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PubMed1989

Directed blood procurement does not benefit patients who are enrolled in an autologous blood predeposit program.

Designated or directed blood transfusion (DD) is a controversial practice; its merits are currently debated on the basis of implications for the national blood supply and on the "safety" of directed blood compared with homologous blood. An equally compelling issue for the merits of DD is whether this practice results in its putative effect: to avoid volunteer homologous blood exposure. To study this, the authors reviewed 112 consecutive patients (73 orthopedic) who predeposited autologous blood for elective surgery. This group was compared with 17 patients (all orthopedic) who predeposited autologous blood and also requested storage of designated blood. Seven of 17 patients with DD subsequently received homologous blood, compared with 11 of 112 patients without designated blood (NDD, P less than 0.01) and 3 of 35 NDD orthopedic patients asked to predonate three or more units of blood, P = 0.015. DD and NDD patients were no different when analyzed for age, sex, or units blood stored; admission, nadir, or discharge hematocrit; autologous blood transfused; days in hospital; or surgical blood loss. The authors conclude that patient requests for DD are unjustified for elective surgical patients who are eligible to donate autologous blood because DD as practiced in this setting does not avoid subsequent homologous blood exposure. Maximizing autologous blood procurement is the preferred alternative for avoiding homologous blood transfusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Design and development of a new program for data processing of mass spectra acquired by means of a high-resolution double-focusing glow-discharge mass spectrometer.

An new program has been developed and implemented for data analysis of mass spectra obtained by use of the VG9000 glow-discharge mass spectrometer. The program, designed to run in a Windows 9X environment includes several tools for import and export of data, cluster generators, etc. An automated technique for the interpretation of mass spectra is also built into the program; this enables faster and operator-independent interpretation. When major interferences or not-well defined signals are involved, the automated technique might fail to find the correct result. Therefore, a manual, VG9000 software-like, bypass is at hand. A comparison of the different techniques and programs shows, in general, comparable results. An installable version of the software is available on the university FTP-server (ftp://PLASMA-FTP.uia.ac.be/ private/imsas/).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Designing an incentive based health promotion program.

1. A health incentive program can be an effective intervention for reducing employee population risk and altering health care utilization patterns. 2. An incentive based health promotion program rewards employees for performing a selected set of behaviors. 3. Collecting supporting data (benchmarking, needs assessment, organization data, published data) provides the foundation for the health incentive program design. 4. Choose an incentive appropriate to the employee population and worksite culture.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed1988

Despacho No. 381, 27 June 1988.

This Despacho sets forth the organization and functioning of administrative departments in Venezuela's Ministry of the Family. Among the Directorates of the Ministry are the General Sectoral Directorate for Attention to the Family, the General Sectoral Directorate for Attention to Children, the General Sectoral Directorate for Attention to Youth, the General Sectoral Directorate for the Promotion of Women, and the General Sectoral Directorate for Attention to the Elderly. The following are the duties of the General Sectoral Directorate for the Promotion of Women: 1) to agree and coordinate with public and private organizations on the planning and execution of programs designed to achieve the participation of women in the socioeconomic development of the country; 2) to promote and develop plans and programs relating to the occupation and employment of women and the defense and improvement of their standard of living; 3) to formulate and promote plans and programs directed at obtaining information and social, legal, and economic assistance for women, which will support the process of their incorporation into the socioeconomic, cultural, and political spheres of the country; 4) to develop orientation and education programs relating to the legal and social rights of women; 5) to carry out studies and research relating to the position and condition of women within the national context and to promote the participation of the public and private sectors in these studies and research; 6) to direct, coordinate, and supervise the execution of programs designed to encourage the social protection of women within the institution of the family; 7) to coordinate, promote, and organize the implementation of programs designed to inform and orient women about social, cultural, and recreational activities; 8) to maintain relations with national and international organizations related to its area of competence; and 9) to carry out other duties set by laws, regulations, and resolutions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of role conception and role deprivation in LPN-transition students and traditional ADN students in a specially designed associate program.

