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PubMed1997

[Psychological concept of pain therapy. 1. Relaxation therapy, imagery methods, hypnotherapy and psychoanalysis].

In this article, the contribution of the psychotherapy schools to psychological pain therapy shall be explained. In the first part, relaxation methods, imaginative techniques hypnotherapy, and psychoanalysis as well as their importance for psychological pain therapy are presented. Research findings for autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation and meditative methods are shown as example for relaxation methods. Imagery is shortly explained and associated to hypnotherapeutic methods. In hypnotherapy, research results, the pattern of a session and hypnotherapeutic strategies for pain reduction are demonstrated. In the explanation of psychoanalysis, the aims and explanation principles of analytic methods for the psychogenic pain development are shown.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

What is 'applied' in 'applied' psychoanalysis?

The 'application' of psychoanalytic concepts and methods to the products of culture has occupied a somewhat ambiguous position, seen by some as a secondary, derivative, even dubious procedure, by others as a valuable and legitimate extrapolation of the basic principles. This paper argues that such 'applications' were integral to the early development of the field and that, indeed, many of Freud's basic ideas were derived from non-clinical (i.e. cultural) sources. The continuing impact of cultural forces on clinical concepts can be seen in the recent reformulations of our views on the psychology of women. Psychoanalysis is to be seen, therefore, as a constantly evolving system of propositions and hypotheses that are capable of 'application' and study in both clinical and extra-clinical settings. It is further argued that the continued development--even survival--of psychoanalysis requires the integration of its institutions and training facilities into the university system, permitting the free exchange of ideas across disciplines and a flexible educational structure that will encourage much-needed training in research as well as clinical methods. A brief illustration of the value of a psychoanalytic approach to the understanding of a specific work of art (Man Ray's painting 'Les Amoureux') is provided.

Female↗
PubMed1978

The relationship of defensive language behavior in patient monologues to the course of psychoanalysis.

Examined the relationship of the time-course of psychoanalysis to progressive alteration of defensive language behavior in 7 patients. Spontaneous 5-minute monologues were recorded over 1 1/2 years of three-times-a-week individual psychotherapy. Weintraub and Aronson's (1962) formal measures of defensive language were used: nonpersonal references, negators, qualifiers, retractors, explaining expressions of feeling, and evaluators. The magnitude of defensive speech displayed by a patient was able to predict significantly the duration of psychoanalysis undergone by that patient in 4 of 7 cases.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Some reflections on the use and meaning of conflict in contemporary psychoanalysis.

The author reflects on the concept of conflict in contemporary psychoanalysis, and especially in European psychoanalysis. In the latter, this concept does not seem to have aroused significant interest. This does not necessarily mean that conflict has been rejected or replaced; rather, there has been a greater focus on preconflictual stages of development. Indeed, conflict is generally implicit in psychoanalytic work, and, like many other concepts, it has very different and at times divergent meanings, both in various psychoanalytic schools of thought and within the same school. The author presents a clinical example to illustrate some of the possible choices of the analyst at work concerning the use of the concept of conflict.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Subversive redemption in psychoanalysis.

Subversive redemption--the sense of overturning the conventional order of things in order to recover lost parts of the self--is a virtually neglected topic in psychoanalysis. With free association, Freud empowered patients to harness unconventional thoughts and feelings. Patients who engage in subversive redemption frequently have a strong sense of agency prompting them to open up in new ways in lieu of "playing it safe." When patients begin to express certain forbidden ideas, the boundaries of analysis are broadened, freeing the analytic pair to become fully authentic. Psychoanalysis provides patients with an arena to renew themselves as they risk "killing off" their status quo positions to achieve the paradox of living more dangerously in the safety of the analytic surrounds. Patients then feel more confident about undertaking the process of subversive redemption in the wider world.

Dreams↗
PubMed1990

Prophylactic effects of psychoanalysis on cancer-prone and coronary heart disease-prone probands, as compared with control groups and behaviour therapy groups.

It has been shown repeatedly that behaviour therapy fulfils a useful prophylactic function in the prevention of cancer and coronary heart disease. The present study investigates the effects of orthodox psychoanalytic treatment on the eventual probability of death from cancer and coronary heart disease in probands treated by psychoanalysis for over two years, probands who broke off psychoanalytic treatment after less than two years, and various control groups. Psychoanalysis is shown to have a significantly negative effect on survival after seven years follow-up.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

The lengthening hour: time and the demise of psychoanalysis as therapy.

