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PubMed1991

Proventricular glands in fowl.

Some researchers have already described the fowl proventriculus. However, we believed there was a need for detailed carbohydrate histochemical investigations on the same glands. Moreover, some researchers had erred about the lamina muscularis mucosae. The results of these investigations are as follows. 1. The proventricular glands consist of both superficial and profound gastric glands. 2. The superficial glands are distributed in the lamina propria mucosae while the profound glands exist in the tela submucosa. 3. The superficial glands are simple, branched tubular glands. The columnar glandular cells are arranged in a simple layer and react strongly to PAS, AB (pH 2.5 and 0.5). These appear to be dark purple when they are stained with PAS-AB (pH 2.5). Some other methods have also been tried. 4. Judging from the data 3), the superficial gastric glands contain neutral, weak and strong acids, sulfuric and acid mucopolysaccharides, sialomucin, and II and III neutral mucus type. 5. Glandular cells in the body and basal portions of the superficial gastric glands contain a large number of fine pepsinogen granules. 6. Judging from the data of 3)-5), we believe that the superficial gastric glands are undifferentiated gastric glands and that they are same kinds of glands that are found in mammals. 7. A large number of profound gastric glands fill the tela submucosa. They are compound tubular glands, and are composed of many glandular alveoli. Their columnar glandular cells are arranged in a simple layer. 8. These glandular cells react moderately to PAS, negatively to AB (pH 2.5 and 0.5) and PAS-AB (pH 2.5). Moreover, we observed some other reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of high dietary copper on the ceca of chicks.

Including 120 to 250 mg./kg. additional copper in practical broiler rations significantly affected the cecal appearance. The ceca were distended and the contents were darker in color and more pasty in consistency, compared to controls. Adding monensin sodium, gentian violet, or ferrous sulfate alone or in combination with copper to the ration did not significantly change the appearance of the ceca. Copper concentrations in the cecal contents reached levels above 5000 mg./kg., suggesting that the mechanism of action of copper in changing the appearance of the ceca may be related to an inhibition of normal fermentation that occurs in this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Sulfate, chloride and carbonate forms of copper all significantly changed cecal appearance, but the oxide did not, nor did a non-copper containing sulfate source. Macroscopic appearance of the gizzard lining and the proventriculus was also significantly changed by adding 240 mg./kg. copper to the diet, and liver weight and lipid content of liver dry matter were significantly increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Colonization of Lactobacillus acidophilus in gnotobiotic chicks.

Germ-free chicks hatched in flexible film gnotobiotic isolators were dosed orally at 2 days of age with a pure culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus. The chicks monoassociated with L. acidophilus were killed at 2 weeks of age to obtain gastrointestinal tract specimens for histological sectioning. Both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed to determine colonization and adhesion of lactobacilli. This strain of L. acidophilus was found associated with epithelium from three segments of the gastrointestinal tract (crop, proventriculus, and duodenum) of the gnotobiotic chick. The electron micrographs showed not only a close relationship between the Lactobacillus organism and the crop epithelia, but also an attachment through physical contact.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1987

Ability of cimetidine to increase intestinal pH of chicks.

Cimetidine was tested for its ability to increase the pH of intestinal contents of chicks. In Experiment 1, 18 mg cimetidine injected i.m. per kilogram body weight (BW) increased (P less than .05) proventricular pH within 1 hr, but proventricular pH began to decrease 4 hr postinjection. The pH of the contents of the duodenum was increased (P less than .05) 4 hr postinjection, whereas the pH of the contents of the jejunum was unaffected. In Experiment 2, 36 mg cimetidine injected i.m. per kilogram BW increased (P less than .05) the pH of the contents in the proventriculus and duodenum, but did not alter the pH in the jejunum and ileum. These results show that cimetidine can be used for experimental purposes to increase the pH of the proventricular and duodenal contents in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Toxic effects of kojic acid in the diet of male broilers.