This study compared differences in role orientation and role deprivation between 41 LPN-transition students and 123 basic traditional associate degree nursing (ADN) students upon entry and exit to a specially designed ADN program. The Corwin Role Conception Scale was used to assess role conception and deprivation. Statistically significant differences were noted upon entry between LPN-transition students and traditional ADN students in professional and service role conceptions and in role deprivation, upon exit in professional role conception and role deprivation between LPN-transition and traditional ADN students, and in professional role conception within the LPN-transition students. No differences were found within traditional ADN students from entry to exit of the program.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

DESIGN: computerized optimization of experimental design for estimating Kd and Bmax in ligand binding experiments. II. Simultaneous analysis of homologous and heterologous competition curves and analysis blocking and of "multiligand" dose-response surfaces.

We have developed a computer program, DESIGN, for optimization of ligand binding experiments to minimize the "average" uncertainty in all unknown parameters. An earlier report [G. E. Rovati, D. Rodbard, and P. J. Munson (1988) Anal. Biochem. 174, 636-649] described the application of this program to experiments involving a single homologous or heterologous dose-response curve. We now present several advanced features of the program DESIGN, including simultaneous optimization of two or more binding competition curves optimization of a "multiligand" experiment. Multiligand designs are those which use combinations of two (or more) ligands in each reaction tube. Such designs are an important and natural extension of the popular method of "blocking experiments" where an additional ligand is used to suppress one or more classes of sites. Extending the idea of a dose-response curve, the most general multiligand design would result in a "dose-response surface". One can now optimize the design not only for a single binding curve, but also for families of curves and for binding surfaces. The examples presented in this report further demonstrate the power and utility of the program DESIGN and the nature of D-optimal designs in the context of more complex binding experiments. We illustrate D-optimal designs involving one radioligand and two unlabeled ligands; we consider one example of homogeneous and several examples of heterogeneous binding sites. Further, to demonstrate the virtues of the dose-response surface experiment, we have compared the optimal surface design to the equivalent design restricted to traditional dose-response curves. The use of DESIGN in conjunction with multiligand experiments can improve the efficiency of estimation of the binding parameters, potentially resulting in reduction of the number of observations needed to obtain a desired degree of precision in representative cases.

Binding Sites↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The CSAT methamphetamine treatment program: research design accommodations for "real world" application.

The Methamphetamine Treatment Program (MTP), funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, has the objectives of implementing the Matrix outpatient model and evaluating that model in comparison to the existing community "treatments as usual." Seven organizations in three western states (California, Montana, and Hawaii) were selected to participate in this randomized, controlled, multisite project in what constitutes the largest trial to date of treatment for methamphetamine (MA) dependence. One hundred fifty MA-dependent patients recruited at each site are randomly assigned to receive either the Matrix model, a manualized program of intensive outpatient treatment, or the site's standard treatment, "treatment as usual." Participants are evaluated at admission, weekly during treatment, at the time of scheduled discharge, and at six and 12 months after admission. Dependent measures assess changes in drug use, HIV risk behaviors, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Cost analyses to quantify treatment costs and determine the association between costs and clinical outcomes will be conducted. A number of adjustments in the original study design have been necessitated by the realities of community sites' strengths and limitations. Experiences from this multisite project will also provide a model for other efforts to transfer research-based treatments into community settings. This article describes the main aims of the project, the background and rationale for the study design, a brief description of the research plan, and methods implemented to protect the integrity of the science.

Central Nervous System Stimulants↗
PubMed2005

New depression programs are designed with the employer in mind.

New depression DM programs cater to employer concerns. The lack of any convincing evidence that depression interventions can deliver an ROI has kept depression DM programs in the background--at least until now. These days, concerns about productivity and other workplace issues have prompted employer-payers to ask for such programs. And DM developers have responded with interventions they hope to build on in the future.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Curriculum design and program to train older adults to use personal digital assistants.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate that many older adults can share in the potential benefits of using a personal digital assistant (PDA), including using the device as a memory aid for addresses and appointments, to improve medication adherence, and as a useful organizational tool and communication device. DESIGN AND METHODS: A curriculum, designed specifically for older adults, was developed that provided the necessary information and practice to use the technology. The degree to which the curriculum improved user skills was measured by testing participants on basic and advanced features of each of the standard PDA programs. RESULTS: Participants were successful in using the technology and indicated satisfaction with the medication-reminder program specifically designed to accommodate the needs of older adults. IMPLICATIONS: The PDA, supported with well-designed software and well-executed training, can provide unique benefits to older adults.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female athletes.

