide adequate foot control. A review of injury data shows an alarming rise in the incidence of knee pain in runners-from 18% to 50% of injuries in 13 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1995

The role of shoes in the prevention of ankle sprains.

Ankle sprains are a common sports injury that can cause significant, chronic disability. Studies aimed at prevention through the use of footwear have focused on the biomechanical aspects of foot and ankle anatomy, proprioceptive input of the foot/ankle complex, external stresses applied to the joint, and shoe traction. These studies support the use of high top shoes for ankle sprain prevention because of their ability to limit extreme ranges of motion, provide additional proprioceptive input and decrease external joint stress. Despite this biomechanical evidence, clinical trials are inconclusive as to the clinical benefit of high top shoes in the prevention of ankle sprains. Further study is necessary to delineate the benefits of shoe designs for ankle sprain prevention.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2001

The effect of tape, braces and shoes on ankle range of motion.

Sport injuries are unwanted adverse effects accompanying participation in sports. In a wide variety of sports the most common location of injury is the ankle, frequently resulting from a forced plantar flexed inversion of the foot exceeding the physiological range of motion (ROM). Historically the purpose of external support systems is to prevent acute ankle injuries by restricting abnormal ankle ROM. It is believed that a superior restrictive effect also implies a superior preventive effect. The purpose of this review was to examine the literature regarding the restricting effect of adhesive taping, prophylactic ankle stabilisers (PAS) and high-top shoes on ankle ROM. It has been found that tape restricts ankle eversion and inversion ROM significantly following application. However, tape loosens significantly following standardised exercise and sports activities. Studies regarding PAS reported that both semi-rigid and nonrigid stabilisers give a significant post-application restriction of ankle inversion motion. The nonrigid stabilisers show loosening over time during exercise, while the semi-rigid stabilisers maintain their restrictive effect over the same time span. High-top shoes in comparison to low-top shoes are more effective in restricting mechanically imposed ankle inversion ROM. Low-top shoes, however, also limit mechanically imposed ankle inversion stress with the ankle in the position in which ankle injury occurs most frequently. One must keep in mind, however, that a superior mechanical restriction of ankle ROM does not necessarily imply a superior preventive effect. Only well-controlled randomised studies can show such an effect, and these studies have shown a reduction of ankle injury incidence for all 3 prophylactic measures reviewed.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1994

Lower extremity mechanics and energy cost of walking in high-heeled shoes.

In today's society, many women wear high-heeled shoes. However, the effect that shoes of different heel heights have on the biomechanics and energy cost of gait has not been fully investigated. In the present study, the energy cost and the lower extremity mechanics in shoes of different heel heights (1.25 cm, 3.81 cm, 5.08 cm, and 7.62 cm) were examined in 15 female subjects, seven of whom could be considered experienced high-heel wearers. Kinematic data from high-speed video and kinetic data from a force platform were collected to describe lower extremity mechanics while subjects walked overground at a speed of 4.2 km/hour. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were monitored while subjects walked on a treadmill, also at 4.2 km/hour. There were no significant differences in any of the parameters as a function of experience in wearing high heels; therefore, the data were pooled for further analysis. Analysis of the biomechanical data revealed that ankle plantar flexion, knee flexion, vertical ground reaction force, and the maximum anteroposterior braking force increased as a function of heel height. In addition, the timing of the subtalar and knee joint action was asynchronous with the increase in heel height. Metabolically, heart rate and oxygen consumption also increased with heel height. There were many significant differences between the 5.08-cm and the 7.62-cm heel conditions. Therefore, to maintain comfort and decrease the risk of injury, women may be advised not to wear shoes with a heel height greater than 5.08 cm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Use of an in-shoe pressure measurement system in the management of patients with neuropathic ulcers or metatarsalgia.

Many injuries to the foot appear to be caused by repeated, excessive plantar pressures. In-shoe pressure systems are capable of measuring pressures at the interface between the shoe or orthotic and the plantar foot during a given functional activity. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an in-shoe pressure system as a tool to aid physical therapists in the management of patients with foot problems as a result of excessive plantar pressures. Case histories are provided that describe the application of an in-shoe pressure device in the management of one patient with a neuropathic ulcer and one patient with metatarsalgia. A discussion of the primary clinical and equipment considerations of using this type of device is included.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Effect of the shoe on plantar foot pressures.

The bare foot plantar pressures were compared to in-shoe pressure measurements in 11 normal male volunteers using the EMED system. Shoes diminished pressures and forces in most areas under the foot except the medial forefoot. The hallux showed less force, a smaller contact area and a reduced contact time. Therefore a shoe can interfere with the toe-off mechanism. There was no difference between various types of shoes with rubber and leather soles. Heavier subjects tended to put less weight on the medial forefoot.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Household-shoe wearing and purchasing habits. A survey of people aged 65 years and older.

A mail survey was conducted to assess the types of household footwear currently being worn by a random sample of independently living men and women aged 65 years and older as well as their needs related to the purchase and wearing of household footwear. Questionnaires were completed by 128 people. The greatest number of respondents wore slippers all day around the home, purchasing these shoes because of their convenience and comfort. Respondents were not willing to purchase expensive shoes for household wear and infrequently replaced them, despite the fact that such footwear was worn for extended periods each day. It was concluded that further research is required to design a household shoe that fits well and accommodates a variety of foot pathologies typical of the elderly foot; the shoe should be comfortable, relatively inexpensive, and safe for typical household surfaces.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Ligament injuries of the upper ankle joint: 10 years experience with a stable shoe].

To avoid cast fixation after injuries of the ankle ligaments, in 1980 we presented a new high top sports-boot with stabilizing plastic sticks on both sides of the shoe as a new method of after treatment; The original Stabil-S shoe. The follow up after 5 and 10 years experience shows good results and cast immobilisation of the ankle joint is practically not used any more for the above mentioned indication. Patients go back to work after 25 days on an average which is about 3 weeks earlier then with cast immobilisation. This is the reason why insurance companies in Europe cover the costs for this kind of after treatment, the Stabil-S shoe. To verify the fibular ligament lesions we use stressed x-ray examination in addition to the clinical tests and the patients history. The indication of operative or conservative treatment is still discussed. The late results however show better stability and function after operative treatment, especially for the group of young and active sport patients. The further development of the Stabil-S shoe will try to obtain a normal gait as well as sufficient stability around the ankle joint. This means mobility for the patient and stability around the ankle joint.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1989

Orthotics, shoes, and braces.

Management of problems of the foot by using orthotics, braces, and shoes requires an understanding of both the foot as a functional unit and its components. Orthotic devices are divided into the following types: (1) those that reduce impact and cushion the foot, such as nitrogen-filled rubber or thermoplastic foam; (2) those that release pressure, as relief areas or support adjacent to an area of pressure by adhesive felt or foam, custom innersoles, or combinations of pads and innersoles; and (3) those that reduce abnormal pressures and strains on the foot, thereby allowing the foot to function more normally and relieving pressure areas and foot strain. "Posting" generally is used to allow the subtalar joint to function in the neutral position. Shoes now are being used not only to cover and protect the foot, but also to correct abnormalities and improve foot function. It is important to realize that a shoe is made over a last, which is a concept of the shape of a foot, and the shoe should be made the same shape as the foot. Bracing of the foot should take into account the shape of the foot; it should relieve the abnormality and allow the lower extremity to function during gait.

Braces↗