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PubMed1996

Cancer mortality among workers in the German rubber industry: 1981-91.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the cancer specific mortality of active and retired workers of the German rubber industry with emphasis on cancer sites which have been associated with the rubber industry in previous studies. METHODS: A cohort of 11,663 German men was followed up for mortality from 1 January 1981 to 31 December 1991. Cohort members were active (n = 7536) or retired (n = 4127) at the beginning of the study, and had been employed for at least one year in one of five study plants producing types or general rubber goods. Vital status was ascertained for 99.7% of the cohort members, and cause of death found for 96.8% of the 2719 decedents. Age and calendar year adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated overall from national reference rates and stratified by year of hire and by years since hire. RESULTS: Mortalities from all causes (SMR 108; 95% CI 104-112) and all cancers (SMR 111; 95% CI 103-119) were significantly increased in the study cohort. Significant excesses in the mortalities from lung cancer (SMR 130; 95% CI 115-147) and pleural cancer (SMR 401; 95% CI 234-642) were identified. SMRs higher than 100 were found for cancers of the pharynx (SMR 144; 95% CI 76-246), oesophagus (SMR 120; 95% CI 74-183), stomach (SMR 110; 95% CI 86-139), rectum (SMR 123; 95% CI 86-170), larynx (SMR 129; 95% CI 69-221), prostate (SMR 108; 95% CI 84-136), and bladder (SMR 124; 95% CI 86-172), as well as for leukaemia (SMR 148; 95% CI 99-213). Mortalities from liver cancer, brain cancer, and lymphoma were lower than expected. CONCLUSIONS: Mortalities from cancer of several sites previously associated with the rubber industry were also increased among workers of the German rubber industry. Results of the stratified analyses are consistent with a role of occupational exposure in the aetiology of some of these cancers.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cancer risk in the rubber industry: a review of the recent epidemiological evidence.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the recent epidemiological evidence on cancer risk among workers in the rubber industry. METHODS: Epidemiological studies published after the last detailed review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1982 were reviewed. 12 cohort studies in nine countries that examined distinct populations of workers in the rubber industry, seven industry based nested case-control studies, 48 community based case-control studies in 16 countries, and 23 studies based on administrative data that reported risks for employment in the rubber industry were identified. RESULTS: Excess risks of bladder cancer, lung cancer, and leukaemia were found in most studies, with risks above 1.5 in about half of the studies. A moderate excess risk for laryngeal cancer was consistent across studies. Excess risks were found in a few studies for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, skin, prostate, kidney, brain, and thyroid, and for malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma, but overall results were not consistent for these neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: Magnitude of the observed risks varied considerably between studies, but overall the findings indicate the presence of a widespread moderate increased cancer risk among rubber workers. The most consistent results were for bladder, laryngeal, and lung cancer and for leukaemia. Excess risks were also found for other neoplasms but an evaluation of the consistency of the findings is difficult because of the possible selective reporting of results. Recent studies do not provide information associating specific exposures with cancer risk. The preventive measures taken in the rubber industry in recent years may decrease risks, but this has not been documented yet in epidemiological studies.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2006

Rubber friction on smooth surfaces.

We study the sliding friction for viscoelastic solids, e.g., rubber, on hard flat substrate surfaces. We consider first the fluctuating shear stress inside a viscoelastic solid which results from the thermal motion of the atoms or molecules in the solid. At the nanoscale the thermal fluctuations are very strong and give rise to stress fluctuations in the MPa-range, which is similar to the depinning stresses which typically occur at solid-rubber interfaces, indicating the crucial importance of thermal fluctuations for rubber friction on smooth surfaces. We develop a detailed model which takes into account the influence of thermal fluctuations on the depinning of small contact patches (stress domains) at the rubber-substrate interface. The theory predicts that the velocity dependence of the macroscopic shear stress has a bell-shaped form, and that the low-velocity side exhibits the same temperature dependence as the bulk viscoelastic modulus, in qualitative agreement with experimental data. Finally, we discuss the influence of small-amplitude substrate roughness on rubber sliding friction.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1979

Biocompatibility of standard and silica-free silicone rubber membrane oxygenators.