Time is an under-researched area in the social sciences. Rationales concerning its use govern all forms of work activity. The case of psychoanalysis is considered as an example of a therapeutic enterprise that has foundered on its temporal recipes. The demand for shorter, sharper, faster therapeutic procedures is making analysis increasingly marginal as therapy. The writings of psychoanalysts from Freud to Lacan on time and analysis are considered and contrasted with more recent concepts of appropriate therapeutic temporal formats. It is suggested that the concept of faith as well as the unsuccessful search for an effective therapy need to be considered as explanations of psychoanalysis's inexorable lengthening.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1992

What does psychoanalysis have to contribute to the understanding of character?

While character is an indispensable term in psychoanalytic discourse, it is not primarily a psychoanalytic term. The psychoanalytic theories of neurosis and development are built around the idea of the "complementary series." While psychoanalysis has powerful theories about the "accidental" complement, it only recognizes the "constitutional" complement, and psychoanalysis has nothing to say about it. Current research may shed more light on this latter component and also provide the data for future psychoanalytic theorizing about character and personality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Constant mental change and unknowability in psychoanalysis.

Conflict and compromise formation are central aspects of mental life. They dispose to constant mental change. Limitations of knowability in psychoanalysis are inextricably connected with constant mental change--the latter sometimes diminishing unknowability and sometimes exacerbating it. This paper explores three kinds of unknowability in psychoanalysis and their relation to constant mental change. That relation clarifies to some degree the implications of certain controversial proposals for change in psychoanalytic theory, method, and technique.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Therapeutic functions of the real relationship in psychoanalysis.

This paper attempts to give a comprehensive picture of the concept and therapeutic functions of the real relationship in clinical psychoanalysis. After introducing this theme, the author presents an extensive review of the literature, citing not only the major recent contributors to the concept but also many contributions from the past. A third part summarizes Freud's development of the analytic relationship and then quotes from Freud's patients' written accounts of their analyses in order to illustrate how Freud's actual analytic style contained many elements of a real relationship. The fourth part presents the author's own formulation of the therapeutic contributions of the real relationship to psychoanalysis and offers a clinical vignette as an illustration of its therapeutic role in the termination phase of an analysis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of psychoanalysis for children with emotional disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This is the second report from a chart review of 763 cases of child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy at the Anna Freud Centre. METHOD: Three hundred fifty-two children and adolescents were identified who met DSM-III-R criteria for emotional disorders or who had sleep or somatoform symptoms with marked emotional disturbance. Two hundred fifty-four were treated in full psychoanalysis, the remainder one to three times per week, for an average of 2 years. Outcome was indicated by diagnostic change and by change in overall adaptation, measured by the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). RESULTS: Of those treated for at least 6 months, 72% showed reliable improvement in adaptation, 24% still had some diagnosis at termination, and 15% still had an emotional disorder. Simple phobias were most likely to remit, and depressed children were least likely to return to normal CGAS levels. Children younger than 11 years were considerably more likely to be well at the end of treatment. Intensive treatment generally led to greater improvements, independently of age and treatment length. Certain disorders, and more severe pathology, required intensive treatment; 50% of severe cases showed no improvement in psychotherapy. Thirty-one percent of variance in CGAS change could be predicted, and greater than 50% when diagnostic groupings were examined separately. CONCLUSION: Despite methodological limitations, the study identifies predictors of improvement (e.g., younger age, phobic symptoms, intensity and length of treatment) and shows that severe or pervasive pathology requires intensive analytic help.

Child↗
PubMed1978

The reconstruction of childhood in psychoanalysis.

Reconstructions are defined as genetic propositions showing not only what happened to the individual in childhood, but also how he adopted his particular solutions to conflict situations in the past and how he continues to be guided today by that experience of the past. The relative neglect of environmental failures in psychoanalysis is traced to Freud's shift from physical to psychic reality, although the gains from this shift are acknowledged. The discussion of fantasy and historical fact proceeds to an examination of the case for and the case against the use of reconstructions, and the nature of memory in psychoanalysis. A clinical illustration leads to a synthesis of the conflicting views, emphasizing that both the analyst and the patient need to remain in touch with the past, the current life, and the transference relationship. The paper is concluded with the views of modern historians.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Psychoanalysis and diabetic control: a single-case study.

