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PubMed1995

[Early retirement or prolonged working life? Aspirations of unionized professionals aged 50 years and over].

"Two opposing retirement options--early retirement or prolonged working life--are being presented in the burgeoning literature related to the ineluctable ageing of the work force. Both are allegedly proposed for economic reasons and claim to meet the expectations and needs of ageing workers. But what in reality are the retirement goals of older workers and which factors, individual and organizational, affect the decision to retire? In tackling this question, the article draws on a survey conducted among workers from 15 unions, mostly affiliated with the Quebec Council of Managers and Professionals. Based on data from 1,319 respondents, the findings indicate that the majority of professionals would prefer to retire earlier, that 60 is much more considered a normal retirement age than 65, and that only 8% of the respondents wish to continue working after 65--and this mostly out of economic necessity, not choice. The factors that underlie this preference for early retirement are then identified and discussed." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Change in the U.S. health care system: effects on physician retirement and implications for health care managers.

Several authors have postulated that managed care and other related changes in the U.S. health care system, perceived negatively by mature physicians, may contribute to their early retirement. This, in turn, may produce adverse effects on the availability of medical care. The authors investigate this and other related issues through analysis of a unique data set obtained from a survey of nearly four thousand physicians that elicited responses to numerous factors potentially relevant to their retirement decisions. The empirical analysis reveals that, while managed care is an important factor in the retirement decision of physicians, it does not necessarily lead to earlier retirement. Physicians rank other factors, related to financial and personal issues, as more important in their retirement decisions and the authors find that several of these factors significantly impact their expected retirement age. The results have several implications for health care managers relating to the retention or retirement of practicing physicians, successful planning, and seamless generation of income.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1993

Physicians' adjustment to retirement.

We address the questions, How do physicians adjust to and enjoy their retirement? What factors contribute to the well-being of retired physicians? A 60-item questionnaire mailed to 238 retired physicians in Los Angeles County with a 41.6% response rate assessed health, standard of living, relationships, activities, emotional difficulties, and general enjoyment. Health often improved after retirement, as did relationships with spouses and children. Standard of living was comfortable or better for most. Retired physicians engage in a wide range of interests and activities. Emotional difficulties are minimal and considerably reduced after retirement. Most physicians enjoy the freedom and activities of retirement and are happy. Fears of boredom and deterioration are unfounded.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Life after medical practice. A retirement profile of Minnesota physicians.

This study investigates the current dynamics of physician retirement in Minnesota. A survey of all retired Minnesota physicians (878, with 65.7% response rate) revealed that 73% retired in their 60s, 22% at age 65. Good health was reported by 69% of the respondents, and fair health by 26%. Income was sufficient in most cases; 64% of respondents reported living comfortably, and only 14% said their incomes are barely adequate. The study also showed that retired physicians consider nonmedical activities much more important than medical activities; heading the list were visiting family (86%), reading (79%), and travel (63%). Finally, 35% of respondents found retirement to be better than they had expected, 54% found it about as expected, and only 9% felt retirement was not as good as expected. In retirement, Minnesota physicians are generally healthy, have sufficient funds to live comfortably, and generally spend their time doing nonmedical activities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

[Effect of retirement on mental health and social well-being among elderly Japanese].

Based on a longitudinal study of a national representative sample aged 60 and over, we examined the impact of retirement on mental health and social well-being among elderly Japanese. From the baseline interviewees, we selected 178 study subjects who were full-time workers employed at least five days per week for at least six hours per day. At a follow-up survey three years after baseline, 34 had retired from their jobs and the rest still continued working. Mental health was rated from an aspect of depression, using a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Social well-being was measured by two indicators: the degree of social participation and the frequency of meeting friends or neighbors. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effect of retirement on mental health and social well-being, controlling for baseline health characteristics. Results showed there was no significant effect of retirement on either mental health or the degree of social participation. On the frequency of social contacts with friends or neighbors, however, the retirement x sex x age interaction contributed a significant effect. Early retirement among elderly men tended to decrease the frequency of social contrasts. This finding suggests that an extra-workplace social relationship should be recommended especially to middle-aged working men to prevent them from falling into social isolation after retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Issues to consider when designing a retirement plan.