Spiral coil membrane oxygenators made from either standard silicone rubber or silica-free silicone rubber were compared using three priming techniques. Standard priming, carbon dioxide priming, and denucleation priming were employed with each type of device. Four-hour venovenous membrane oxygenator perfusions were carried out on awake sheep anticoagulated with heparin. Virtually no differences were observed in any parameters measured between standard silicone rubber and filler-free silicone rubber membranes. Significantly greater platelet losses occurred during the first hour of perfusion with standard priming and with carbon dioxide priming than with denucleation priming, using either type of membrane. These experiments demonstrate that denucleation priming reduces platelet losses during extracorporeal membrane oxygenator perfusion, but that the use of filler-free silicone rubber does not improve the biocompatibility of the membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The airborne 1,3-butadiene concentrations in rubber and plastic processing plants].

Environment pollution by 1,3-butadiene had considerably increased in Japan. The main cause of the pollution is the automotive exhaust gas, and leaks from factories, smoking, and burning of rubber and plastic products are considered to be minor sources. The object of this study was to determine the contamination levels of airborne 1,3-butadiene in factories processing rubber and plastics containing 1,3-butadiene. The concentrations of airborne 1,3-butadiene were measured in 21 plants (10 rubber processing plants and 11 plastics processing plants) in Osaka. 1,3-Butadiene in air was collected for 10 minutes with a charcoal tube and a portable small pump adjusted to a 250 ml/min flow rate. In each plant, indoor air samples at five points and an outdoor air sample at one point outside the plant were collected. The samples were subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after thermal desorption from the charcoal. The concentrations of airborne 1,3-butadiene in the rubber processing plants and the plastics processing plants were 0.14-2.20 micrograms/m3 (geometric mean: 0.48 microgram/m3) and 0.23-4.51 micrograms/m3 (geometric mean: 0.80 microgram/m3), respectively. In all plants examined, indoor 1,3-butadiene concentrations were higher than the outdoor concentrations around the plants. Therefore, 1,3-butadiene was considered to arise from the processing of rubber or plastics, but the indoor 1,3-butadiene concentrations were much lower than the PEL-TWA (1 ppm = 2.21 mg/m3) of OSHA and the TLV-TWA (2 ppm) of ACGIH. The concentrations in the plants with closed room conditions without ventilation were higher than the concentrations in the other plants. It was suggested that ventilation affected the 1,3-butadiene concentration in the plants.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of the rubber dam on proximal contact strengths.

PURPOSE: The study tested the hypothesis that the application of a rubber dam influences the reconstruction of proximal contact strengths, while the corresponding contra-lateral teeth are not affected. METHODS: Seventy-four systemically and periodontally healthy subjects in need of a direct posterior composite restoration were treated with the use of a rubber dam. The proximal contact strengths (PCS) were electronically evaluated by measuring frictional forces during removal of a 50.0 +/- 5.0 microm-thick straight metal band. RESULTS: Proximal contact strengths significantly increased from 2.26 +/- 1.45N before to 3.83 +/- 2.34N after application of the rubber dam; whereas, the variation of PCS at the corresponding contacts in the contra-lateral quadrant remained within the intra-examiner variance of +/- 0.2N. Upon removal of the rubber dam, there was a statistically significantly drop in PCS from 3.54 +/- 1.87N to 2.31 +/- 1.35N. Again, there was only minimal change in the contra-lateral quadrant. It was concluded that application of the rubber dam affects proximal contact strengths.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of IgG4 and IgE antibodies to rubber proteins by immunoblotting in latex allergy.

Sera from four latex-allergic hospital employees (two physicians and two nurses) were examined for the occurrence of IgG4 and IgE antibodies to rubber proteins by immunoblotting. We used natural rubber sap as antigen source and detected IgG4 antibodies in all four patient sera. The IgG4 antibodies bound to 12 rubber protein antigens with molecular weights ranging from 14 kD to 53 kD. IgE antibodies bound nine of the antigens and the major antigen for both IgG4 and IgE seemed to be a 21 kD rubber protein. The parallel occurrence of IgG4 and IgE antibodies against the same rubber protein antigens suggests that IgG4 antibodies also may play a role in the pathogenesis of latex allergy.

Antigens↗
PubMed1993

Enteric bacterial translocation after intraperitoneal implantation of rubber drain pieces.

