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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Swiss scrapie surveillance. I. Clinical aspects of neurological diseases in sheep and goats].

Small ruminants infected with scrapie show a large range of often unspecific clinical symptoms. The most-often described signs, locomotion, sensibility and behavioural disorders and emaciation, rarely occur together, and cases have been described in which only one of those signs was detectable.Thus, formulating a well-circumscribed definition of a clinical suspect case is difficult. Most animals with CNS-effecting diseases such as listeriosis, polioencephalomacia, cerebrospinal nematidiasis and enterotoxemia will, in a thorough neurological examination, show at least some scrapie-like symptoms. Among the 22 neurological field cases examined in this study, a goat with cerebral gliomatosis and hair lice showed the closest similarity to clinical scrapie. The unilateral deficiency of the cerebral nerves has potential as an clinical exclusion criterion for scrapie. However, the laboratory confirmation--or exclusion--of scrapie remains important. It thus needs to be realized that a consistent and thorough examination of neurologically diseased small ruminants (including fallen stock) is the backbone of a good surveillance system for these diseases. This should be a motivation for submitting adult sheep and goats for neuropathological examination.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Inclusion keratoconjunctivitis ('pink eye') in sheep. A proposal for a new name for chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and comment on recent clinical trials.

The cytoplasmatic inclusion bodies, which, in 1931, Coles discovered in the corneal cells of sheep suffering from contagious keratoconjunctivitis are now considered to be the reticulate bodies of a chlamydia, Colesiota conjunctivae (synonym: Chlamydia psittaci ovis). According to the postulates of Koch Colesiota conjunctivae is a primary cause of contagious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep, but the clinical picture is complex and is a result of the interaction between the infecting chlamydiae, host resistance factors, and secondary infections caused by opportunistic bacterial ocular pathogens. The clinical syndrome might also be caused by other micro-organisms, such as Mycoplasma conjunctivae or environmental factors, such as dust. However, in these cases, cytoplasmatic inclusion bodies cannot be found in the corneal cells of diseased eyes. To differentiate chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis from keratoconjunctivitis due to other causes, it is proposed to include in the name the laboratory findings typical for this disease: Sheep Inclusion Keratoconjunctivitis. Chlamydia are Gram-negative bacteria, which are obligate intracellular parasites. Prolonged treatment seems to be required to eradicate chlamydiae from a host and antibiotics must reach intracellular levels that are higher than their minimum inhibitory concentration for chlamydiae. Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice. This means that for a microbiological cure, diseased sheep must be injected several times a day for a week or more. Because the disease is usually self-limiting and economic losses are considered low, this seems unnecessary and control of the disease by local treatment of secondary infections seems sufficient. However, this will not prevent spreading of the disease in a herd and relapses may occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus: cause and vector of diseases in Africa.

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. occurs mainly in the eastern and southern parts of Africa and is the principal cause and vector of some very important stock diseases in these areas. The diseases include the theilerioses, brown tick toxicosis and Nairobi sheep disease. These are briefly discussed, and emphasis is laid on the role of R. appendiculatus in their epidemiology. R. appendiculatus is a 3-host tick particularly well adapted to survive where climate and vegetation are suitable. The basic requirements and breeding potential of this tick are also discussed.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1985

A clinical study of periodontal disease in sheep.

Detailed examinations were made of the central permanent incisors and periodontia of 30 or 40 ewes on each of one control farm and three periodontal disease (P.D.) farms. The study confirmed that incisor crown lengthening, protrusion and loosening were significant features of P.D. Periodontitis (assessed by increased sulcus depth and bleeding after probing) about the lingual sulcus was a significant feature of P.D. Labial gingivitis and labial periodontitis were not significant features. A relatively long lower jaw did not appear to be a feature of P.D. 87.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Effects of selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium levels, tissue glutathione peroxidase activities and white muscle disease in sheep fed purified or hay diets.

The effects of selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium levels and tissue glutathione peroxidase activities were determined in sheep fed purified and hay diets. A significant increase of blood levels of this element and tissue glutathione peroxidase activities was found in sheep given selenium as compared to those not receiving this element. Of the tissues examined, the highest glutathione peroxidase activity was found in the heart. Vitamin E had no influence on either the blood selenium levels or upon the tissue glutathione peroxidase activity. With hydrogen peroxide as the substrate, tissue glutathione peroxidase activity was not correlated with the incidence of white muscle disease. Evidence is presented to suggest that 0.1 ppm dietary selenium is not sufficient under some conditions to meet the physiological requirements for this element.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Ivermectin used in percutaneous drug injection method for the treatment of liver hydatid disease in sheep.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone (avermectins) produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. In this experimental study, the effectiveness of intracystic injection of ivermectin was studied as a new approach of percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis. METHODS: Twelve naturally infected sheep were selected and divided into 2 subgroups: treatment group (n = 9) and control group (n = 3). In the treatment group, approximate volume of ivermectin solution needed to achieve an intracystic concentration of 10 microg/mL was injected into cysts, but in the control group, sterile distillated water was applied. No reaspiration was performed at all. RESULTS: In the following period of 6 months, repeated sonography revealed a significant decrease in cyst sizes and progressive solidification of the cysts in the treatment group. In the control group, volumes of the cysts were increased. No major complications occurred during or after the procedure. After 6 months, all sheep were killed and examined for macroscopic and microscopic changes. Pathologic examination in the treatment group showed pericyst hyalinization, inflammatory cells in the cyst wall, degeneration of laminated and germinal membrane, and necrotic material in the cyst cavity. No viable protoscolices or daughter cysts were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis with ivermectin as a scolicidal agent seems to be effective in this animal model.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1983

Virology and immunology of a spontaneous and experimental mucosal disease-like syndrome in sheep recovered from clinical border disease.

