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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Can Australians identify snakes?

A study of the ability of Australians to identify snakes was undertaken, in which 558 volunteers (primary and secondary schoolchildren, doctors and university science and medical students) took part. Over all, subjects correctly identified an average of 19% of snakes; 28% of subjects could identify a taipan, 59% could identify a death adder, 18% a tiger snake, 23% an eastern (or common) brown snake, and 0.5% a rough-scaled snake. Eighty-six per cent of subjects who grew up in rural areas could identify a death adder; only 4% of those who grew up in an Australian capital city could identify a nonvenomous python. Male subjects identified snakes more accurately than did female subjects. Doctors and medical students correctly identified an average of 25% of snakes. The ability to identify medically significant Australian snakes was classified according to the observer's background, education, sex, and according to the individual snake species. Australians need to be better educated about snakes indigenous to this country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

POISE: Spectral Inference of Parent-of-Origin Effects in Unlabeled Genomic Data.

MOTIVATION: Parent of Origin Effects (POEs), where the effect of an an allele on a phenotype differs based on maternal or paternal inheritance implicated in growth, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Traditional tests for POEs require family data to determine parental origins of transmitted alleles. Given that such studies are expensive and time consuming compared to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), tests that function absent inheritance information are highly desirable. We develop a method, based on community detection from machine learning, that infers POEs via a spectral decomposition, obtains confidence intervals via a non-parametric bootstrap, and safeguards against confounding by non POE sources of variation. We refer to our method as Parent of Origin Inference via Spectral Estimation (POISE). RESULTS: We demonstrate that POISE is well-calibrated under both Gaussian and heavy-tailed noise in simulation studies, with improved robustness to true POEs compared to existing covariance-based tests. POISE provides per-trait effect estimates with bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals and incorporates an information-theoretic minimum detectable effect size that filters unreliable estimates, conferring robustness to covariance-deflating variance QTL. We then apply POISE to GWAS data from the UK Biobank using BMI, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. POISE recovers established POE loci and identifies 134 additional variants at genes implicated in lipid metabolism, immune regulation, and growth. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The code for this method in Python is available at https://github.com/bystrogenomics/POISE.

Community Detection↗
PubMed2026

Phasis: a software tool for register-resolved discovery of plant phased small RNA loci.

Plant PHAS locus discovery remains challenging because phasiRNA-producing loci must be distinguished from other sRNA-producing regions with high abundance or apparent periodicity. This problem is especially acute for reproductive 24-PHAS loci, which occur within genomes that also produce abundant 24-nt siRNAs from nonPHAS regions. We present Phasis, an open-source Python software tool for plant PHAS-locus discovery from small RNA sequencing data. Phasis combines statistical evidence for phased accumulation with locus-level features and a Register-Resolved Locus Interpretation Layer that evaluates whether candidate loci show coherent phased architecture. Across diverse plant datasets, Phasis recovered validated or annotated 21- and 24-PHAS loci with a strong balance between call-level precision and reference-locus recall, and generally outperformed PhaseTank and ShortStack in matched benchmark analyses. The register-resolved interpretation layer reduced unsupported calls by separating coherent phased loci from ambiguous sRNA-producing regions. In maize dcl5 mutant libraries, Phasis showed strong depletion of 24-PHAS recovery, supporting DCL5-dependent recovery of reproductive 24-PHAS signal. Together, these results support Phasis as a biologically interpretable tool for large-scale discovery of plant DCL-dependent phasiRNA loci.

bioinformatics↗
PubMed1991

Review of sarcocystosis in Malaysia.

Sarcocystis is a tissue coccidian with an obligatory two-host life cycle. The sexual generations of gametogony and sporogony occur in the lamina propria of the small intestine of definitive hosts which shed infective sporocysts in their stools and present with intestinal sarcocystosis. Asexual multiplication occurs in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of intermediate hosts which harbor Sarcocystis cysts in their muscles and present with muscular sarcocystosis. In Malaysia, Sarcocystis cysts have been reported from many domestic and wild animals, including domestic and field rats, moonrats, bandicoots, slow loris, buffalo, and monkey, and man. The known definitive hosts for some species of Sarcocystis are the domestic cat, dog and the reticulated python. Human muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia is a zoonotic infection acquired by contamination of food or drink with sporocysts shed by definitive hosts. The cysts reported in human muscle resembled those seen in the moonrat, Echinosorex gymnurus, and the long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis. While human intestinal sarcocystosis has not been reported in Malaysia so far, it can be assumed that such cases may not be infrequent in view of the occurrence of Sarcocystis cysts in meat animals, such as buffalo. The overall seroprevalence of 19.8% reported among the main racial groups in Malaysia indicates that sarcocystosis (both the intestinal and muscular forms) may be emerging as a significant food-borne zoonotic infection in the country.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sero-epidemiologic investigations on brucellosis in the states of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and Delhi (India).

Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in man and animals was studied during the years 1976 and 1977. Samples were collected from Hospitals/slaughter houses/livestock farms located in Delhi and different districts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). The sera samples tested were from 1685 men, 1607 goats, 438 sheep, 244 pigs, 361 cattle, 551 buffalos, 50 dogs, 318 equine and 43 free living animals. The percentage of seropositivity, excluding doubtful ones, was recorded as: man 0.89, goat 5.53, sheep 3.42, pigs 15.98, cattle 6.37 buffalo 4.9 and equine 12.89. Additionally an evidence of agglutinins was also detected in a python serum sample. It was observed that occupation, age, sex and season had a bearing on the prevalence of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Host specificity and host range of the genus Sarcocystis in three snake-rodent life cycles.

Three Sarcocystis species with snake-rodent life cycles were studied for their host range and host specificity in systematically related intermediate and definitive hosts. While S. singaporensis and S. villivillosi developed only in murids closely related to the genus Rattus, a third Sarcocystis species (natural definitive host: Bitis nasicornis - syn. Isospora dirumpens ?) showed a broad intermediate host range. This species was found to use several Bitis species as definitive hosts. S. singaporensis and S. villivillosi in contrary produced sporocysts only in three Python species and in Aspidites melanocephalus .

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Sarcocystis singaporensis Zaman and Colley, (1975) 1976, Sarcocystis villivilliso sp. n., and Sarcocystis zamani sp. n.: development, morphology, and persistence in the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus.

Sporocysts obtained in Singapore in the feces of the boid snake, Python reticulatus, were given by mouth to laboratory rats, mice, and a monkey (Macaca mulatta). Infections developed in rats only. Schizonts were observed in vascular endothelium of various tissues of rats examined at 7 to 15 days of infection; and in each of 20 rats examined at 1 mo to 2 yr, cysts of three species of Sarcocystis were observed. Based on observations made by light and electron microscopy, one species was identified as S. singaporensis and redescribed; two species, S. villivillosi and S. zamani, were described as new. The cyst wall of S. singaporensis is thick with tall, stalked, digitiform villi. That of S. villivillosi is moderately thin and bears short, stout villi that are covered with microvilli; and that of S. zamani is thin and bears delicate, branched villi. The cyst of S. zamani is macroscopic with rounded ends; it induces multiplication of host-cell nuclei and causes resorption of the myofibrils. Cysts of the other species are microscopic with fusiform shape that changes markedly with contraction of the host cell. Refrigerated sporocysts of S. singaporensis, S. zamani, and S. villivillosi remained viable for at least 24, 14, and 6 mo, respectively. Sarcocystis singaporensis and S. zamani apparently have been reported previously from several species of Malaysian wild rodents; S. villivillosi represents a unique type in rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of reptiles from central, Lusaka and southern provinces of Zambia.

During the period 1988-1991, reptiles (23 snakes, 36 tortoises, 25 chameleons and 2 monitor lizards) from Central, Lusaka and Southern Provinces of Zambia were caught and checked for ticks. Only 2 snakes, respectively one Python sebae (Gmelin, 1789) and one Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820), 8 tortoises, respectively seven Geochelone pardalis (Bell, 1828) and one Kinixys belliana (Gray, 1831) were found infested with a small number of ticks: nymphs and adults of Aponomma latum (Koch, 1844) and Amblyomma marmoreum Koch, 1844. Ticks were not observed on chameleons Chamaeleo dilepis (Leach, 1819) and monitor lizards Varanus niloticus (Linneo, 1758). The author makes some observations about the role and the effects of ticks on reptiles and discusses the present findings, comparing the data provided by other authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sarcocystis singaporensis: studies on host specificity, pathogenicity, and potential use as a biocontrol agent of wild rats.