To study the kinetics and mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the gut after intraperitoneal (IP) implantation of prosthetic materials, different sizes of rubber drain pieces were intraperitoneally implanted in the rat, followed by evaluation of ileal mucosal permeability after 2 days and of the occurrence of bacterial translocation and gut oxygen extraction at various time points. Enteric bacteria translocated to mesenteric lymph nodes and disseminated to systemic organs (liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys), the portal vein, and inferior vena cava 2, 4, and 6 h after IP implantation of rubber drain pieces with 10-, 7-, and 3-cm2 areas, respectively, and subsequently to the IP rubber drain piece and the peritoneal cavity on the 2nd postoperative day. The incidence of translocation correlated with the size of the implanted material and time after implantation. The gut oxygen extraction increased significantly after IP implantation of 7- and 10-cm2 rubber drain pieces. The ileal mucosal permeability was enhanced in the groups implanted with 7- and 10-cm2 drain pieces. Thus, bacterial translocation occurs already in the early period after IP implantation of rubber drain and increased with time. The increased gut oxygen extraction implies that the gut is susceptible to IP inflammatory stimulation, and the enhanced ileal permeability suggests that the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract is compromised, which might facilitate bacterial translocation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oesophageal cancer and occupational exposure to rubber: a nested case-control study.

Findings for cancer of the oesophagus in the rubber industry are not consistent between studies, and derive from too few studies. Few studies were carried out to examine risks of oesophageal cancer in different departments and the confounding by non-occupational risk factors such as smoking, drinking, and economic status. In this paper these questions have been explored. Following a nested case-control study, the data were used of nine oesophageal cancer deaths during 1973-1995 and 36 controls matched for sex and age from the same cohort of a rubber plant workers. Oesophageal cancer risks for exposure to rubber were assessed, unadjusted and adjusted for non-occupational factors by conditional logistic regression. In grouped analysis, odds ratios (ORs) for oesophageal cancer were found to be 2.67 (95%CI=0.42,17.0) for milling, etc. workers and 1. 40 (95%CI=0.24,7.97) for building workers, who worked for one or more years. No excess risks were found in the remaining three departments. The models for continuous exposure variables indicated that a one-unit year change in the milling, etc. department was associated with a 4% increment in the OR. When adjusted for serum cholesterol level, the 6% increase (OR) was observed. Significant associations between risk for oesophageal cancer and specific exposures or processes within the rubber plant were not found. The slight excess risk for oesophageal cancer in the rubber plant may be related to exposure to dusts and solvents.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Connective tissue and bacterial deposits on rubber dam sheet and ePTFE barrier membranes in guided periodontal tissue regeneration.

The aim of this study was to compare the connective tissue and bacterial deposits on rubber dam sheets and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes used as barrier membranes in guided tissue regeneration for periodontal treatment. Twenty patients having intrabony defects and/or furcation defects were surgically treated by guided tissue regeneration employing either rubber dam sheets (10 patients) or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (10 patients) as barrier membranes. Four to six weeks after the first operation, membranes were retrieved from the lesion sites and processed for scanning electron microscopy. The lesion-facing surfaces of membranes were examined for the presence of connective tissue and bacterial deposits. The differences between the numbers of fields and the distributions of connective tissue and bacteria on both types of membranes were analysed by the Chi-square test at the level of 0.05 significance. The results showed a lot of fibroblasts with their secreted extracellular matrices, known as components of the connective tissue on rubber dam sheets and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. There was no significant difference in the total number of connective tissue on both types of membranes (P = 0.456). Many bacterial forms including cocci, bacilli, filaments and spirochetes with the interbacterial matrices were identified. The total number of bacteria on rubber dam sheets was statistically less than that on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (P < 0.001). The comparable number of connective tissue on both types of membranes suggests that the healing process under both types of membranes was also comparable. Therefore, the rubber dam sheet might be used as a barrier membrane in guided tissue regeneration.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2006