The toxicological effects induced by the administration of kojic acid were characterized in young male broiler chickens (Hubbard x Peterson). The experimental design consisted of six dietary treatments of kojic acid (0, .5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg feed) and four replicates of 10 broilers per replicate. Kojic acid significantly (P less than .05) decreased growth rates at concentrations greater than 2 g basic acid/kg feed. Kojic acid in higher concentrations also significantly increased the relative weights of the proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, and liver, and significantly decreased the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius at necropsy (Day 21). Hematological changes included a significant increase in the number of red blood cells, a significant increase in packed-cell volume, and a significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume. Also occurring was a significant increase in the serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Hepatotoxicity of dietary kojic acid was evident through a significant increase in the activities of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and creatine kinase and a significant decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase. A significant increase in serum uric acid concentration was indicative of nephrotoxicity, and a significant increase in serum glucose concentration was indicative of pancreatic toxicity. A significant decrease in colonic temperature was also observed. Because the toxic effects of kojic acid were only observed at concentrations greater than 2 g kojic acid/kg feed, this mycotoxin alone does not appear to pose a serious economic threat to the poultry industry.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Organ growth and digestive enzyme levels to fifteen days of age in lines of chickens differing in body weight.

Weights of internal organs and levels of digestive enzymes were obtained through the first 15 days posthatch for cockerels from three lines of chickens known to differ greatly in body weight. On Day 15 body weights from the fastest growing line were eight times greater than those from the slowest growing line. Differences among lines were found for weights at hatching and for growth patterns (both absolute and relative to body weight) of the vitelline residue, heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and segments of the small intestine. Line differences were also evident for levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase in the pancreas and contents of the small intestine. Ranking of lines for these traits varied with age. In all lines weights of the small intestine, liver, and pancreas increased relatively more than did total body weight during the 1st wk posthatch, after which the relationship reversed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A.

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of dietary aflatoxin (3.5 micrograms/g), ochratoxin A (2.0 micrograms/g), and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS, .5%) was used to evaluate the individual and combined effects of these treatments. There were six replicate pens of 10 broilers per pen for each of the eight treatments. The broilers were maintained on these treatments from 1 day to 3 wk of age with feed and water available for ad libitum intake. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A each significantly decreased body weight, serum protein, albumin, and cholesterol and increased the relative weight of the liver, kidney, and proventriculus. Aflatoxin increased the relative weight of the heart and decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and ochratoxin A increased serum uric acid. The toxicity resulting from the combination of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A was more severe than when either of these mycotoxins were present alone. Addition of HSCAS alone did not alter any of the parameters evaluated. The HSCAS reduced the toxicity of aflatoxin, but had little effect on either the toxicity of ochratoxin A alone or the toxicity resulting from the combination of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1995

Stunting syndrome in broilers: effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on performance, development of the digestive tract, digestive enzyme activity, and apparent digestibility.

Day-old male, meat-type chicks raised in brooder batteries were infected by orally administering an inoculum prepared from intestines of broiler chicks infected with stunting syndrome (SS). Naive controls were kept in a parallel room. The chicks were fed a commercial starter diet supplemented with two levels of enzyme preparations to 14 d of age. The experiment was continued to the age of 6 wk in order to estimate compensatory feed intake and growth. In a parallel study, digestibility of the feed was determined from 1 to 3 wk of age with control or inoculated chicks. The enzymes amylase and proteases were produced by Bacillus subtilis and Penicillium emersonii. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on feed intake, growth, or feed utilization, or on digestibility of fat, starch, protein, or energy. Because enzyme supplementation did not consistently affect performance of chicks and no interactions were observed between enzyme supplementation and infection status, data are presented for effects of infection only. Inoculation of SS-infective material reduced performance to 4 wk. Compensatory growth and feed intake were observed from the age of 4 wk onward. At the age of 6 wk the slight retardation of the inoculated chicks was not significant. On Week 1, retention of fat, starch, protein, and energy was significantly depressed in the inoculated chicks. At the age of 2 wk, retention of starch was not depressed, and at the age of 3 wk, the only consistent depression was that observed for fat. The proventriculus weight and content were consistently higher in inoculated chicks, as were the small intestine and intestinal content. The pH of the gizzard content was higher, and that of the small intestine content was lower, in the inoculated birds than in their control counterparts. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a significant depression of trypsin activity in the pancreas at the age of 1 and 2 wk. At these periods, amylase and chymotrypsin were not affected. At 6 wk of age, the activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were higher in the inoculated than in the control birds. In the intestinal chime, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities were lower in the inoculated birds on Week 1 and 2 (NS for amylase on Week 1). On Week 6, the activity of all enzymes assayed was higher in the inoculated birds (NS for amylase). It is suggested that the main factors depressing feed intake and growth in SS-infected birds are most probably beyond those of digestion.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) striata in ducks.

Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) striata is an uncommon and incompletely described nematode from North American and Eurasian waterfowl. Specimens collected from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from the Playa Lakes Region (PLR) in western Texas (USA), the mottled duck (A. platyrhynchos fulvigula) in Florida (USA), the mallard in the Amur River Basin of eastern Russia and the blue-winged teal (Anas discors) from western Texas (USA) provide the basis for redescription of T. (P.) striata. This species is differentiated from the closely related T. (P.) zakharowi and T. (P.) galericulata by the size of the left spicule and the prominent cuff on the proximal end of the right spicule. In mallards from the PLR, one to several adult males and a single female occurred within distended mucosal glands or, more rarely, in cystic cavities in the submucosal tissue of the proventriculus; intensities ranged from one to seven nematodes per host (mean +/- SE = 2.9 +/- 0.8). Infected proventricular gland mucosae were compressed as a result of pressure atrophy by the large gravid females. In addition to nematodes, some lesions also contained necrotic debris with inflammatory cells and were surrounded by an intense inflammatory response of eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelioid cells and fibroblasts. Other lesions had little or no inflammatory response. Lesions in the submucosa were surrounded by a thin fibrous cyst with or without adjacent inflammatory cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Lead poisoning in wild waterfowl in Japan.

We collected 430 harvested ducks (Anas sp. and Aythya sp.) from nine prefectures in Japan between 1994 and 1997. Fifteen (4%) of 363 birds harvested during and after hunting seasons had one lead pellet each in the proventriculus and gizzard. In addition, 32 (34%) of 93 swans (Cygnus sp.) and two of 14 geese (Anser sp.) found dead from various wetlands had lesions consistent with lead poisoning. One to nine swans suspected of having toxicosis from ingestion of lead shot were found dead each year. Twenty-seven (84%) of the 32 lead-exposured swans were found in Hokkaido Prefecture. We concluded that lead poisoning is still a serious threat to waterfowl in Japan and that there is considerable need for environmental improvement concerning this problem.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mortality in Laysan ducks (Anas laysanensis) by emaciation complicated by Echinuria uncinata on Laysan Island, Hawaii, 1993.

In November 1993, unusual mortality occurred among endangered Laysan ducks on Laysan Island, one of the remote refugia of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge (USA). Ten live ducks were emaciated, and blood samples documented anemia, heterophilia, and eosinophilia. Pathology in 13 duck carcasses revealed emaciation, marked thickening of the proventricular wall, abundant mucus, and nodules in the gastrointestinal tract. Histology revealed granulomata associated with nematodes in the proventriculus, small intestines, and body walls of nine of 10 ducks examined on histology. We suspect that low rainfall and low food abundance that year contributed to enhanced pathogenicity of parasite infection, either through increased exposure or decreased host resistance. Because the Laysan duck is found only on Laysan island and is critically endangered, translocation of this species to other islands is being considered. Given that we have not seen pathology associated with Echinuria spp. in native waterfowl on other Hawaiian Islands and given the parasite's potential to cause significant lesions in Laysan ducks, it will be important to prevent the translocation of Echinuria spp.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparative study of the pathogenesis of malabsorption syndrome in broilers.

Five malabsorption syndrome (MAS) homogenates from The Netherlands and Germany were used to reproduce MAS in broilers. We studied the histopathology after inoculation of 1-day-old broiler chicks and the agents that might be involved. Generally, the MAS homogenates induced signs that differed in severity and pathobiology. We could distinguish and classify the inoculated groups best by histopathology: proventriculitis, lesions in the small intestines in combination with proventriculitis, or lesions of the small intestines only. Lesions in the small intestine had more impact on weight gain depression than lesions in the proventriculus. In three out of five inoculated groups, microscopic lesions of the pancreas were found. Reovirus was detected in the inoculated groups by virus isolation and seroconversion, and reoviral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry of the small intestine. Also, enteroviruslike particles were detected in three of the five inoculated groups, although not in the most affected group. Additionally, bacteriophages and bacteria (hemolytic Escherichia coli, Pasteurella hemolytica, and Enterococcus durans) were isolated from inoculated chicks. The role these agents play in pathogenesis of MAS is still unsolved.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Megabacteria-associated proventriculitis in poultry in the state of Brandenburg, Germany].

