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[Water pipelines conduits and urban sanitation in Cartagena in the beginning of the twentieth century].

Throughout its history, Cartagena de Indias, a seaport in the Colombian Caribbean, has been handicapped for not offering salubrious conditions to its people and visitors. The lack of an aqueduct and a sewerage system was an impairment to progress. For nearly forty years (1890-1930) these problems have caused a myriad of medical discourses formulated by scientists, technicians and politicians. Cartagena's contribution to solve the sanitation problem in cities has consisted in making use of engineers' knowledge. The construction of urban facilities in the beginning of the twentieth century required a more technical knowledge, one which would advance a comprehensive solution to the water problem, ensure sufficient supply and efficient drainage. Thus, in the last turn of the century, the medical doctor is no longer the only authoritative voice when it comes to the management of urban life. The construction works which require an engineer, involving him in public health, have drawn a distinction between "hygiene" and "sanitary science".

City Planning↗
PubMed2005

Standards of clinical waste management in UK hospitals.

The arrangements for bulk clinical waste handling were observed in 26 UK hospitals. Storage of waste carts in areas freely accessible to the public, and failure to lock individual carts was common. Many clinical waste carts and areas dedicated to their storage were in a poor state of repair. Substantial improvement is required in the management of clinical waste in hospitals in order: (1) to eliminate the possibility of acquired infection through unauthorized, inappropriate access to clinical waste and to minimize adverse effects resulting from contact with waste pharmaceuticals; (2) to comply with the Duty of Care imposed by UK Health & Safety legislation; and (3) to satisfy concerns regarding the general standard of hospital hygiene.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1976

Progress in biochemical engineering.

Biochemical engineering is one of the answers to some of the challenges of the present age: hunger, shortage in raw material and energy supply and contamination of environment. Its contribution to the solution of these problems is the industrial production of protein, the use of raw materials (incl. waste products) not used up to now, the accomplishment of chemical reactions at ambient temperatures as well as the degradation or utilization of widely different waste materials.

Biochemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

A macrokinetic model for dimensioning of biofilters for VOC and odour treatment.

Biofiltration is a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable technology for the treatment of exhaust gases from a variety of sources. Although the process setup is relative simple, many physical, chemical, and microbiological processes are involved. Microkinetic models attempting to cover all of these processes are often more complex than reliable; on the other hand, many macrokinetic approaches have a tendency to oversimplification. In order to develop a simple and accurate protocol to derive biofilter design criteria from experimental trials, a macrokinetic model based on chemical engineering fundamentals was developed. The model covers first-order kinetics as well as kinetics shifting from first-order at low substrate concentrations to zero-order at elevated concentrations and can be applied to single VOCs and odours as measured by olfactometry.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2004

Systems analysis in environmental engineering: how far should we go?

Systems analysis is identified as a unifying topic of environmental engineering. Based on a questionnaire sent out to peers and based on the experience with an advanced systems analysis course the possible content and association of the content with bachelor and master's programs is discussed. At the bachelor's level it is concluded that an array of topics should be introduced more in an inductive way, going along with the discussion of examples. At the master's level it is suggested that a substantial course, which systematically introduces a broad variety of systems analysis tools, is provided. Such a course should go along with the introduction of a simulation tool, which supports application of systems analysis methods.

Curriculum↗