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PubMed1996

Distribution of immunoreactive atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in the heart of the chicken, quail, snake and frog.

The distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)- and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)-granules was examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally in the hearts of the chicken, Japanese quail, Japanese rat snake and bull-frog. Moreover, natriuretic peptide (NP)-granules in the cardiocytes were analyzed by ultrastructural morphometry. Immunohistochemically, ANP-immunoreactivity (IR) was not detected in any cardiocytes, but BNP-IR was detectable in most atrial and ventricular cardiocytes of both chicken and quail. In the snake, ANP-IR was seen in most atrial and ventricular cardiocytes, which showed traces and negative in BNP-IR, respectively. Both ANP- and BNP-IR were detected in the atrial and ventricular cardiocytes in the frog. Ultrastructurally, most of NP-granules were found in the perinuclear region in the chicken, quail and snake atrium, but the frog atrial cardiocytes had granules generally dispersing widely in the cell. By ultrastructural morphometry, the number of granules in the atrial cardiocyte was greatest in the frog, followed by the snake, and chicken or quail, in this order. The diameter of granules in the atrial cardiocyte was largest in the snake and reduced via the frog to the chicken or quail. In the ventricular cardiocytes of all species, the number and size of granules were significantly less than that in the atrial ones. These results indicated that the hearts of the chicken and quail contain only BNP, and that there are two different natriuretic peptides, ANP and BNP, in the snake and frog hearts.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Establishment of inbred strains of chicken and Japanese quail and their potential as animal models.

We started establishing inbred strains of chicken and Japanese quail in 1970. In class Aves, full sib mating is highly difficult due to inbreeding depression. In the chicken, we attempted to establish some inbred strains in three breeds, Black Minorca, White Leghorn and Fayoumi by fixing all the characters that differentiate individuals homozygously. In this paper, we describe some marker genes and characters fixed in the inbred strains of chicken and Japanese quail as well as a calculation of a putative coefficient of inbreeding in 8 chicken inbred strains using band sharing values detected by AFLP analysis. We established generalized glycogenosis type II quail, myotonic dystrophy quail, neurofilament deficient quail, visually impaired chicken, double oviduct chicken with partial kidney deficiency, chicken showing spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis with feathered amelanosis, and chicken with a hereditary nervous disorder. The processes of establishment and characteristics of these animal models are described with some interesting information obtained from these animal models. In generalized glycogenosis type II quail, the results of enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy are described.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Haemoproteus lophortyx infection in bobwhite quail.

This report chronicles recurring outbreaks of Haemoproteus lophortyx infection in captive bobwhite quail. Clinically, the signs of infection included reluctance to move, ruffled appearance, prostration, and death. These signs were associated with parasitemia, anemia, and the presence of large megaloschizonts in skeletal muscles, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing outbreaks was over 20%. In a typical outbreak, mortality rose when the birds were 5-6 wk of age, peaked in 8-to-10-wk-old quail, and declined rapidly when the quail were 9-11 wk old. Outbreaks occurred exclusively between the months of May and October, and warm weather was determined to be a risk factor for H. lophortyx mortality. This protozoan most likely overwinters in native California quail in the area and is transmitted to quail on the ranch by an insect vector that emerges in warm weather. Infection of the large population of naïve bobwhite quail on the ranch leads to amplification of H. lophortyx, resulting in epidemics in successive flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in gonadectomized Japanese quail exposed to short or to long daylengths.

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in gonadectomized male and female Japanese quail, exposed either to 8 h light: 16 h darkness per day (8L:16D; short days) or to 20L:4D (long days). In both sexes, exposure to long days increased LH levels and in the gonadectomized quail LH continued to rise over several weeks. Eventually the castrated quail had levels about five times higher than the control birds and the ovariectomized quail had levels about 14 times higher than their controls. Quail kept on short days had low LH levels while birds kept on long days and returned to short days resumed low levels after a delay of some days. Since very high levels of LH occurred in gonadectomized quail only when they were on long days, we conclude that the photoperiodic regulation of LH secretion does not operate solely by adjusting sensitivity to gonadal feedback, but works in a more direct manner. Ovariectomized females whether on long days (high LH) or short days (low LH) grew masculine plumage and castrated males retained male plumage. This confirms that the ovary is responsible for sexual dimorphism of plumage and shows that the action of the ovary is not mediated by LH (through feedback). The remaining rudimentary (right) gonad in ovariectomized females did not undergo visible hypertrophy and did not secrete enough hormone to stimulate the cloacal gland or oviduct.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of growth curves of weight selected populations of turkeys, quail, and chickens.

