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PubMed1983

[Effect of mental stimulants on electroconvulsive shock-induced retrograde amnesia].

The effect of nootropics on the retrograde amnesia induced by electroshock was studied on a model of the active conditioned escape reaction (pole jumping). In untreated animals the daily application of electroshock for three days, immediately after the training, led to a significant retardation of the development of a conditioned escape reaction. The administration of nootropics influences the development of the retrograde amnesia to different extents, the treatment regimen (application of the drug only during the training and supplementary pretreatment before the first day of training; respectively) being of importance. The antiamnestic effect of Piracetam (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) which is good also without pretreatment, may still be potentiated, especially on the fourth day of treatment, by an additional administration of the drug, beginning four days before the first day of treatment. In contrast to this, meclofenoxate hydrochloride (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and pyritinol (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) produce a marked inhibition of the development of the retrograde amnesia only after pretreatment. Without pretreatment these drugs exert a slight or no effect. The marked antiamnestic effect of methylglucaminorotate (225 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and by an additional pretreatment. As to dihydroergotoxin (1 mg/kg; intraperitoneally), both treatment regimens were ineffective in the model used.

Amnesia, Retrograde↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of nootropic agents on the lowering of the spasm threshold after a single ethanol application].

We used the effect of ethanol on the convulsion threshold as model of injuriousness to analyse the CNS protective efficacy of nootropics. The CD50 of picrotoxine in mice was significantly diminished in comparision with the controls between 5 and 6 hours after 66 mmol/kg ethanol administered intraperitoneally and between 7 and 8 h after 92.4 mmol/kg. In this moment the administered ethanol was already eliminated; the effect is explained as a reversible consequence of the previous ethanol exposition. The influence of nootropics was examined. Piracetam (0.7 mmol/kg i.p.) as well as methylglucaminorotate (MGO) (0.68 mmol/kg-1 i.p.) suppressed the ethanol effect on the convulsibility, pyritinol (0.82 mmol/kg) was ineffective, and meclophenoxate (1.02 mmol/kg) by itself decreased the convulsions threshold.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Nootropic drugs reduce immobility in behavioural despair test in mice.

The effect of different nootropic drugs (piracetam, pyritinol, meclofenoxate, methylglucamine orotate, dihydroergotoxine, nicergoline, vinpocetine) on the duration of immobility in the behavioural despair test in mice was studied. All tested nootropics exhibited a dose-related reduction in immobility. In connection with the discussed role of monoaminergic processes in the state of immobility our data support the possible participation of central monoaminergic systems in the mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Place of neurometabolic stimulators (cerebroprotectors) in the current systematics of psychotropic drugs and their principal kinds of clinical activity].

The article deals with the modern concepts of the spectrum of the psycho- and neurotropic activity of neurometabolic stimulants, the correlation between the radicals of their clinical activity and the neurophysiological mechanism of their action. Comparative characteristics of some representatives of this series of agents are presented with emphasis on their specific position in the psychotropic drug systematics.

Brain↗
PubMed1983

Brain maldevelopment and delayed neuro-behavioural deviations, induced by perinatal insults, and possibilities of their prevention.

Noxious insults interfering perinatally lead to disorganization of normal perinatal brain development characterized by growth acceleration and intensive histogenesis and known as a sensitive "vulnerable" period of CNS development. Thus induced abnormities, sometimes very discrete, give rise to functional pathology which becomes apparent gradually during maturation as neurobehavioural deviations. For the study of these pathogenetic processes, two experimental models were established. Rat was chosen as an advantageous model animal since the "brain growth spurt" occurring in man in the third trimester of gravidity is shifted postnatally in this altricial species. Prolonged neonatal malnutrition (days 1-40) lead in adult rats to behavioural abnormities (hyperactivity, stereotypy, decreased adaptability, aggressivity) associated with biochemical and electrophysiological alterations in the brain. But this multifactorial and long-term insult was not suitable for more precise analysis. Therefore short-term inhibition of protein synthesis was induced in 7-day-old rats by cycloheximide which resulted in delayed behavioural deviations (hyperactivity, decreased habituation, learning deficit, motor incoordination) connected with permanent morphological, biochemical and endocrinological alterations. These models were used for testing brain maldevelopment-regulatory action of nootropics. Pyritinol administered for 7-10 days following the noxious intervention prevented the brain maldevelopment and functional disturbances in both experimental models. Favourable effects of early and long-term pyritinol treatment on neuro-psycho-pathological sequels of perinatal distress were confirmed in clinical controlled prospective study of 128 high-risk newborns.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Antiinflammatory and immunostimulant activities of six sulphur compounds--four benzenesulphonates, levamisole, and pyritinol hydrochloride--assayed in mouse cell activation studies.

