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PubMed1984

[Interaction of activations in a semantic network: an effect of presentation intervals between homographs and context words on recognition memory of homographs].

This study investigated the interactive activation process of homograph (H :e.g. "jam") and context word (c :e.g. "strawberry"). Subjects studied a list of H-C or C-H pairs, where presentation intervals between H and C were varied (0, 0.6, or 1.2 s). Then they were tested for the recognition memory of H in a changed context (e.g. "jam-traffic") in Exp. 1, or in the same context (e.g. "jam-raspberry") in Exp. 2. The recognition memory of H as a function of presentation interval was obtained. An interesting phenomenon was that the recognition memory of H in H-C pairs at the 1.2 s interval was poorer than that of the 0.6 s interval, when tested in a changed context, but better in the same context. This suggests that both meanings of H were activated at the 0.6 s interval, but one of them related to C was selected at the 1.2 s interval. Results were discussed in terms of the spreading activation model of semantic memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Recognition memory and familiarity judgments in severe amnesia: no evidence for a contribution of repetition priming.

The amnesic patient E.P. has demonstrated normal levels of repetition priming and at-chance recognition performance (S. B. Hamann & L. R. Squire, 1997), suggesting that the sense of familiarity used to make a recognition memory judgment is not based on the same mechanism responsible for repetition priming. However, the recognition tests previously used may have discouraged the use of familiarity and encouraged reliance on episodic memory. This issue was addressed in 5 experiments with E.P., 3 other amnesic patients with hippocampal damage, and 8 healthy controls. In Experiments 1-3, which were designed to discourage the use of episodic memory, the amnesic patients were impaired and E.P. performed at chance. In Experiments 4 and 5A, a stem-completion priming task was combined with a recognition memory task on each trial. E.P.'s priming was intact, yet his recognition memory performance was at chance. This suggests that although recognition memory judgments may be made on the basis of familiarity, repetition priming is not the source of this feeling of familiarity.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The effects of scopolamine on event-related potentials in a continuous recognition memory task.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a task requiring continuous recognition memory for visually-presented words. Twelve subjects each performed the task twice, once following the administration of scopolamine, and once after receiving a saline placebo. In the placebo condition, correctly detected "old" words (i.e., words that had been presented once before during the task) evoked more positive-going ERPs than did "new" words. Scopolamine caused a substantial impairment in task performance, but did not reduce the size of these old-word/new-word ERP differences. It is concluded that old/new ERP effects are unlikely to reflect cholinergically-mediated neural activity underlying normal recognition memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Parsing the recognition memory components of the WMS-III face memory subtest: normative data and clinical findings in dementia groups.

The WMS-III face memory subtest was developed as a quick, reliable, measure of non-verbal recognition memory. While the face memory subtest has demonstrated clinical sensitivity, the test has been criticized for low correlation with other WMS-III visual memory subtests and for failing to differentiate performance between clinical groups. One possible reason for these findings may be due to the impact of response bias associated with recognition memory tests. Four studies were conducted to evaluate the utility of applying signal detection measures to the face memory subtests. The first two studies used the WMS-III standardization data set to determine age and education effects and to present normative and reliability data for hits, false positives, discriminability and response bias. The third study tested the hypothesis that using response components and signal detection measures would enhance the correlation between face memory and the other WMS-III visual memory subtests. The fourth study compared performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Korsakoff's syndrome and demographically matched controls on the new face memory scores. The new measures did not have higher correlation with other WMS-III visual memory measures than the standard scoring of the test. Analysis of the clinical samples indicated that the discriminability index best differentiated patients from controls. The response components, particularly delayed false positives, differentiated performance among the clinical groups. Normative and reliability data are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Event-related potentials and recognition memory for words.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects performed 2 recognition memory tasks. In the first task, a series of words was presented in which items were repeated after either 6 or 19 intervening words. Subjects were required to make an 'old/new' discrimination to every word. In the second task, which was performed approximately 45 min after the first, subjects had to discriminate between words employed in the first task and previously unpresented items. In the first task, ERPs to 'old' words were more positive-going, from around 250 msec post stimulus, than those to 'new' items. Old/new ERP differences in the second task were smaller than in the first, less widespread over the scalp, and had an onset latency of around 500 msec, although subjects' ability to make 'old/new' discriminations was at a high level. It is suggested that 'old/new' ERP differences may not reflect processes necessary for discrimination between old and new items in recognition memory tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of long term baclofen treatment on recognition memory and novelty detection.