The pattern of growth from hatch to sexual maturity was measured in quail, chicken, and turkey females using the Gompertz equation. Quails and chickens were selected for high or low immature BW and turkeys were selected for high BW. Quail and turkey species also included their respective randombred control populations. The chicken species included an F2 of the selected lines. Thus, there were considerable differences in BW not only among species but between lines within species. Differences were evident at hatch as hatch weights relative to asymptotic BW were greater for quail than chickens and turkeys. Age and BW traits associated with point of inflection (POI) were variable. Species differences appeared to be influenced by the selection scheme applied to the populations. Slope at POI was greatest in quail and the same for turkeys and chickens. Age at 90% of the asymptotic BW was generally greatest for chickens, intermediate for turkeys and lowest for quails. Selection age in relation to age at POI may contribute to the timing and magnitude of growth response observed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Quail poisoning in a child.

CONTEXT: It has been well known since ancient times that the consumption of quail may be deleterious to health. The European quail sub-species (Coturnix coturnix coturnix), common to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia is indeed potentially poisonous to humans, but only during the autumn migration (not during their return flight in spring). Quail poisoning is an acute dietary-toxicological syndrome. ISSUE: In this case report, we describe a rare, non-fatal case of quail poisoning in a 12-year-old boy. The victim was admitted to hospital 5 hours after the consumption of quail because of the signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory findings (elevation of serum muscle enzymes, myoglobinuria) significant of acute rhabdomyolysis. He was treated symptomatically with bed rest, forced continuous diuresis, urine alkalization, and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. The victim recovered completely without sequelae after 8 days hospitalization. LESSONS: The aetiology of this syndrome is still unclear. It has been suggested that a toxic effect or a genetic sensitivity plays a major role. Many cases of quail poisoning in adults have been reported previously on the island of Lesbos during autumn. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in a child.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental infection of bobwhite quail with Indiana C adenovirus.

Bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus) were inoculated intratracheally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously with Indiana C adenovirus at 1, 3, 6, or 9 weeks of age. Mortality rates were 33-100% in quails inoculated at 1 or 3 weeks of age and 0-10% in quails inoculated at 6 or 9 weeks of age. Gross and histologic lesions included necrotizing tracheitis and bronchitis with pneumonia, necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, and lymphoid depletion of the bursa of Fabricius; these were consistent with quail bronchitis. Indiana C is highly pathogenic in bobwhite quails and cannot be recommended as a vaccine to prevent quail bronchitis.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1993

Photoperiodism in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with special reference to relative refractoriness.

Cloacal gland (an androgen dependent sex accessory) of Japanese quail exhibits full breeding condition as long as these were maintained under long days (LD 16:8). When shifted to short daylength (LD 6:18), scotosensitivity (cloacal gland regression) was observed up to 5 weeks, followed by scotorefractoriness (cloacal gland development). There was a regression in cloacal gland volume of the birds when shifted to intermediate daylength (LD 13.5:10.5 and 13:11) after 12 weeks of exposure to long days (relative refractoriness) but no regression when shifted to relatively short days (< 14 hr) after 3 weeks of exposure to long daylength. Birds maintained under constant short photoperiod (LD 6:18) exhibited cyclicity. Shift experiments (quail reared and maintained under continuous light; LL, were shifted to LD 16:8, 13:11 and 8:16, similarly quail maintained under LD 16:8 were shifted to rest three photoperiods and so on) made to compare the cloacal gland responses indicated that if the difference between two photoperiods (previous and shifted one) was more the percentage of difference in cloacal gland response was also high. Short daylength (LD 8:16) was always gonadoinhibitory for the quail previously exposed to any daylength (13L, 16L or 24L) and 16L and 24L were always stimulatory for the quail previously exposed to other daylength (8L, 13L, 16L). But, when the birds were shifted to 13L, photoresponses cannot be generalized and it depends on the photoperiod to which quail were exposed previously (i.e. photoperiodic history).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Developmental alterations in casein kinase 2 activity during the morphogenesis of quail secondary palate.

