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PubMed1991

Impairment by ethanol of prostaglandin production in rat salivary glands.

Sublingual salivary acini and submandibular tissue were incubated in DMEM medium in the presence of various concentrations (0-5%) of ethanol and the content of the three major prostaglandins, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, were determined by radioimmunoassay. In In the sublingual gland, ethanol caused a decrease in PGE2 and PGF2 alpha levels, but had no effect on 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, while all three prostaglandins were affected in the submandibular gland. At 2.5% ethanol, the production of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 in sublingual gland decreased by 10% and reached maximum inhibition at 5% ethanol, at which concentration there was a 20 and 30% decrease in their levels. In submandibular gland, 2.5% ethanol caused a 20% decrease in PGE2, 30% in PGF2 alpha and 50% in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha; 40% inhibition in PGE2, 57% in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and 65% in PGF2 alpha occurred in the presence of 5% ethanol. These findings suggest that alcohol impairs the function of salivary glands by inhibiting prostaglandin production.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2003

Ectodysplasin receptor-mediated signaling is essential for embryonic submandibular salivary gland development.

Hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (HED), the most common of the approximately 150 described ectodermal dysplasias, is a disorder characterized by abnormal hair, teeth, sweat glands, and salivary glands. Mutations in the EDA (ectodysplasin-A) and EDAR (ectodysplasin-A receptor) genes are responsible for X-linked and autosomal HED, respectively. Abnormal phenotypes similar to HED are seen in Tabby (Eda(Ta)) and downless (Edar(dl)) mutant mice. Although recent studies have focused on the role of Eda/Edar signaling during hair and tooth development, very little is known about its role during embryonic submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development. To this end, we analyzed the SMG phenotypes in Tabby (Ta) and downless (dl) mutant mice and determined that Ta SMGs are hypoplastic, whereas dl SMGs are severely dysplastic. The absence of SMG ducts and acini in dl SMGs suggests that Eda/Edar signaling is essential for lumina formation and glandular histodifferentiation. Our localization of Eda and Edar proteins at sites of lumen and acini formation supports this conclusion. Moreover, the presence of SMGs in both Ta and dl mutant mice, as well as the absence of immunodetectable Eda and Edar protein in Initial Bud and Early Pseudoglandular stage SMGs, indicate that Eda/Edar-mediated signaling is important for branching morphogenesis and histodifferentiation, but not for initial gland formation. To initially delineate the morphoregulatory role of Eda/Edar-mediated signaling during embryonic SMG development, we cultured embryonic day 14 SMGs with enhanced or abrogated Eda/Edar signaling. Eda supplementation induced a significant increase in SMG branching, and enhanced activation of NF-kappaB. Abrogating Eda/Edar signaling by adding the soluble form of Edar to bind endogenous ligand in embryonic SMGs results in a significant dose-dependent decrease in branching morphogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest that the Eda/Edar/NF-kappaB pathway exerts its effect on SMG epithelial cell proliferation, lumina formation, and histodifferentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Structural and functional changes in salivary glands during aging.

Various salivary glands in senescent humans and other animals have been examined extensively to characterize the structural and functional changes that occur during aging. Although a wide range of different structural changes, involving both the parenchymal and stromal tissues, have been described, it is unclear how any of these changes affects the function of the salivary glands. One major change in structure is the reduction in the volume of acini with a concomitant increase in the ductal volume. Despite this loss of functional acini, the salivary output and the contents seem to be unaltered, or minimally altered, due to aging. One consistent change observed in many salivary glands of aged animals is the decline in the rate of synthesis of proteins and their messenger RNA (mRNA). However, the salivary acinar cells from aged animals can synthesize secretory proteins at an elevated rate just as effectively as those from their younger counterparts in response to external stimuli, which are known to enhance the rate of protein synthesis. Thus, it appears that the salivary acinar cells, which remain structurally intact during aging, seem to retain their functional efficiency. Furthermore, these acinar cells, although reduced in number, are sufficient in quantity to carry out most of the salivary gland functions.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

[Monomorphic adenoma of basal cells in a minor salivary gland].

Tumors of the minor salivary glands represent 15% of all salivary gland tumors. Monomorphic adenoma is an uncommon histological type that usually is located in the parotid gland, minor salivary glands of the upper lip and less frequently, palate. The clinical and histological features of a case of palatal monomorphic adenoma that was diagnosed and treated in our hospital are described.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1994

Direct in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to salivary glands.