We studied the effect of long term baclofen treatment on recognition memory and novelty detection in rats using a habituation paradigm in an open field setting. Rats pretreated with 3 weeks' daily baclofen injection (0, 2 and 5 mg/kg) were tested in four 10 min sessions (familiarization session and three testing sessions: S1, S2 and S3) with 10-min intersession intervals. During S1, S2 and S3, rats were repeatedly exposed to the same two odor stimuli. During S3, for half of the rats in each treatment group, the spatial locations of the two stimuli were switched (Change) and for the other half the stimuli were replaced in the same locations (No Change). Two habituation scores were measured for each subject: H1 = N1 - N2; H2 = N2 - N3 (Ni the number of contacts made during Si). Baclofen at the highest dose (5 mg/kg) reduced the amount of habituation between S1 and S2 (H1) and increased responses to novel spatial arrangement, measured as the difference between H2 for the No-Change and Change groups. These results suggest a simultaneous impairment of recognition memory and enhancement of spatial novelty detection.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Response reversals in recognition memory.

Using a dynamic sequential sampling model and a recently proposed model for confidence judgments in recognition memory (T. Van Zandt, 2000b), the authors examine the tendency for rememberers to reverse their responses after a primary decision. In 4 experiments, speeded "old"-"new" decisions were made under bias followed by a 2nd response', either a confidence judgment or another simple choice. The data from these experiments showed that participants know when they have made a mistake and that they respond to this knowledge by reversing their responses. Response reversals are thus shown to be important for constructing models of the response-selection process in recognition memory.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Talker variability and recognition memory: instance-specific and voice-specific effects.

The author investigated voice context effects in recognition memory for words spoken by multiple talkers by comparing performance when studied words were repeated with same, different, or new voices at test. Hits and false alarms increased when words were tested with studied voices compared with unstudied voices. Discrimination increased only when the exact same voice was used. A trend toward conservatism in response bias was observed when test words switched to increasingly unfamiliar voices. Taken together, the overall findings suggest that the voice-specific attributes of individual talkers are preserved in long-term memory. Implications for the role of instance-specific matching and voice-specific familiarity processes and the nature of spoken-word representation are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Event-related brain potentials during auditory and visual word recognition memory tasks.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded during presentation of a series of words or pictures show enhanced positivity between 300 and 800 ms after presentation of repeated items. However, little attention has been directed to the characterization of this ERP recognition memory effect using auditory stimuli. The present study directly compared the ERP 'old/new effect' for words presented in the visual and auditory modalities. Nose-referenced ERPs were recorded from 30 electrode sites while participants (N=16) were engaged in visual and auditory continuous word recognition memory tasks. Spatially and temporally overlapping ERP components were identified and measured by covariance-based principal components analysis. The expected old/new effect was observed in both modalities, with a comparable time course peaking at 560 ms, but having a more anterior scalp topography for visual items. This suggests a common cognitive process (i.e. successful retrieval of information from memory) associated with separable neural generators in each modality. Despite this temporal synchronization, the old/new effect overlapped ERP components having distinct scalp topographies (N2) or peak latencies (P3) for each modality. The positive-going old/new effect was preceded by an earlier negativity peaking at 370 ms that was greater across modalities for old than new words, likely reflecting semantic processing aspects of word recognition memory. A late (beyond 900 ms), broadly-distributed negativity was also greater for old than new words, prolonged for auditory items, and may represent activity of a post-retrieval process.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Further dissociating the processes involved in recognition memory: an FMRI study.