BACKGROUND: During the progression of avian secondary palate morphogenesis, the rate of cell proliferation declines, whereas the production and accumulation of extracellular matrices increases. To investigate the regulation of these events, we examined the quail secondary palate for the activity of casein kinase 2 (CK 2), a pleiotropic serine/threonine second messenger independent enzyme implicated in cell growth and differentiation. METHODS: Quail palatal shelves were dissected between days 5 and 9 of incubation, which is the period of palate morphogenesis in quail, and prepared either for light microscopic observations or homogenized, cleared by ultracentrifugation, and then subjected to fractionation on a MonoQ column by fast protein liquid chromatography and Western immunoblotting. RESULTS: Histological examination showed that the palatal shelves appeared on day 5 of incubation and approximated by day 8 of incubation. Fractionation of palate extract using a Mono-Q column revealed the presence of a major peak of phosvitin phosphotransferase activity which eluted with 0.5 M NaCl. This activity peak coincided with the presence of a 42 kDa subunit of CK 2 as determined by Western blotting with a CK 2 specific antibody. The CK 2 activity towards phosvitin was elevated on days 5 and 6 and then rapidly declined by day 9. The decrease in CK 2 activity did not correlate with a decrease in CK 2 protein during palate development indicating that the differential activity of the CK 2 enzyme observed during quail palate development may be due to post-translational modifications of the enzyme. A high positive correlation was found between the CK 2 phosphotransferase activity and both the proliferation index and DNA synthesis during palate development. CONCLUSION: On the basis of literature analysis and the results of the present study, it was suggested that the activity of CK 2 may be regulated along with protein kinase A to coordinate cell proliferation and the synthesis of extracellular matrices during palate development in quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

In vivo and in vitro assessment of mitogen activated protein kinase involvement during quail secondary palate formation.

Spatiotemporally regulated cell proliferation and differentiation are crucial for the successful completion of morphogenesis of the vertebrate secondary palate. An understanding of the mechanisms by which these cellular phenomena are regulated during palate development involves the identification of the various signal transduction pathways. In the present study, the presence and activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases were investigated during the development of quail secondary palate. The palatal shelves were dissected on days 5-9 of incubation, homogenized, and centrifuged, after which the samples were separated by anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography. The fractions were analyzed for myelin basic protein (MBP) phosphorylation. In addition, primary cultures of quail palate mesenchymal cells (QPMCs) were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and prepared for MBP phosphorylation assays. A temporally regulated pattern of phosphotransferase activity, characterized by a three-fold increase in phosphotransferase activity toward MBP between days 5 and 8 of incubation, was observed during quail palate development. Western blotting, using MAP kinase antibodies, demonstrated the presence of a 42-kDa isoform between days 5 and 9 of incubation, during which the level of protein remained constant. Antityrosine immunoblotting with 4G10 also detected a 42-kDa protein. Phosphotransferase assays, using either a MAP kinase-specific substrate peptide (S5) or a protein kinase C inhibitor (R3), further confirmed the presence of a MAP kinase in the developing palate of quail. Because diverse biological processes occur concurrently during in vivo palate morphogenesis, the involvement of MAP kinase was explored further in primary cell culture. The data showed that EGF stimulated proliferation and activated 42-kDa MAP kinase in QPMCs. It is suggested that MAP kinase cascade may be involved in growth factor-regulated cell proliferation during morphogenesis of quail secondary palate.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Investigation on the nutritive value and microbiological quality of wild quail carcasses.