A disease similar to mucosal disease (MD) of cattle has occurred spontaneously in sheep clinically recovered from Border disease (BD). Evidence is presented to suggest that, in such animals, a specific and dynamic equilibrium exists between an attenuated form of the virus and the immunotolerant host. Upset of this equilibrium either by injection of BD virus of the same strain or by some unknown spontaneous event appears to lead to the reassertion of viral pathogenicity with fatal consequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Unique long terminal repeat U3 sequences distinguish exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retroviruses associated with ovine pulmonary carcinoma from endogenous loci in the sheep genome.

Ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC) is a contagious lung cancer of sheep that is presumed to be caused by an exogenous retrovirus of sheep, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The sheep genome carries 15 to 20 copies of endogenous sheep retrovirus (ESRV) loci that hybridize to JSRV DNA probes. In order to clarity the etiologic roles of ESRV and an exogenous JSRV-like retrovirus (exJSRV) in OPC, we assessed sequence differences between ESRV and JSRV. Molecular characterization of six ESRV loci revealed restriction sites specific for JSRV. Nucleotide sequences of ESRVs from sheep of different breeds were similar to those of JSRV in structural genes but divergent in U3. Therefore, primers specific for the U3 sequences of exJSRV were designed for use in the PCR. Of 13 tumor DNAs tested by PCR with these exogenous-virus U3 primers, 8 produced DNA fragments that hybridized with the JSRV gag probe, but neither lung DNAs from healthy sheep nor DNAs from nontumor tissues of diseased sheep produced similar DNA fragments. exJSRV PCR products from tumor DNAs of sheep with OPC from three continents had restriction profiles similar to each other but different from those of ESRVs upon digestion with EcoRI, HindIII, NdeI, KpnI, and ScaI. These exjSRVs could be classified into two genotypes according to U3 sequences and restriction profiles. U3 sequences of exJSRV proviruses in tumors strongly resembled those of JSRV but differed from those of ESRVs, suggesting that exJSRVs, rather than ESRVs, are primarily associated with oncogenesis in OPC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Mucosal disease-like lesions in sheep infected with Border disease virus.

An enteric disease characterised by diarrhoea and ill thrift affected 12 of a flock of 700 six- to 12-month-old ewe lambs in Cornwall between December 1996 and September 1997. The affected lambs were undersized, became thin and suffered an unremitting diarrhoea until they died. The illness lasted for three to 14 days, although, with hindsight, the owner considered that the lambs had been below average size before the enteric signs developed. The outbreak ceased only as a result of the dispersal sale of the flock as breeding ewes. The flock had been purchased from different sources, but 11 of the cases occurred in a group of 40 purchased from one source. Postmortem, the alimentary changes resembled mucosal disease in cattle, and immunostaining of histological sections of the affected tissues revealed pestiviral antigen. Non-cytopathic pestiviruses were isolated from the lesions of two of the affected lambs and from the blood of several clinically normal ewe lambs from the same group. All the pestivirus isolates were typed as Border disease virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Alterations of somatotropic function in prion disease in sheep.

This study aimed at investigating the possible linkage between natural scrapie and alterations of the somatotropic axis. Scrapie-affected ewes exhibited 2-fold higher mean GH concentrations during both autumn and spring. GH pulse frequencies were higher in scrapie-affected ewes than in control animals (mean+/-S.E.M. number of pulses/24 h: 10.4+/-0.9 and 7.6+/-0.9 for scrapie-affected and control ewes respectively) suggesting the involvement of central mechanisms. GH secretion induced by administration of an alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist, which acts centrally to stimulate GH secretion, was similar between healthy and scrapie-affected ewes (ratios of the area under the curve (AUC) of GH concentration after to the GH AUC before the agonist administration were 3.6+/-1.6 and 4.9+/-1.0 for scrapie-affected and control ewes respectively). Finally, humoral markers and parameters of the metabolic status were determined to test the hypothesis that scrapie-associated alterations of GH secretion could be related to disruption of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose, insulin and urea plasma concentrations were higher in scrapie-affected than in healthy ewes. Neither leptin nor IGF-I levels were affected by scrapie. Total thyroxine (T4) was decreased in scrapie-affected ewes but free T4 and total and free triiodothyronine were not modified. In conclusion, our results showed the existence in scrapie-affected ewes of endocrine and metabolic alterations typical of acute illness proceeding, at least in part, from central mechanisms.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

The pathology of a spontaneous and experimental mucosal disease-like syndrome in sheep recovered from clinical border disease.

The pathological changes which accompanied a severe clinical syndrome characterized by intractable diarrhoea and/or respiratory distress in sheep recovered from clinical Border disease consisted of inflammatory lymphoproliferative lesions in several organs, notably the CNS and intestinal tract. The syndrome has been reproduced experimentally by "super-infection" with homologous Border disease virus. The differential diagnosis is discussed and attention drawn to the similarity between the enteric lesions and those of bovine mucosal disease.

Animals↗