The effect of a phlogogenic agent and of six sulphur compounds on peritoneal macrophages, spleen B lymphocytes, and von Kupffer cells of the liver has been observed in BALB/C mice. The phlogogenic agent (0.5% carrageenin + 10% peptone) was a potent stimulant of the macrophages (increasing their number, protein content, and acid phosphatase activity), the lymphocytes (increase of haemolytic plaque counts), and the von Kupffer cells (increase of the colloidal carbon clearance rate which measures phagocytic capacity). Of four acid sulphur compounds (benzenesulphonates)-ethamsylate, diethylammonium persilate, calcium dobesilate, and piperazine sultosilate--not previously screened for antiinflammatory activity, all except piperazine sultosilate inhibited the macrophages, all except calcium dobesilate stimulated the lymphocytes, and only calcium dobesilate stimulated the von Kupffer cells. Two non-acid sulphur compounds--levamisole and pyritinol hydrochloride--had no effect on the macrophages but were potent stimulants of the lymphocytes and the von Kupffer cells. Because of these immunostimulant properties, levamisole and pyritinol hydrochloride may prove useful in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis in which the patient's immune potential has to be restored.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1978

[Dose-effect relationship of orally administered Pyritinol in the chronic organic brain syndrome (author's transl)].

161 patients with the chronic organic brain syndrome (average age 64 years) were treated with various oral doses of Pyritinol for various periods of time. Statistical analysis of the data by means of "Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse" showed that the success rate of treatment increases significantly with increasing dose and duration of the treatment. This means that the recommended daily dose should be exceeded if - for example at the start of treatment and in severe cases or in hospitalized patients - there is no immediate clear improvement in the condition. From the point of view of method this study shows that a retrospective analysis of a group of patients treated in a clinic can also provide interesting results and appropriately supplement controlled studies.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative evaluation of psychoactive drugs used in patients with subacute and chronic cerebrovascular disorders].

The report is based on 315 patients with subacute and chronic cerebral circulatory disturbances caused mostly by atherosclerosis aged 30 to 82 years, treated for 1-6 months. In 90 cases Piracetam (Nootropil) was given, 107 received Piritinol (Encephabol, Enerbol), 77 Piriditol, 41 Centrophenoxin. The patients were allocated randomly to these groups. In the treated patients improvement was achieved in a considerable proportion of cases (44-82%) treated with different drugs. This improvement manifested itself as regression or decreased intensity of neurotic complaints, labyrinthine-cerebellar signs, pyramidal signs, anxiety and fears, improvement of recent memory, attention, psychomotor activity. The best results were obtained with Nootropil, moderately good with Centrophenoxin, Encephabol, and poor with Piriditol. Drug tolerance was best with Encephabol, while that of other drugs was slightly worse. The only disquieting symptoms was activation of epileptic seizures in several patients treated with Nootropil or Centrophenoxin. The best way of administration was giving the drugs in two doses in the morning hours and at noon. The authors regard as useful the treatment of patients with subacute and chronic cerebral circulatory failure with psychoenergizing drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Effect of nootropic drugs on the dopamine release and dopamine uptake in structures of the rat striatum].

Nootropics increase the overflow of dopamine from rat striatum slices in a concentration dependent manner, but without relation to their clinical effectiveness. The influence of a nootropic drugs and of amphetamine on the stimulus induced dopamine release points to a relationship between nootropic and nooanaleptic activity, on the one hand, and transmitter release, on the other. Dopamine re-uptake is not altered by nootropics like piracetam.

Animals↗