Quail meats have many advantages and superiority one the other species of poultry. This study was planned to throw plenty of light on gross chemical composition, lipid fractions, fatty acids composition, amino acids composition, of thigh and breast of male and female wild quail meat as well as the microbiological quality. The mean values of moisture, protein, fat, ash and energy contents ranged from 60.1 to 69.2%, 55.0 to 68.8%, 28.8 to 42.1%, 2.40 to 3.63% and 696 to 1000 kJ, respectively. Seven fractions of lipids (phospholipids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, diglycerides, free fatty acids, triglycerides and hydrocarbons) were estimated. The individual fatty acids were determined. The mean total unsaturated fatty acids represented 73.9, 66.8, 60.2 and 67.5% of the total fatty acids in thigh male, breast male, thigh female and breast female quail, while that of saturated fatty acids were 25.1, 30.1, 32.0 and 30.4%, respectively. The essential fatty acids in thigh and breast males were 34.8 and 29.0% against 25.7 and 28.1% in females. Amino acids composition were varied from 82.6 to 95.2 g/100 g protein in thigh, breast of male and female wild quails. The essential amino acids were illustrated. The mean values of psychotrophic, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Streptococci and Staph. aureus were 4 x 10(4), 1 x 10(2), 4 x 10(3), 3 x 10(3), 6 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(3) cfu/g, respectively. E. coli, Enterobacter agglumerans, E. cloacae, Morganella morgani, Proteus mirabilis, and P. vulgaris could be isolated in varying percentages. Neither Salmonellae nor Clostridium perfringens could be isolated from the examined quails. The public health aspects for the estimated and isolated criteria were outlined.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Regulation of the quail tyrosine hydroxylase gene in neural crest cells by cAMP and beta-adrenergic ligands.

Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine (CA) synthesis, was studied in quail neural crest (NC) cultures to investigate the role of environmental factors in the development of the adrenergic phenotype. First, the activity of the quail TH gene promoter was analyzed in immortalized quail NC cells by transient transfection assay. We found that chick embryo extract (CEE), which is known to trigger adrenergic differentiation of NC cells in vitro, strongly enhanced reporter gene transcription. A sequence of only 77 nucleotides, including a cAMP-responsive element, was sufficient to elicit this response. Implication of cAMP in the CEE effect was further supported by the fact that CEE produced a stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity that was sensitive to beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists. Moreover, stimulation of TH gene expression by CEE could be reduced by beta-adrenergic antagonists or CA-depleted extract. We have subsequently investigated the possibility that TH expression during differentiation of nontransformed NC cells could also be influenced by CA via the cAMP pathway. In dissociated cultures of 3-day-old quail sclerotomes and of 2-day-old quail trunk NC, differentiation of TH+ cells was induced in the presence of forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, and modulated by beta-adrenoreceptor ligands. In particular, the adrenergic-promoting effect of 10% CEE on trunk NC cultures was inhibited by beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists or by eliminating CA from the extract. In conclusion, these data suggest that CA (through activation of beta-adrenergic receptors and cAMP production) can stimulate the initial expression of TH in cultured NC cells and enhance TH transcription in immortalized NC cells. This supports the notion that exogenous CA, which is present in the early embryo, may promote the differentiation of sympathoadrenal precursors in vivo by stimulating TH gene activity.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1991

Development of the nuclei and cell migration in the medulla oblongata. Application of the quail-chick chimera system.