Influence of rubber dam isolation on human pulp responses after capping with calcium hydroxide and an adhesive system.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the influence of rubber dam isolation on the response of human pulps capped with calcium hydroxide and an adhesive system. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Direct pulp capping was performed in 40 caries-free human premolars scheduled for extraction as part of orthodontic treatment. The teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 5) according to the combination of treatment factors: capping agent (adhesive resin or calcium hydroxide), isolation (rubber dam or cotton pellets only), and period of evaluation (30 or 60 days). Class 2 cavities were prepared, and pulp exposures were created on the occlusal floor. After capping, all teeth were restored with Z-100 placed incrementally. After 30 or 60 days, patients were asked about their symptoms, teeth were extracted, and serial sections were evaluated. The data were subjected to a nonparametric test. RESULTS: Overall, the histologic features showed that the pulp response was worse for groups capped with adhesive. For adhesive-capped groups, the pulp response varied from pulp necrosis to acute inflammatory cell infiltrate, and most of the pulps capped without rubber dam isolation showed severe inflammatory cell infiltrate involving the coronal pulp with chronic abscesses. For the calcium hydroxide groups, all specimens showed dentin bridge formation, regardless of the type of isolation used. CONCLUSION: Calcium hydroxide should be used as the material of choice for pulp capping with or without rubber dam isolation. The use of adhesive systems in vital pulp capping is contraindicated, especially if rubber dam isolation is not implemented.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1991

Cancer mortality among male workers in the Polish rubber industry.

The rubber industry, acknowledged by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to be a cancer risk technology is, because of difficulty in identifying causal factors, the subject of intensive epidemiological studies in many countries. In the presented study, cancer risk in the rubber industry was evaluated on the basis of long-term observation (1945-1985) of a cohort of 6978 male workers employed in a rubber goods factory, predominantly engaged in producing rubber footwear. The reference group was the general male population of Poland. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), calculated by means of the person-years method, were used in the evaluation of death risk. The observation of a whole cohort indicated an excess of cancer, in general (approx 12%), lung cancer (approx 40%) and gallbladder cancer (approx fourfold). In the subcohorts, distinguished according to peculiarities of individual production sections, cancer risk of the large intestine and larynx was significantly increased. The highest cancer risk was found in compounding, mixing, milling and vulcanizing sections. Hence, beta-naphthylamine, benzidine and solvents (benzene) were used in technological processes in the past, bladder cancer and leukemia were considered as most specific for the rubber industry. In the cohort observed, the risk of death from bladder cancer was significantly increased only in those who had been employed during the years 1945-1953, namely during the period when beta-naphthylamine was in use. No excess of deaths from leukemia was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Cancer mortality and morbidity among rubber workers.

Mortality and morbidity from cancer among a cohort of 13,570 white male rubber workers were examined. Each man worked for at least 5 years at the Akron, Ohio, plant of the B. F. Goodrich Company. The potential period of follow-up was from January 1, 1940 to June 30, 1976. Departmental work histories were based primarily on records maintained by Local no. 5, United Rubber Workers. The occurrence of cancer was measured by death certificates and by a survey of Akron-area hospital tumor registries from 1964 to 1974. Two types of analyses were made: 1) an external comparison of mortality rates of rubber workers versus rates of U.S. white males, and 2) an internal comparison of cancer morbidity rates among persons who were employed in various work areas of the plant. Excess cases of specific cancers (observed/expected numbers) among workers in specific work areas included: stomach and intestine: rubber making (30/14.4); lung: tire curing (31/14.1), fuel cells and/or deicers (46/29.1); bladder: chemical plant (6/2.4), and tire building (16/10.7); skin cancer: tire assembly (12/1.9); brain cancer: tire assembly (8/2.0); lymphatic cancer: tire building (8/3.2); and leukemia: calendering (8/2.2), tire curing (8/2.6), tire building (12/7.5), elevators (4/1.4), tubes (4/1.6), and rubber fabrics (4/1.1). Agents that may be responsible for these excesses were considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1965

Prevention of chinosol absorption by rubber stoppers used to seal glass vials containing tuberculin PPD Mantoux solutions.