Between 1982 and 1987, there have been six major tax acts that have greatly affected retirement planning for not-for-profit as well as for-profit healthcare institutions. Many of the retirement plans presently being offered are fast becoming inadequate and ineffective, as the deadline for many of these new tax laws to take affect draws near. As employers begin to understand the implications these tax law changes have, they will need to reevaluate and modify their present retirement plan designs to achieve their original retirement objectives. The second article in this series on retirement plans will continue to examine the issues affecting retirement plans as well as discuss plan funding and a method for examining retirement plan objectives.

Financial Management↗
PubMed1982

Changes in body fat and muscle in manual workers at and after retirement.

The changes in body fat and muscle in 73 men retiring from manual work have been measured in a longitudinal anthropometric study. Body fat increased by about 3% and body muscle decreased by about 1% between measurements made just before retirement and again 1 year later. The decline in muscle was even greater in a subgroup of 22 men who reported that their activity was less after retirement: but a subgroup of 11 whose activity was said to have been greater after retirement showed an increase in body muscle. A sub-sample of 26 men were measured on five further annual occasions (Fig. 1). The initial increase in body fat was reversed, and fat measurements fell back significantly to or below the pre-retirement values. Body muscle, however, continued to decline steadily at the initial rate, and the ratio of thigh muscle area to body mass fell significantly in retirement in the group as a whole. The possible contributions of ageing and of changes in energy balance and physical activity to these findings are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

A prospective study found impaired left ventricular function predicted job retirement after acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired left ventricular function is associated with poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (MI). It might be hypothesized that impaired left ventricular function would also affect work outcome; however, no existing data address this hypothesis. This study examines whether reduced left ventricular systolic function had any influence on the 4-year retirement rate after acute MI. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a prospective study including 242 working-active patients with MI. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was estimated by echocardiography during hospital admission. Data about work outcome after 4 years were collected by telephone interviews. RESULTS: Fifty percent were retired by the end of follow-up. Moderately or severely reduced LVEF (35%) increased the risk of retirement almost twofold (risk ratio RR=1.8, 95% confidence interval CI=1.3-2.5). After adjusting for confounding factors, reduced LVEF was an independent predictor of retirement. Based on a stratified analysis, being female (RR=3.90, 95% CI=1.18-12.62) or having heavy physical job demands (RR=3.83, 95% CI=1.02-14.30) had a more pronounced impact on retirement for patients with LVEF 35%, compared with patients with better left ventricular function. CONCLUSION: We conclude that impaired left ventricular systolic function is a prognostic determinant of retirement from the job market after acute MI.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The transitional process of retirement for nurses.

Retirement exemplifies one of the most important transitions in life. A job provides structure to daily life, adds to a sense of self-worth and self-esteem, and is a means of self-expression, all of which define and identify the person. This work activity links individuals to a society and to a social network. When an individual retires, there is a loss of one role and a beginning of a new one. The purpose of this research was to explore the preretirement period of nurses to better understand the transitional process. A qualitative approach was chosen to enable the researchers to explore in-depth perceptions and opinions of this subjective experience. Interview questions were developed from the literature to determine the perceptions of preparation, barriers, and facilitators in the process, losses, gains, and coping strategies that were helpful. A purposive sample of female nurses from academic institutions and hospitals were invited to participate in one of three focus groups. All were invited to a fourth focus group session during which the findings from the researchers were presented and the participants verified the results. Of the 19 participants, 11 had retired, whereas 8 were in the preretirement phase. Four nurses had accepted an incentive retirement offered at their institution. The conversations were taped, transcribed, and analyzed. Thematic analysis identified both positive and negative aspects of the experience with concerns related to finances, timing of retirement, discretionary time, and relationships. Participants frequently expressed feelings of inadequacy with the numerous decisions related to finances and wished the institution had provided more information. They perceived the most enjoyable gain to be the time to enjoy and do the things they wished. The prevalent feeling among the groups was that the loss of work friends was very difficult. Old relationships would need to be fostered and new ones developed in the retiree role. Based on the findings, support services, including advisers and counselors, are recommended to ease the movement through this transitional process. The assumption is that if individuals have a better understanding of the retirement process and their new role, they will prepare and adjust better.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Travel: a long-range goal of retired women.