We have tried to obtain new insight into the development of the medulla oblongata by using the quail-to-chick chimera system. Five types of isotopic and isochronic grafts were carried out, between quail and chick embryos, at the 10- to 12-somite stage: exchanges of (I) the entire myelencephalon, (II) the dorsal half of the myelencephalon, (III) the ventral half of the myelencephalon, (IV) the right half of the myelencephalon and (V) the dorsal quarter of the myelencephalon. Before analyzing the chimeric embryos, we studied the ontogeny of the various nuclei in the medulla oblongata of normal birds. The first appearance of nuclei in quail embryos preceded in many cases that of their chick counterpart by 12 to 24 h. The adult pattern of the nuclei was established by E8 in quail and E9 in chick. Similarly, during early development of chimeras, the migration of quail cells began earlier than that of chick cells. This shows that the species specific temporal sequence of proliferation and migration is not significantly altered by transplantation into the host. The possibility of grafting selectively the ventral or dorsal half of the neural tube allowed us to distinguish the fate of the cells belonging respectively to the alar and the basal plate. The nuclei with a total or partial motor function, such as the nucleus nervi abducentis, the nucleus nervi facialis, the nucleus nervi glossopharyngei and the nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi, have either an exclusive or predominant origin from the basal plate. In contrast, the nuclei with essentially or exclusively sensory components (i.e., nucleus angularis, nucleus laminaris, nucleus magnocellularis) arise from the alar plate. The reticular formation such as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the nucleus reticularis subtrigeminalis was strikingly mixed, with both alar and basal plate origin of neurons. Active dorsoventral migrations of cells originating migrations from the dorsal neural tube, the "rhombic lip", contribute the ventral nuclei (i.e., nuclei pontis medialis, lateralis and olivaris inferior), whose functions are essentially associative. This study shows different types of cell migration. Dorsoventral and ventrodorsal movements are essentially active from E5 to E8. In the medulla oblongata, the dorsoventral stream is highly predominant. From E8 to E9, cells belonging to the marginal stream cross the midline laterally in both directions. Beyond E12, longitudinal migrations occur ventrally in both rostrocaudal and caudorostral directions. The immunohistochemical analyses carried out on chimeras generated in experiment V revealed the existence of fibers in marginal zones prior to the onset of the migration of cell bodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunohistochemistry of laminin in early chicken and quail blastoderms.

We have used immunohistochemical techniques to study laminin in quail blastoderms milked from the oviduct and the distribution of laminin in laid chicken and quail blastoderms. Laminin is a constituent of the basement membrane in both chicken and quail blastoderms. It is found at the ventral side of the upper layer cells. Laminin is first observed under individual upper layer cells in prelaid quail blastoderms 15 h post-ovulation, but is absent at the ingression site of endophyll cells. The presence of a continuous laminin layer coincides with the epithelialization of the epiblast after 5-10 h incubation. The laminin layer is discontinuous at the primitive streak and at Hensen's node. It is thinner and partly discontinuous at the median part of the neural plate. By induction, either of an ectopic primitive streak or a neural plate, we have demonstrated, using the chicken-quail nucleolar marker technique, that at these sites the laminin layer is interrupted. A laminin layer might confer rigidity onto the epiblast, whereas disruption of a laminin layer seems to be correlated with ingression of cells or bending of the neural plate.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Steroidogenesis in ovarian cells of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

The influence of follicular maturation on steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism by isolated Japanese quail granulosa and theca cells was examined. When stimulated with LH, granulosa cells of the largest follicle (F1) responded with a sixfold increase over unstimulated progesterone levels, whereas progesterone production in cells of F3 less than doubled even when maximally stimulated. Forskolin stimulated progesterone synthesis in both F1 and F3 granulosa cells, but its effect was less pronounced than that of LH. Furthermore, F1 cells metabolized 25-hydroxycholesterol to a greater extent than did F3 cells. There was no appreciable metabolism of [3H]progesterone by granulosa cells. Theca cells from the smaller follicles (F3-F5) responded to LH stimulation with greater estrogen and androstenedione production than theca cells from F1. [3H]Progesterone was metabolized mainly to androstenedione in theca cells. Thus, the overall pattern of in vitro steroidogenesis in quail granulosa cells is similar to that described for the chicken and turkey even though the quantitative differences in the steroidogenic capacity between developing and mature follicles are more striking in the quail. Furthermore, although the LH-stimulated androstenedione and estrogen production appears similar in developing quail and chicken theca cells, the profile of [3H]progesterone metabolism is different in quail theca cells from that found previously in chicken theca cells.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1988

Development of thyroid function and its pituitary control in embryonic and hatchling precocial Japanese quail and altricial Ring doves.