During the second half of the year 2000, we have diagnosed a megabacterial-associated proventriculitis in 13 laying hens and 4 cocks from 14 different flocks and one turkey. All birds were submitted for necropsy because of progressive runting, increased mortality and poor laying performance in the herds. Routine diagnostic workup included necropsy, histology, bacteriology, parasitology and virology. At necropsy, the proventricular of the birds were enlarged. The walls were thickened and the mucosa covered with cloudy, grey-white mucus. Petechial haemorrhages and ulcerations predominantly at the proventricular-ventricular junction and sloughing of the necrotic koilin layer of the ventriculus were inconsistently present. Megabacteria (approximately 40-50 by 2-4 microns, gram-positive to gram-labile, rod-shaped organisms) were present in large numbers in touch preparations of the proventricular mucosal surface. In some of the preparations, the megabacteria showed a branching pattern similar to fungal hyphae. By histopathology, all birds showed moderate to marked, diffuse lympho-plasmacytic proventriculitis. Heterophilic exudation was present in the terminal portion of the proventriculus, where the greatest numbers of the organism were found. Megabacteria were present in the mucus covering the mucosal surface and the lumina of the superficial proventricular crypts, occasionally invading the luminal epithelium. Megabacterial infection was in general associated with other diseases such as avian tuberculosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis, chlamydiosis and various other bacterial and parasitic infections. Only in one hen no other concurrent infectious organism was detected. The turkey had histomoniasis. Wild birds were regarded as probable source of infection, since all affected birds were kept under conditions allowing contact to wild birds and we have diagnosed megabacterial infections in wild-living green finches earlier.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute copper toxicosis in the Canada goose.

Acute copper toxicosis resulted in Canada geese, Branta canadensis, following ingestion of copper sulfate at about 600mg/kg from a small man-made pond on a game farm. The lesions were those associated with copper toxicosis in other avian species. The primary pathologic change was necrosis and sloughing of the proventriculus and gizzard. A greenish discoloration of the lungs also occurred.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical localization of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in tissues from naturally infected chickens.

The tissue tropism of avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup J (ALV-J) was investigated in congenitally infected broiler chickens by an immunohistochemistry technique detecting gp85 viral glycoprotein. All organs examined contained detectable antigen. The most intense staining was in the adrenal gland, heart, kidney, and proventriculus. Intense staining for viral antigen in the heart may explain the ability of ALVs to cause cardiomyopathy. Although recent investigations failed to demonstrate specific viral staining in bone marrow from infected chickens, we were able to show moderate staining in myelocytic precursor cells in bone marrow. This finding agrees with previous work showing cell cultures of bone marrow are susceptible to ALV-J infection and the tendency of subgroup J to predominantly induce myeloid rather than lymphoid neoplasms.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1992

Complex carbohydrate presence in the gut and Malpighian tubules of Drosophila auraria larvae (Insecta, Diptera): a cytochemical study.

Cytochemical techniques were used for the qualitative characterization of carbohydrates in the foregut, midgut, hindgut and Malpighian tubules of Drosophila auraria larvae. Periodate-reactive (neutral) polysaccharides were present in the foregut cuticle, peritrophic membrane, cells of the proventriculus which produce the peritrophic membrane, as well as the glycocalyx of the midgut and Malpighian tubule cells. Sulphated and carboxylated complex carbohydrates were detected in the cuticle of both foregut and hindgut, as well as the 'vacuoles with granules' in the Malpighian tubules. Periodate-reactive sulphated and carboxylated polysaccharides were detected in dense bodies appearing in all cells 10-20 h before pupation of larvae. The significance of the presence or absence of complex carbohydrates in D. auraria larval digestive system is discussed and compared with results found in the digestive system of other insects. In addition, the efficiency of the HID-TCH-SP and LID-TCH-SP techniques in staining lysosomes is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Catarrhal proventriculitis associated with a filamentous organism in pet birds.

Catarrhal proventriculitis due to infection by an unidentified organism was diagnosed in 79 of 534 pet birds examined histologically. It was more prevalent in domestic birds (70 cases) than in imported ones (9 cases). A high incidence of the disease was encountered in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and it was occasionally found in finches (Poephila gouldiae gouldiae), parakeets (Psittacula Krameri manillensis), Amazona parrots (Amazona aestiva aestiva) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). The agent was a large filamentous rod, and was stained positively with Gram, GMS and PAS methods. Histologically, it induced a mild to moderate exudative or proliferative inflammation in the proventriculus. All the cases had an erosion in the gizzard. Ultrastructurally, the organism had a eukaryotic nucleus and three cell-wall layers. Concurrent infections were very common, including adenoviruses (37 cases), giardiasis (31 cases), candidiasis (13 cases), papovaviruses (11 cases) and knemidocoptic mites (11 cases).

Animals↗