The authors surveyed retired persons (predominately women) with regard to their immediate, intermediate, and long-range activities following retirement. As predicted, leisure travel emerged as a frequent long-range goal for persons retired more than 5 years. The travel activity preferences of long-retired older women present challenges and opportunities to both researchers and marketers. Length of trips and frequency of trips have been predicted from regression models, with trip length in particular being well predicted by the problem of daily life hassles. A theoretical model of continued post-retirement travel is presented as a variant of Solomon's opponent process theory of affect (R. L. Solomon, 1980). The authors suggest that to the degree that places traveled to are varied and different, older people may remain stimulated and continue to enjoy retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Predicting retirement anxiety: the roles of parental socialization and personal planning.

It was proposed that anxiety about retirement begins long before retirement, and that perceptions on one's parents' socialization into retirement and one's own planning for retirement are associated with retirement anxiety. Data from 213 Canadian respondents (mean age = 44 years) were analyzed. Path analysis indicated that both parental socialization and own planfulness affect retirement anxiety.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retirement planning, use of time, and psychosocial adjustment.

This was a descriptive study to examine the relationship between retirement planning, use of time, and the psychosocial adjustment to retirement. A 72-item questionnaire was mailed to all retirees (N = 1565) from an international company residing in seven southeastern states with a response of 764 (48.82%). Significant differences were found when comparing what retirees indicated they had done to prepare for retirement, and what they believed after retirement was important for people to do to prepare. Following retirement greater emphasis was placed not only on financial factors, but also on psychosocial adjustment and use of time. Findings suggest that retirement as a psychosocial transition needs to be an integral component of nursing assessments and interventions for retirees and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Housing tenure and early retirement for health reasons in Sweden.

AIMS: To assess the association between housing tenure and early retirement for health reasons in Sweden with a view to psychosocial vs. material values of home ownership. METHODS: The data come from linked registers that cover all people resident in Sweden during 1990-2000. The study population consists of 449,233 people aged 40-63 years in 1997. Of these, 19,350 retired early for health reasons in 1998-99. The remaining 429,883 continued their employment without extended sick leave or income decline. None moved during 1990-2000. We calculated the odds of early retirement for four forms of juridical relationship to one's housing (private owner; part owner in a cooperative; private rental; rental from a public housing company), for men and women separately, controlling for age, education, employment income, household disposable income, region, foreign birth, and housing type. RESULTS: Men in cooperative ownership had lower odds of early retirement than those in the three other tenure forms, for which the odds were similar. Among women, public and private renters had similar odds of early retirement, which were higher than those of women in private or cooperative ownership. For both genders, inclusion of housing type in the model after housing tenure explained little additional variance. CONCLUSIONS: The odds of early retirement for health reasons varied across different housing tenure forms in Sweden in 1998-99. The pattern of associations differed as a function of gender. Home ownership appears to involve health resources independent of basic socio-physical factors captured with differences in housing type.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Work, retirement and physical activity: cross-sectional analyses from the Whitehall II study.