Gene transfer to the salivary glands holds the potential for the therapy of salivary gland disorders and for delivery of therapeutic proteins to the mouth and upper gastrointestinal tract. Administration of the recombinant adenovirus vectors Ad.RSV beta gal [coding for the intracellular protein beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal)] and Ad alpha 1AT [coding for human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), a secreted protein] to salivary gland cell lines in vitro demonstrated exogenous gene expression. Retrograde ductal injection of the Ad.RSV beta gal vector to rat salivary glands in vivo resulted in beta-Gal expression in acinar and ductal cells. Exposure of submandibular glands in vivo to Ad alpha 1AT resulted in expression of alpha 1-AT mRNA transcripts, de novo synthesis of alpha 1-AT, and secretion in the saliva. To evaluate the feasibility of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human glands, human minor salivary glands were infected ex vivo with Ad.RSV beta gal, and implanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Evaluation of the human tissue demonstrated beta-Gal activity. These observations demonstrate that adenovirus vectors are capable of direct delivery of genes to the salivary glands, suggesting a variety of possible gene therapy applications.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1994

[Secretory function of the salivary gland in patients with taste disorders--correlations between zinc deficiency and secretory functions of the salivary glands].

Not a few patients with taste disorders complain of xerostomia as another subjective symptom. When zinc is subscribed, the xerostomia is often reduced in conjunction with the taste disorders. In this study, therefore, a trial was made to detect xerostomia objectively by determining the function of salivary glandular secretion, and then relationship between zinc deficiency and the xerostomia was examined. Ninety three patients who complained of hypogeusia and/or xerostomia, 27 males and 66 females ranging from 39 to 87 years of age, were subjected to dynamic salivary scintigraphy using 99mTc-pertechnetate. Control data were obtained from 60 patients with unilateral acute peripheral facial palsy. The conclusions obtained were as follows: 1. The normal range of the salivary glandular secretory ratio (S.G.S.R.) was determined from the dynamic salivary scintigraphy using 99mTc-pertechnetate. 2. The xerostomia appeared to be detectable by the above method. 3. Dysfunctional salivary glandular secretion seemed to be associated with abnormal morphology of the papillae of the tongue. 4. No significant relation was found between the severity of taste disorders and the values of S.G.S.R. 5. In terms of the mean value, low values of S.G.S.R. were observed to coincide with zinc deficiency. 6. From the results of zinc treatment, we demonstrated correlations between taste disorders and xerostomia, both of which are among the symptoms of zinc deficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Immunohistochemical detection of S-100, S-100 alpha, S-100 beta proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neuron specific enolase in the prenatal and adult human salivary glands.

Developing human fetal salivary glands of gestational age from 10 to 40 weeks (n = 100) and normal adult glands (n = 10) were examined for immunoreactivity to S-100 protein and its subunits S-100 alpha, S-100 beta, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE). In the early intermediate developmental stage (19-32 weeks) some acinar basal cells showed immunoreactivity to S-100 protein which rapidly disappeared in the late developmental stage (33-40 weeks). Adult salivary glands were negative for S-100 protein. The S-100 alpha subunit was strongly positive in the glandular ducts and acini of both fetal and adult glands. The S-100 beta, although present in some acini and ductal cells during the late intermediate developmental stage, was rarely seen in the adult glands. GFAP and NSE was positive at the developing salivary epithelium in the early developmental stage (15-18 weeks). The above findings indicated that the developing salivary epithelia showed transient appearance of the neuronal phenotype during active cytodifferentiation stage of glandular acini and ducts. Therefore, after evaluation of normal developmental and neoplastic transformation of the salivary glands a suggestion that neuronal differentiation of ductal reserve cells is responsible for the production of modified myoepithelial cells in both normal developmental salivary gland and neoplastic transformation is made.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Extracellular material in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands: a comparative cytological study with other salivary myoepithelial tumors.

The objective of this study was to clarify extracellular materials (ECMs) in adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and compare these to those found in other salivary gland tumors with myoepithelial differentiation. The ECM was examined with Papanicolaou, May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG), and alcian blue stain at pH 2.5. The ECM in AdCC was classified into three types according to their staining patterns: clear, hyalinized, and membrane type. The incidence of clear-type globule material with magenta on MGG was low in other salivary gland tumors with myoepithelial differentiation. The ECM was identified in other salivary gland tumors with myoepithelial differentiation. However, AdCC has the greatest variety of ECM. These findings are useful to understand the character of AdCC and differential diagnosis of the other salivary gland tumors with myoepithelial differentiation.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis (Kuttner's tumor): unusual presentation with bilateral involvement of major and minor salivary glands.

In 1896 Kuttner reported four cases which he described as induration of the submandibular gland. Histologically, they showed chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Sporadic cases of this entity that have come to be known as Kuttner's tumor or chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of the submandibular gland and have been reported throughout the 20th century. This inflammatory tumor has been under-recognized, and awareness of its importance and probable immunologic background have recently become evident. We report an unusual case of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, affecting both parotid glands, both submandibular glands, and minor salivary glands of the oral cavity, and explore the immunohistochemical profile of this entity.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1999

Neutron radiotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced major salivary gland tumors.