STUDY DESIGN: Controlled single-group pretest/posttest design. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if a 6-week neuromuscular training program designed to decrease the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries would improve single-limb postural stability in young female athletes. We hypothesized neuromuscular training would result in an improvement in postural stability, with the greatest improvement taking place in the medial-lateral direction. BACKGROUND: Balance training has become a common component of programs designed to prevent ACL injury. Rehabilitation programs can improve postural stability following ACL injury and reconstruction; however, there is limited information available which quantifies improvement of postural stability following neuromuscular training designed to prevent ACL injuries in a healthy population. METHODS AND MEASURES: Forty-one healthy female high school athletes (mean age, 15.3 years; age range, 13-17 years) participated in this study. Single-limb postural stability for both lower extremities was assessed with a Biodex Stability System. The neuromuscular training program consisted of three 90-minute training sessions per week for 6 weeks. Following the completion of the training program, each subject was re-evaluated to determine change in total, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral single-limb stability. Two-way analysis of variance models were used to determine differences between pretraining and posttraining and between limbs. RESULTS: The subjects showed a significant improvement in single-limb total stability (P = .004) and anterior-posterior stability (P = .001), but not medial-lateral stability (P = .650) for both the right and left lower extremity following training. In addition, the subjects demonstrated significantly better total postural stability on the right side as compared to the left (P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: A 6-week neuromuscular training program designed to decrease the incidence of ACL injuries improves objective measures of total and anterior-posterior single-limb postural stability in high school female athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A Macintosh computer program for designing DNA sequences that code for specific peptides and proteins.

A computer program (PINCERS) is described for use in the design of synthetic genes and mixed-probe DNA sequences. A protein sequence is reverse translated with generation of synonymous codons at each position producing a degenerate sequence. In order to locate potential restriction enzyme sites, the degenerate sequence is searched with a library of restriction enzymes for sites that utilize any combination of synonymous codons. These sites are indicated in a map so that they may be incorporated into the synthetic gene sequence. The program allows the user to select the appropriate codon usage table for the organism of interest and then to set a threshold usage frequency below which codons are not generated. PINCERS may also be used to assist in planning the synthesis of mixed-probe DNA sequences for cross-hybridization experiments. It can identify regions of specified length with the protein sequence that have the least overall degeneracy, thereby minimizing the number of probes to be synthesized and, therefore, maximizing the concentration of a given probe sequence.

DNA↗
PubMed1991

Factors affecting participation in external degree completion programs.

Although many dental hygienists have considered pursuing a baccalaureate degree, many barriers intervene to prevent accomplishment of this goal. The external degree is one option that could be available to overcome some of the barriers to accessibility. An external program is one that makes education accessible to students in nontraditional ways. A characteristic of these programs is that students can usually pursue academic credit toward a degree without being physically present on the degree-granting campus for the majority of the program. This paper reports the results of a 1988 survey of certificate and associate degree dental hygienists' interest in an external baccalaureate degree completion program. A questionnaire was mailed to 213 certificate and associate degree dental hygienists in Tennessee who had expressed an interest in degree completion. Two hundred six questionnaires were returned for a response rate of 96.7%. In order to determine the potential success of such programs, the following factors were explored: the motivations or reasons for participating; program design factors that might encourage or deter participation; degree of employer support; and individual characteristics relevant to participation, such as personal commitment and demographic information. Geographic location, flexibility in scheduling, and accessibility to course work were the program design factors most important to the likely participants. Likely participants indicated that they wanted to return to complete their baccalaureate degrees for personal satisfaction, for the status of the degree, and to increase their knowledge and skill in dental hygiene. They indicated that they did not want to change the focus of their careers. The area of study rated as most important was advanced clinical dental hygiene. The likely participants were found to resemble other nontraditional students. They averaged 34 years of age, were married with children living at home, and were able to study on a part-time basis only. The analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire led to the conclusion that external program design factors would be essential for most certificate and associate degree dental hygienists to participate in a baccalaureate degree completion program.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Smoking cessation programs for adolescents.