The records of the 3 1/2 year, five times weekly psychoanalysis of a diabetic teenager with recurrent diabetic imbalance were examined using non-experimental single-case design methodology. A selected set of analytic themes was operationalized and independently rated for each week of the psychoanalysis. A weekly index of the quality of diabetic balance was also obtained for the same period. Time series analysis was used to examine the relationship between psychoanalytic themes and glycosuria. Two themes of psychic conflict were found to predict short-term changes in diabetic control. In the long term the verbalization of conflict was strongly associated with improved diabetic control. The results are discussed in terms of a psychoanalytic model of adaptation to diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Psychoanalysis as therapeutic crisis induction. Affect and emotion as a prerequisite of radical change.

Far beyond psychoanalysis and the 20th century there is a very long tradition of the idea that under normal circumstances our convictions, values, attitudes and behaviour patterns are a more or less consistent system, not to be radically changed, unless a shaking-up happens, which reduces confidence into this value system. Only then would an intensive search for new and better possibilities of adaption to reality occur. In this paper, four theses on the problem of psychoanalytic crisis induction will first be presented. Thereafter, the phase of crisis induction within psychoanalytic therapy will be described in terms of Janzarik's concept of structural-dynamic coherence. Finally, a comparison between different forms of crisis induction such as psychoanalysis, group dynamics and trauma shall stress the ethical aspects of the matter.

Affect↗
PubMed1981

Psychoanalysis and brief psychotherapy: some new considerations on the psychotherapeutic process.

This introductory paper describes the technique of brief analytic psychotherapy as has been developed in Lausanne. The author has tried to demonstrate that a single modification of the setting in comparison with psychoanalysis stresses the importance of the 'hic et nunc' in the therapeutic relationship. If this phenomenon becomes apparent to the therapist and is adequately interpreted, a natural associative process can develop where the analysis of transference and countertransference takes a primordial place. This process is comparable to psychoanalysis as far as certain transference movements are concerned, but the working mechanisms are different.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Can clinical psychoanalysis be scientific?

Criticism of psychoanalysis as a scientific discipline has increased recently. Even though psychoanalytic theory deserves ample criticism by the scientific community for its ambiguous definitions, deficient construct validity and precarious operationalization of its procedures, as long as there are clinical observables susceptible of recording, psychoanalysis remains in the realm of science. The scientific merit is reviewed of some psychoanalytic concepts such as repression, the unconscious, psychic structures, and intrapsychic conflict. The possibility of objectivity, prediction, and confirmation of hypotheses is discussed.

Child Development↗
PubMed2001

Psychoanalysis and schizophrenia: a cautionary tale.

The history of psychoanalysis and schizophrenia is used as an example of psychoanalytic theories of etiology that have not stood the test of time. Those theories pointed to three main factors: very serious inadequacies in the caretaking person; the presence of these inadequacies so early, during the preverbal period, that they led to the impairment of early object relations, the development of psychic structure, and basic ego functions; and the absence of underlying biological abnormalities. Today, many analysts are still reluctant to acknowledge biological etiological factors for other psychiatric conditions. For illnesses such as borderline conditions and various severe character disorders for which biological factors are still much in doubt, analysts are today proposing etiological formulations similar to those once advanced for schizophrenia. These formulations may indeed prove correct for these disturbances, but analysts are urged to heed the cautionary tale of psychoanalysis and schizophrenia.

Ego↗
PubMed2001

Psychoanalysis and homosexuality: do we need a new theory?

No need exists, it is argued, for a new psychoanalytic theory of homosexuality. Certainly psychoanalysis should not be expected to generate such a theory using its own methodology alone. The preoccupation with producing such a theory avoids more important questions about psychoanalytic theory building raised by an examination of the long relationship between psychoanalysis and homosexuality. These questions concern the problems related to using psychoanalytic methodology (1) to construct categories (including the categories normal and abnormal), (2) to construct causal theory (the problems include the limitations of psychoanalytic developmental theory and a long-standing confusion between psychoanalytic developmental theory, psychoanalytic genetic reconstruction, and psychodynamics), and (3) to identify "bedrock." Finally, the question is addressed of what might be needed that is new in the psychoanalytic approach to homosexuality.

Female↗