BACKGROUND: Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare tumors of the head and neck region. The treatment of these tumors has generally consisted of surgical extirpation, with postoperative radiotherapy improving locoregional control and survival in patients with high risk tumors. Neutron radiotherapy has been found to be more efficacious than conventional radiotherapy in the setting of inoperable or subtotally resected salivary gland tumors. METHODS: One hundred forty-eight patients with malignant salivary tumors of major salivary gland origin were treated at the University of Washington Medical Center with fast neutron radiotherapy between the years 1984 and 1995. One hundred twenty-eight patients were treated with curative intent, and of these, 120 patients had evidence of gross residual disease at the time of treatment. These patients constitute the main analysis of this paper. Of these patients, 19% had recurrent disease, 39% were initially seen with positive lymph nodes, and 11% had previously received full dose conventional radiotherapy. At the time of analysis, the median period at risk of survivors was 26 months. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial locoregional control rate for all patients with gross tumor treated with curative intent was 59%. A tumor size < or =4 cm was associated with an excellent locoregional control rate (80%), and cause-specific survival (73%) at 5 years compared with patients with larger tumors (35% and 22%, respectively, p<.001 in both cases). On univariate analysis, there appeared to be an advantage in locoregional control for patients with smaller sized tumors (< or =4 cm) who underwent an attempted surgical extirpation. Locoregional control was excellent (100%) in patients having a complete surgical resection of their tumors and undergoing postoperative neutron radiotherapy because of the presence of other high risk factors. Lymph node status at the time of treatment, base of skull involvement, and male sex were associated with the development of distant metastasis, with 52% of node positive patients developing distant metastases by 5 years, compared with 32% of node negative patients (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Neutron radiotherapy is an effective form of treatment for patients with high risk, locally advanced tumors of major salivary gland origin. An initial surgical resection appears beneficial in patients for whom such an approach is feasible.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Plasma amylase activity as a biochemical indicator of radiation injury to salivary glands.

Irradiation of the salivary glands produces a rapid increase of salivary amylase in serum, released by the highly radiation sensitive serous cells of the glands. Serial assays of salivary amylase in serum were performed in patients treated by radiation to the upper neck region. The changes observed were compared with the amount of salivary gland mass irradiated and with the dose fractionation modality used. The irradiated volume included either the entire salivary gland mass or less than 50 per cent of the gland. Two fractionation modalities were used: a conventional fractionation of 2 Gy per day, 5 times a week, or a multiple daily fractionation of 2 Gy, 3 times a day in two series of 4 days with a 4-day interval. Both parameters (salivary gland mass irradiated and fractionation modality used) significantly influenced the shape of the amylase curve in the serum. Serum amylase may therefore be considered a reliable biologic indicator of early injury to the salivary glands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

CT of the salivary glands.

CT of the salivary glands can produce clinically significant information that may help in the selection of appropriate therapy. It is the method of choice for the examination of mass lesions in and about the salivary glands. The role of CT for the evaluation of calculi and other obstructions and sialectasis is not yet determined. Conventional sialography may still be the method of choice for these entities.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of minor salivary glands in the peritonsillar space.

Minor salivary glands can usually be found along the mucous membrane of the upper aerodigestive tract. Their presence in the peritonsillar space was of little interest until it was postulated that infection of Weber's gland (minor salivary gland at the superior pole of the peritonsillar space) might be the possible cause of peritonsillar abscess. This study was designed to examine the distribution of minor salivary glands in the peritonsillar space and their role in pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess. Tonsillectomy specimens from fifty-five patients who were suffering from repeated tonsillitis, obstructive sleep apnea, tonsillar mass and peritonsillar abscess at Srinagarind Hospital from September 1995 to November 1996 were histologically examined. The locations of these minor salivary glands were found at the upper, middle, and lower portions of the peritonsillar space. This small sample study precludes any definitive statement regarding the association of Weber's gland and the pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Expression and regulation of the gene for arginase I in mouse salivary glands: requirement of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha for the expression in the parotid gland.

Arginase in salivary glands is potentially involved in the synthesis of proline, glutamate, and polyamines that play specific physiological roles in the glands, and also in depletion of arginine in the oral cavity to protect teeth from microorganisms. We detected protein and mRNA for the type I isoform of arginase in mouse salivary glands. Enzymes of the arginine-biosynthetic pathway were also detected. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that arginase I was enriched in the striated duct, and was also present in the acinus, demilune and granulated duct. Mice with targeted disruption of the gene for C/EBPalpha, which is a transcription factor essential for expression of the arginase I gene in the liver, showed dramatically reduced immunoreactivity for arginase I in the parotid gland but not in the submandibular and sublingual glands. Therefore, C/EBPalpha is specifically required for expression of the arginase I gene in the parotid gland.

Animals↗