Based on an event-related potential study by Rugg et al. [Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory. Nature, 392, 595-598, 1998], we attempted to isolate the hemodynamic correlates of recollection, familiarity, and implicit memory within a single verbal recognition memory task using event-related fMRI. Words were randomly cued for either deep or shallow processing, and then intermixed with new words for yes/no recognition. The number of studied words was such that, whereas most were recognized ("hits"), an appreciable number of shallow-studied words were not ("misses"). Comparison of deep hits versus shallow hits at test revealed activations in regions including the left inferior parietal gyrus. Comparison of shallow hits versus shallow misses revealed activations in regions including the bilateral intraparietal sulci, the left posterior middle frontal gyrus, and the left frontopolar cortex. Comparison of hits versus correct rejections revealed a relative deactivation in an anterior left medial-temporal region (most likely the perirhinal cortex). Comparison of shallow misses versus correct rejections did not reveal response decreases in any regions expected on the basis of previous imaging studies of priming. Given these and previous data, we associate the left inferior parietal activation with recollection, the left anterior medial-temporal deactivation with familiarity, and the intraparietal and prefrontal responses with target detection. The absence of differences between shallow misses and correct rejections means that the hemodynamic correlates of implicit memory remain unclear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Measuring the speed of the conscious components of recognition memory: remembering is faster than knowing.

Three experiments investigated response times (RTs) for remember and know responses in recognition memory. RTs to remember responses were faster than RTs to know responses, regardless of whether the remember-know decision was preceded by an old/new decision (two-step procedure) or was made without a preceding old/new decision (one-step procedure). The finding of faster RTs for R responses was also found when remember-know decisions were made retrospectively. These findings are inconsistent with dual-process models of recognition memory, which predict that recollection is slower and more effortful than familiarity. Word frequency did not influence RTs, but remember responses were faster for words than for nonwords. We argue that the difference in RTs to remember and know responses reflects the time taken to make old/new decisions on the basis of the type of information activated at test.

Cognition↗
PubMed2003

Adaptive changes of response criterion in recognition memory.

An experiment was conducted to investigate people's ability to vary a response criterion strategically, in a recognition memory task, as a function of the length of time given to process the test stimuli (from 100 to 1,500 msec). The experiment used the response signal procedure, in which the participants responded after a signal that came at a variable time delay from stimulus onset. The proportion of new versus old test items was varied systematically with the time of the response signal, with the proportion of new test items rising, falling, or staying constant at later signals. It was found that the participants' response biases changed adaptively, becoming more conservative at later signals in the rising condition, becoming less conservative in the falling condition, and not changing significantly in the constant condition. Theoretical and methodological implications for recognition memory research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Responses of neurons in the inferior temporal cortex in short term and serial recognition memory tasks.

Gaffan and Weiskrantz (1980) and Mishkin (1982) have shown that lesions to the inferior temporal visual cortex can impair the performance of serial visual recognition memory tasks. In order to provide evidence on whether the inferior temporal visual cortex contains a mechanism which enables memory to span the intervening items in a serial recognition task, or whether the inferior temporal cortex is merely afferent to such recent memory mechanisms, we analysed the activity of single neurons in the inferior temporal visual cortex and the adjacent cortex in the superior temporal sulcus in both delayed match to sample and serial recognition memory tasks. In the serial recognition task, various numbers of stimuli intervened between the first and second presentations of a stimulus. A considerable proportion (64/264 or 26%) of visually responsive inferotemporal neurons showed a different response to the "novel" and "familiar" presentations of a stimulus in the serial recognition memory task, and often a corresponding difference in response between the sample and match presentations of a stimulus in the delayed match to sample task. For the majority of neurons this difference was not sustained across even one intervening stimulus in the serial recognition task, and no neurons bridged more than 2 intervening stimuli. These results show that neurons in the inferior temporal cortex have responses which would be useful for a short term visual memory for stimuli, but would not be useful in recency memory tasks in which more than one stimulus intervenes between the first and second presentations of a stimulus. In this investigation, neurons were recorded both in the cortex on the inferior temporal gyrus (commonly called inferior temporal visual cortex, and consisting of areas TE3, TE2 and TE1 of Seltzer and Pandya 1978), and in the cortex in the adjacent anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus, in which a number of different temporal cortical visual areas have now been described.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Aging and olfactory recognition memory: effect of encoding strategies and cognitive abilities.