Many smoking cessation programs for adult smokers are described in the medical and nursing literature. Programs designed to prevent smoking among adolescents and children also are prevalent in the literature. Despite these prevention programs, many adolescents choose to start smoking. Once adolescents begin smoking, it is difficult to find ways to help them quit. Few programs exist that are targeted to help this population with smoking cessation. This article provides an in-depth review of 5 smoking cessation programs designed for adolescents. Each of the programs presents unique strategies for helping teenage smokers quit. Techniques used in these programs include peer leadership, nicotine patch therapy, peer support, computer instruction, and one-on-one counseling with a nurse practitioner. Each program was studied for efficacy with adolescents. Although none of the programs reviewed showed remarkable success, they serve as guides for future program development. Additional programs need to be developed and studied with larger, more diverse populations. Nurses must identify or develop smoking cessation programs that meet the needs of all types of adolescents and are effective in helping them to quit. Once designed, these smoking cessation programs should be made accessible to adolescents in a variety of settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effects of an advanced practice nurse-directed heart failure program.

A study was conducted to determine if an inpatient heart failure program directed by an advanced practice nurse (APN) affects the following patient outcomes: length of hospital stay, mortality, readmission rates, and adherence to the recommended clinical regimen. Evaluating APN-directed heart failure programs may assist hospitals and clinics to determine whether such programs should be replaced, modified, continued, or replicated. For those facilities that are considering beginning a heart failure program, the data provided in this study may help establish the necessity of developing such a program or provide ideas for program design. The APN has an integral role in program design and can assist in achieving positive patient outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

SEQPWR and SEQOPR: computer programs for design of maximum information trials based on group sequential logrank tests.

The maximum information trial paradigm for clinical trials with failure time data was recognized and has been investigated. With the maximum information trial paradigm, a study is concluded when a prespecified maximum number of events of interest, thus maximum information, has been accrued if there was no early stopping due to treatment difference or lack thereof. We present two interactive FORTRAN programs for use in designing maximum information trials based on group sequential logrank tests. The program SEQPWR computes the attainable power of group sequential logrank tests given the combinations of the accrual and follow-up durations. The program SEQOPR allows the users to investigate the operating characteristics of the maximum information trial given the information fractions of interim analyses. A clinical trial from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group is provided to illustrate the usage and features of the programs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Primer design for large scale sequencing.

We have developed PRIDE, a primer design program that automatically designs primers in single contigs or whole sequencing projects to extend the already known sequence and to double strand single-stranded regions. The program is fully integrated into the Staden package (GAP4) and accessible with a graphical user interface. PRIDE uses a fuzzy logic-based system to calculate primer qualities. The computational performance of PRIDE is enhanced by using suffix trees to store the huge amount of data being produced. A test set of 110 sequencing primers and 11 PCR primer pairs has been designed on genomic templates, cDNAs and sequences containing repetitive elements to analyze PRIDE's success rate. The high performance of PRIDE, combined with its minimal requirement of user interaction and its fast algorithm, make this program useful for the large scale design of primers, especially in large sequencing projects.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Rewarding safe behavior: strategies for change.

Effective, sustainable safety incentives are integrated into a performance management system designed to encourage long term behavior change. Effective incentive program design integrates the fundamental considerations of compensation (i.e., valence, instrumentality, expectancy, equity) with behavior change theory in the context of a strong merit based performance management system. Clear expectations are established and communicated from the time applicants apply for the position. Feedback and social recognition are leveraged and used as rewards, in addition to financial incentives built into the compensation system and offered periodically as short term incentives. Rewards are tied to specific objectives intended to influence specific behaviors. Objectives are designed to challenge employees, providing opportunities to grow and enhance their sense of belonging. Safety contests and other awareness activities are most effective when used to focus safety improvement efforts on specific behaviors or processes, for a predetermined period of time, in the context of a comprehensive safety system. Safety incentive programs designed around injury outcomes can result in unintended, and undesirable, consequences. Safety performance can be leveraged by integrating safety into corporate cultural indicators. Symbols of safety remind employees of corporate safety goals and objectives (e.g., posted safety goals and integrating safety into corporate mission and vision). Rites and ceremonies provide opportunities for social recognition and feedback and demonstrate safety is a corporate value. Feedback opportunities, rewards, and social recognition all provide content for corporate legends, those stories embellished over time, that punctuate the overall system of organizational norms, and provide examples of the organizational safety culture in action.

Accidents, Occupational↗