BACKGROUND: To explore the relationship between work, retirement and physical activity. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of data from self-completed questionnaires by 6224 civil servants aged 45-69 years participating in phase 5 of the Whitehall II longitudinal study. RESULTS: There appeared to be a dose-response relationship between hours worked and the prevalence of physical activity, with a lower prevalence of recommended physical activity amongst participants working full time (> or =30 h/week), higher prevalence rates amongst those working part time (<30 h/week), and the highest rates amongst participants who were not working at all. Physical activity rates did not increase greatly amongst study participants who had retired from the Civil Service but had gone on to do further full-time work, however, the higher physical activity rates of participants working part time, or not at all, were further enhanced amongst those who had also retired. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that full-time work is associated with lower rates of recommended physical activity levels in this cohort of middle-aged white-collar office workers. Lower grade occupations are also less likely to meet the recommended physical activity levels. While retirement is associated with higher rates of recommended physical activity levels, this benefit is evident amongst those who work part time, or not at all, during their retirement, for whom the benefits of retirement and lower working hours on rates of physical activity appear additive. The frequency of different types of physical activity is associated with different occupational grades, with more sport and gardening being done by the higher occupational grades.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Gender and life satisfaction in retirement: an assessment of the male model.

This study seek to extend the research on retirement in two ways. First, using a nationally representative sample, I attempt to clarify the relationship between gender and life satisfaction in retirement by explicitly considering how gender structures preretirement employment experiences. Second, I ask whether the "male model" of life satisfaction in retirement can be used to assess women's life satisfaction in retirement. It is hypothesized that employment structures, through their influence on sources of work satisfaction and world view, influence the sources of life satisfaction in retirement. While this hypothesis is generally supported, gender still appears to define a context for the variables of the male model beyond that encompassed by employment structures. The sources and implications of this gender influence for future social gerontological research, particularly in the area of retirement, are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The role of job-related rewards in retirement planning.

The authors used data from the first wave of the Health and Retirement Study ( F. Juster and R. Suzman 1995) to evaluate whether certain job-related gratifications might reduce retirement planning. Three definitions of retirement planning were evaluated and then regressed separately on a set of variables that included 3 types of job-related satisfactions (intrinsic gratification, positive social relations, and ascendance in the workplace) and 7 covariates: education, age, sex, health, marital status, race, and pension eligibility. Findings indicated that jobs high in ascendance were related to an increase in certain types of retirement planning, but jobs high in intrinsic rewards and positive social relations were related to less planning, regardless of how planning was defined. The findings suggest that information about work-related rewards may be useful in targeting individuals who might benefit from retirement planning programs, in developing planning programs to help workers realize more complex retirement plans, and in assisting employers who hope to retain older workers.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1983

Consumption patterns of the retired household.

Although age differences in consumption patterns are often attributed to retirement status, previous consumption research has failed to examine this assumption. In this research, data on 4,004 elderly households were drawn from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1972 to 1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey to test the life-stage consumption hypothesis. Using multivariate techniques, expenditure differences between the retired and nonretired family were established for most consumption categories. Compared with the nonretired family, the retired family commits a smaller proportion of additional income to necessities, a much larger proportion to gifts and contributions, and an equal proportion to transportation. Although an analysis of consumption patterns suggests that the average retired household enjoys a considerable degree of economic security, medical care and energy-related expenses emerge as major budgetary problems. Finally, this research indicates that the retired family does not rely on savings to buffer the erosion of income following retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Incidence, timing, and events associated with poverty: a dynamic view of poverty in retirement.

Using longitudinal data from the Retirement History Study (RHS), we traced the economic well-being of couples who were not poor just prior to retirement through up to 10 years of retirement. The vast majority of these couples did not become poor during their first years of retirement. However, the risk and pattern of poverty during retirement varied greatly across groups identified by marital status and pension status. Married couples with pension income who survived over the period of our analysis rarely fell into poverty. Even surviving couples without pension income were not very likely to face poverty. Our findings indicate, however, that the death of a husband dramatically alters the risk and pattern of poverty in retirement.

Aged↗