We compared the developmental pattern of thyroid function and its pituitary control in precocial Japanese quail and altricial Ring doves. We measured thyroid hormone (TH) content of thyroid glands (TG), TH concentrations in the serum, relative pituitary gland thyrotropin (PG-TSH) content, and the ability of the TG to respond to exogenous TSH as indicated by increases in TG-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content or in serum TH concentrations. In embryonic quail there is considerable maturation of thyroid function prior to hatching. TG-TH content is low but detectable in Day 8 embryos; TG-TH content increases 300x between Day 8 and hatching (16.5-day incubation). Pituitary TSH is detectable by bioassay in quail on embryonic Day 8, with higher levels found closer to hatching. The TG of 8-day embryos responds to TSH injection by increased TG-cAMP content but the serum TH response to TSH does not appear until Day 9. Serum TH concentrations suggest that the TG is under pituitary control during the latter part of incubation. In doves most of the development of thyroid function and the maturation of its pituitary control occur after hatching and thus thyroid functional development is much later in doves than in quail. TG-TH content is extremely low in embryos and nestlings up to 3 days after hatching, increases slowly in nestlings up to Day 10, then increases sharply. Serum TH content is very low in embryos and rises steadily in nestlings to plateau after about Day 8. Pituitary TSH content, estimated by a quail bioassay, is undetectable in embryos and nestlings until Day 4 but increases thereafter. The TG does not respond (based on serum TH concentration) to TSH injection through the day of hatching (Day 16; mean incubation period of 16.5 days), but an increase in serum TH occurs in Day 2 nestlings in response to TSH injection. The magnitude of this response continues to increase during the first week after hatching.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Melatonin reduction by lithium and albinism in quail and hamsters.

Melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay in several genetic strains of Japanese quail. Plasma melatonin (PM), measured at the nighttime peak, was highest in wild type quail reared on a diurnal lighting schedule; this PM peak was suppressed in continuous light. Albino quail had low melatonin levels, whether reared under diurnal conditions or in continuous light. Ocular melatonin was also suppressed in albinos and in dilute mutants. At midday sampling, melatonin was only half as high in albinos as in wild types. Intraocular pressure (IOP, daytime readings) was uniformly low in diurnal birds and was elevated in all quail reared under continuous light. Thus in pigmented birds, a high melatonin level was associated with high IOP, but in albinos displaying high IOP, ocular melatonin was not elevated. Lithium chloride, mixed in the feed, brought about a pronounced reduction in plasma, pineal, and ocular melatonin, in wild-type quail reared on a diurnal schedule. This confirms earlier findings in lithium-fed rats. Golden hamsters displayed a characteristic diurnal cycle of pineal melatonin, with a sharp middark peak; in albino hamsters, also kept on a diurnal schedule, this peak occurred at the same time, but albinos had melatonin levels only about one-third as high as those of pigmented animals.

Albinism↗
PubMed1990

Vasopressor and depressor effects of native angiotensins and inhibition of these effects in the Japanese quail.

The amino acid sequence of angiotensin I (ANG I) from the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, obtained from incubation of homologous plasma and kidney extract was determined as H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe-Ser-Leu-OH. A bolus, intravenous injection of native ANG I or of ANG II induced an immediate vasodepressor response and a subsequent vasopressor response in quail which has been lightly anesthetized with urethane (0.75 g/kg). The values for ED50 for the vasopressor and depressor effects of ANG II were 85 and 113 pmol/100 g body weight, respectively. The extent of the hypotension was dependent on the arterial pressure prior to injection. The effects of ANG I and II on heart rate were variable. Human [Asp1, Ile5, His9] ANG I and II were almost as potent as their quail counterparts with respect to the cardiovascular effects, but eel [Asn1, Val5, Gly9]ANG I and II were less than half as potent. Human ANG III had little effect on arterial pressure in the quail. A bolus injection (100 micrograms/100 g) or infusion (1 micrograms/100 g/min) of [Sar1, Ile8] ANG II almost abolished the cardiovascular effects of ANG I and II, but [Sar1, Ala8] ANG II and [Sar1, Thr8] ANG II, which are effective inhibitors in mammals, had no inhibitory effects. The vasopressor and depressor effects of ANG I were abolished, while those of ANG II were slightly enhanced, after injection (100 micrograms/100 g) or infusion (1 micrograms/100 g/min) of SQ14225, whereas des-Pro2 bradykinin and bradykinin potentiator B, which are effective inhibitors of ANG I converting enzyme in mammals, failed to inhibit the effect of ANG I. These results indicate that vascular ANG II receptors and ANG I converting enzyme in the quail may be different from those in mammals.

1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin II↗