Host specificity and pathogenicity of Sarcocystis singaporensis were investigated as a prerequisite to a subsequent application of the parasite as a biocontrol agent of wild rats in Egypt. After inoculation of 7 snake species comprising the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Colubridae, and Boidae with sarcocysts, sporocyst development was only observed in a reticulated python. Among amphibians, reptiles, and rodents that orally received various sporocyst doses in the laboratory, 2 x 10(4) sporocysts or more were lethal to roof rats Rattus rattus frugivorous, brown rats Rattus norvegicus, and bandicoot rats Nesokia indica. Sarcocysts developed in Rattus spp. and Nile grass rats Arvicanthis niloticus. Subsequently, the pathogenicity of S. singaporensis was tested under natural control situations offering bait pellets containing high amounts of sporocysts to a free-living population of roof rats, which was monitored by indirect census baiting commonly used in rodenticide evaluation. Ten days after consumption of the bait pellets, the infected population collapsed, leading to a control success of 73%. A negative control population, which received a placebo, remained stable. These data demonstrate for the first time that S. singaporensis can be used as a biocontrol agent of wild rats. However, an immunization experiment with roof rats in the laboratory showed that these are capable of mounting a rapid specific immune response resulting in survival of acute sarcocystosis.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1996

[Radiologic diagnosis for a Gabonese case].

We describe a case of porocephalosis diagnosed in a 50 year old Gabonese male hospitalized in France for a HIV-related renal insufficiency. A standard abdominal radiography showed numerous ring-shaped calcifications, predominantly in the hepatic area. This aspect was very suggestive of the diagnosis in a patient living in Central Africa and eating occasionally meat of snake. The parasites live normally in the lungs of snakes (python, Bitis sp.). People become infected in eating undercooked snake or in handling snakes. In the majority of cases, the disease is asymptomatic and diagnosis made accidentally as in the case of our patient.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Practicing Data Science in Interactive Notebooks.

The Jupyter Notebook is a platform for interactive computing that displays code and results in the same browser, making it valuable for teaching, prototyping, data analysis, and collaboration. Its explicit and transparent structure greatly reproducibility while its backend server supports flexible deployment. In the past few years, Jupyter notebooks and similar tools have become increasingly popular. In this chapter, we will review key aspects of data analysis in a cloud environment and demonstrate common tasks for analyzing metabolomics data using template notebooks. This is an accompaniment to the basic bioinformatics tools and essential data science toolkit introduced in the first edition.

Software↗
PubMed1996

Effects of a D2 receptor agonist RO 41-9067 alone and with clonidine on sleep parameters in the rat.

The effects of RO 41-9067, a D2 dopamine receptors agonist, on different sleep parameters were studied in the rat. RO 41-9067 dose dependently decreased paradoxical sleep, and only at the higher dose increased waking during the light period. In contrast, the higher dose of RO 41-9067 increased paradoxical sleep and decreased waking during the dark period. Finally, the combination of RO 41-9067 and clonidine significantly prevent the decrease of total sleep time and paradoxical sleep found after clonidine alone. These results, compared with those of classical D2 dopamine receptors agonists, suggest an action for RO 41-9067 on D2 dopamine receptors depending on the cerebral structure, a different action particularly on the striatum and/or on the structures responsible for paradoxical sleep. An active role for D2 dopamine receptors and an interaction between noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the regulation of sleep is proposed.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1997

Effects of nisoxetine, a selective noradrenaline transporter blocker, on sleep in rats.

Nisoxetine has been shown to block specifically noradrenaline (NA) reuptake. Therefore, this potential antidepressant is a valuable tool for investigating the involvement of the NA system in sleep regulation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of nisoxetine on sleep parameters in rats. The main effects were observed with the highest dose and concern paradoxical sleep (PS). Indeed, although total sleep time was not modified, PS appeared later and its amount and the number of its episodes were reduced. These changes suggest a critical involvement of NA in the induction of PS.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Thapsigargin inhibits voltage-activated calcium channels in adrenal glomerulosa cells.

Thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the microsomal Ca2+ pumps, has been extensively used to study the intracellular Ca2+ pool participating in the generation of the agonist-induced Ca2+ signal in various cell types. A dual effect of this agent was observed in bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. At nanomolar concentrations, thapsigargin stimulated a sustained Ca2+ influx, probably resulting from Ca(2+)-store depletion. In contrast, when added at micromolar concentrations, thapsigargin prevented the rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) induced by K+. This inhibitory effect of thapsigargin on voltage-activated Ca2+ channels was confirmed by measuring Ba2+ currents by the patch-clamp technique. Both low-threshold (T-type) and high-threshold (L-type) Ca2+ channels were affected by micromolar concentrations of thapsigargin. Analysis of the current-voltage relationship for T-type channels revealed that thapsigargin did not modify the sensitivity of these channels to the voltage, but decreased the maximal current flowing through the channels. In conclusion, thapsigargin appears to exert a dual effect on adrenal glomerulosa cells. At lower concentrations, this agent induces a sustained Ca2+ entry, whereas at higher concentrations it decreases [Ca2+]c by blocking voltage-activated Ca2+ channels.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The site of action of Ca2+ in the activation of steroidogenesis: studies in Ca(2+)-clamped bovine adrenal zona-glomerulosa cells.

The Ca(2+)-messenger system plays a crucial role in the regulation of steroid production in adrenal zona-glomerulosa cells, as it is known to mediate the action of both angiotensin II and K+. In the present study we used intact isolated glomerulosa cells in which the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) was clamped at various levels with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin in order to locate the site(s) of action of Ca2+. By measuring in parallel steroid synthesis and [Ca2+]c, we show that Ca2+ levels (50-860 nM) regulate the production of both pregnenolone (up to 669 +/- 71.1% of the basal production) and aldosterone (up to 301 +/- 42.2%; EC50 = 303 nM). By contrast, Ca2+ did not stimulate the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone into aldosterone. Ca2+ modulation did not affect the formation of pregnenolone from freely diffusible analogues of cholesterol, indicating that Ca2+ acts at a step upstream of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Moreover cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein translation and of adrenocorticotropin-induced facilitation of intramitochondrial cholesterol transport, the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, also blocked Ca(2+)-triggered pregnenolone formation. This is consistent with a model in which Ca2+ promotes cholesterol transfer between mitochondrial membranes. In addition, agents using the cyclic AMP pathway as well as angiotensin II potentiated the steroidogenic response to increases in [Ca2+]c by augmenting both the efficacy and the potency of Ca2+. This effect of angiotensin II did not involve protein kinase C. These results establish a direct link between agonist-induced [Ca2+]c rises and a specific step of the steroidogenic pathway.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1995

Inhibition of low threshold calcium channels by angiotensin II in adrenal glomerulosa cells through activation of protein kinase C.

In adrenal glomerulosa cells, low threshold voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels play a crucial role in coupling physiological variations of extracellular potassium to aldosterone biosynthesis. Angiotensin II markedly reduced the activity of these channels by shifting their activation curve toward positive voltage values. This inhibition of the channels resulted in a marked decrease of the cytosolic free calcium concentration maintained by potassium. This effect was abolished by losartan, a specific antagonist of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Hormone action on T-type channels appeared to be mediated by protein kinase C because 1) it was mimicked by phorbol ester and diacylglycerol, and 2) it was significantly reduced by decreasing protein kinase C activity with specific inhibitors such as chelerythrine chloride or a pseudosubstrate of the enzyme, as well as by protein kinase C down-regulation. Similarly, protein kinase C activation reduced the cytosolic calcium response to potassium and the steroidogenic action of this agonist. Low threshold T-type calcium channels therefore appear as potential sites for the modulation of steroidogenesis by protein kinase C in adrenal glomerulosa cells.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1996

Activation of yeast protein kinase C by Rho1 GTPase.

We have investigated the role of the essential Rho1 GTPase in cell integrity signaling in budding yeast. Conditional rho1 mutants display a cell lysis defect that is similar to that of mutants in the cell integrity signaling pathway mediated by protein kinase C (Pkc1), which is suppressed by overexpression of Pkc1.rho1 mutants are also impaired in pathway activation in response to growth at elevated temperature. Pkc1 co-immunoprecipitates with Rho1 in yeast extracts, and recombinant Rho1 associates with Pkc1 in vitro in a GTP-dependent manner. Recombinant Rho1 confers upon Pkc1 the ability to be stimulated by phosphatidylserine, indicating that Rho1 controls signal transmission through Pkc1.

Cell Cycle Proteins↗