Chinosol (8-quinolinol sulfate), which is employed as an antimicrobial agent in tuberculin PPD solutions used for the Mantoux test, is known to disappear from these solutions after storage. It has been established that the loss of this preservative from tuberculin solutions dispensed in glass vials is caused by the rubber stoppers used to seal the vials. All the rubber stoppers tested absorbed Chinosol very readily.The nature of the binding of Chinosol by a rubber stopper is both chemical (irreversible) and physical (reversible). The capacity to bind Chinosol chemically was determined for 12 types of rubber stopper, and was found to vary from 0 to more than 25% by weight of the stopper. This phenomenon can be attributed mainly to metal ingredients in the stopper. The capacity of stoppers to bind Chinosol physically is expressed quantitatively by a partition coefficient. This was determined for 7 types of rubber stopper and found to be high when compared with the partition coefficients of other preservatives.We have shown that all stoppers presaturated in Chinosol can be equilibrated against a buffered solution containing 0.01% Chinosol. Equilibrated silicone, white, and red oxiglazed stoppers can be used satisfactorily for sealing multi-dose vials of tuberculin PPD containing 0.01% Chinosol.

Quinolines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sterilization of rubber medical equipment with formaldehyde].

The sterilizing procedure of medical rubber pieces have been studied. The gas sterilizer GK-100 has been used the chamber of which was loaded with rubber pieces and with rubber pieces in combination with plastic. The map of the temperature field has been build, and the effect of the exposure and temperature as well as the packaging density in the chamber on sterility of the test-pieces has been derived. The period of formaldehyde neutralization by ammonia has been measured, the action of formaldehyde on physical and mechanical properties of the rubber has been also studied. On the basis of the obtained data the sterilization procedure with formaldehyde for medical rubber pieces has been developed.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1994

[Occupational contact dermatitis induced by allergens present in rubber. II. allergy to antioxidants].

Out of 339 persons suffering from occupational dermatitis, the group of 51 patients (15%), allergic to rubber, were eligible for the study. The frequency of allergy to amine compounds and quinoline derivatives (8 chemical compounds), used in rubber mixtures to prevent rubber oxidation, was investigated. The group under study comprised of 20 workers of the metallurgic, 6 of the building and 3 of the rubber industries as well as 15 health service workers, 2 farmers and 5 drivers. Allergy to amine compounds was found in 30 persons (58.8%) and to quinoline derivatives in 5 persons (9.8%). N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenodiamine proved to be most allergenic (52.9% of allergic persons), then N-cyclohexyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenodiamine (31.4%) and N,N-diphenyl-4-phenylenodiamine (23.5%). Allergy to amine antioxidants was two times higher among workers of the metallurgic and building industries as well as among farmers and drivers than in health service workers, and it was induced by contact with technical rubber.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurotoxic effects of rubber factory environment. An auditory evoked potential study.

The effects of rubber factory environment on functional integrity of auditory pathway have been studied in forty rubber factory workers using Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs) technique to detect early subclinical impairments. Results indicate that 47 percent of the workers showed abnormalities in prolongations of either peak latencies or interpeak latencies when compared with age and sex matched control subjects not exposed to rubber factory environment. The percent distribution of abnormalities (ears affected) were in the order of extrusion and calendering (75%) > vulcanising (41.66%) > mixing (28.57%) > loading and dispatch (23.07%) > tubing (18.75%) sections of the factory. This incidence of abnormalities may be attributed to solvents being used in these units of rubber factory. These findings suggest that rubber factory environment does affect auditory pathway in the brainstem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Periodontal guided tissue regeneration with a rubber dam: short term clinical study].

BACKGROUND: The guided regeneration of periodontal tissues demonstrated to represent a therapeutical technique with predictable results. It has been observed that different materials, used as regenerative membranes, offer very similar results. Unconventional materials too, like the rubber dam, seem to be useful in the guided tissues regeneration technique. The object of the present study has been to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of Gore-Tex and rubber dam-made membranes in the therapy of intra-osseous periodontal defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with two similar intra-osseous defects, participated in the study; one defect has been treated using, during the surgical intervention, a Gore-Tex membrane, while the other has received, a fragment of sterile rubber dam membranes. The principal clinical parameters of the periodontal health (probing depth -PD- and attachment loss -AL-) has been evaluated in both the defects before and 6 months after the periodontal surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results have showed that there are not statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the healing of the intra-osseous defects treated by rubber dam or Gore-Tex. The conclusion is drawn that the rubber dam can represent a valid and cheap alternative to the materials traditionally used in the regenerative surgery of the periodontal tissues.

Humans↗