The effects of two encoding manipulations on recognition memory for odors were examined in 20 young and 20 elderly males. Subjects were instructed to use two different encoding strategies: (1) labeling-plus-definition (i.e., naming the odor and giving a short description) and, (2) life-episode association (i.e., associating a memory of a life-episode with each odor). Results revealed that elderly subjects performed significantly worse than young subjects in the labeling-plus-definition condition, but not in the life-episode task in which they achieved a level of performance not significantly different from the young. Encoding specificity or precision did not significantly impact recognition memory for the odors in either group. Analysis of response bias revealed that, in the label-plus-definition condition, young subjects were more conservative in responding style, while more liberal in their responding in the life-episode condition. In contrast, elderly subjects exhibited nearly identical response bias across both encoding conditions. The results suggest that age-related deficits in olfactory memory may be strategy dependent.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The method of training dogs in auditory recognition memory tasks with trial-unique stimuli.

Three adults dogs were trained in a auditory recognition delayed-matching-to-sample (DMS) task. The experimental setting consisted of one central speaker located in front of the dogs head, two side speakers with nearby response pedals and one rotary food delivery system. Three hundred twenty natural sounds were used as trial-unique stimuli. Sample stimuli were always given through the central speaker. After the delay of 1.5 s, both sample and testing stimuli were activated alternately through the two side speakers. Bar-press response toward the sample stimulus was rewarded by food. The DMS training was continued until attaining a criterion 90% correct responses in 90 consecutive trials. After a control pause, the dogs were retrained to the criterion, and then they were given performance tasks with delays extended to 10-, 30-, 60- and finally to 90-s, in blocks of 90 trials. Dogs required about 1,000 trials of auditory recognition memory training in order to reach the criterion. Their behavior was also stable after the control pause. The dogs performance declined gradually with extended delays reaching an average of 63.4% for the delay of 90 s. Results indicate that the DMS task with auditory stimuli alternating during the testing stage of trial, is a promising method for testing auditory recognition memory.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Recognition memory correlates of hippocampal theta cells.

Investigations of hippocampal theta cell activity have typically involved behavioral tasks with modest cognitive demands. Recordings in rats locomoting through space or engaged in simple stimulus discrimination or conditioning have revealed some place specificity and S(+)/S(-) selectivity in addition to the hippocampal EEG theta-related behavioral/motor correlates. However, little data exist regarding theta cell activity during performance of more cognitively demanding, hippocampal-dependent recognition memory tasks. Here, we examined the cognitive firing correlates of theta cells in rats that were performing an olfactory recognition memory task with distinct sample and test phases. Discriminant analysis revealed odor and match/nonmatch memory correlates in theta cell activity comparable in relative magnitude to that of the principal cells. Odor-specific theta cell responses in the sample phase were restricted primarily to CA1 and linked to task performance. In the test recognition phase, match/nonmatch theta cells were found primarily in the CA3 and CA1 fields, most of which exhibited greater activity on correct nonmatch trials in which recognition occurred than on error match trials in which recognition failed. Odor selectivity of the match/nonmatch signaling was greatest in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 and least in CA1. This inverted pattern of stimulus specificity in the sample versus test phase was similar to that observed in principal cells but with a greater contrast between the CA1 and DG/CA3 fields. Together, these findings suggest that theta cells actively participate in hippocampal recognition memory processing and play a specific role in shaping the cognitive firing properties of the hippocampal principal cells.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Visual recognition memory in drug-exposed infants.

Visual recognition memory testing in high-risk infants has been shown to have significant predictive ability for later cognitive deficits. This study evaluated cognition in infants exposed prenatally to illicit stimulant drugs compared with nonexposed controls with a standardized test of visual recognition, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII). Thirty-six healthy, full-term infants with prenatal exposure to cocaine and/or amphetamines and 26 infants with no drug exposures, matched for race and socioeconomic status, were tested. Average FTII scores were significantly lower and the percentage testing at risk significantly higher in the drug-exposed group (p less than .01). Differences between groups were also noted in behaviors dealing with attention, distractibility, and activity level. These data support recent evidence from longitudinal studies showing that infants exposed to drugs prenatally may be at risk for later subtle neurological abnormalities and suggest these difficulties may be identifiable long before the children reach school age.

Amphetamine↗