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PubMed1968

Chromatographic separation of the pigment fractions from a Serratia marcescens strain.

A procedure was developed for the separation of pigment fractions in a wild-type Serratia marcescens strain. Separation was achieved by column chromatography and elution with several organic solvents. At least six pigment fractions were obtained from the alumina columns by this technique, whereas only four fractions had been reported previously. Spectral and elemental analyses indicate that, in S. marcescens, prodigiosin is a complex of six fractions, differing in absorption spectra while retaining the general characteristics of the whole pigment.

Chloroform↗
PubMed1986

Cell surface hydrophobicity of pigmented and nonpigmented clinical Serratia marcescens strains.

The cell surface hydrophobicity of 10 pigmented and 4 nonpigmented clinical Serratia marcescens strains was studied, based on the ability of the strains to adhere to hydrocarbons and to polystyrene. The cell surface hydrophobicity depended greatly on growth temperature; all of the strains tested were adherent following growth at 30 degrees C, whereas none was adherent following growth at 38 degrees C. In previous studies, the pigment prodigiosin has been cited as responsible for cell surface hydrophobicity in various Serratia strains. However, the observed ability of the nonpigmented strains to adhere to the test hydrocarbons and to polystyrene indicates that Serratia strains can possess hydrophobic surface properties in the absence of this pigment. Moreover, strain 1785 cells were adherent whether they were grown at 30 or 36.5 degrees C, even though pigment was not synthesized at the higher temperature. In Escherichia coli correlations have been noted between increased cell surface hydrophobicity and the presence of mannose-specific adhesins; no such relationship was found in the S. marcescens strains tested. The expression of cell surface hydrophobicity in clinical S. marcescens strains at 30 degrees C and the loss of hydrophobicity at host temperatures raise the possibility that infective cells from the environment are initially hydrophobic, but lose this property upon subsequent proliferation within a host.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1988

Increased cell surface hydrophobicity of a Serratia marcescens NS 38 mutant lacking wetting activity.

The cell surface hydrophobicity of Serratia marcescens appears to be an important factor in its adhesion to and colonization of various interfaces. The cell surface components responsible for mediating the hydrophobicity of S. marcescens have not been completely elucidated, but may include prodigiosin and other factors. In the present report we have investigated the potential role of serratamolide, an amphipathic aminolipid present on the surfaces of certain S. marcescens strains, in modulating cell surface hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic properties of a serratamolide-producing strain (NS 38) were compared with those of a serratamolide-deficient mutant (NS 38-9) by monitoring the kinetics of adhesion to hexadecane. Serratamolide production was monitored by thin-layer chromatography and the wetting activity of washed-cell suspensions on polystyrene. Wild-type NS 38 cells were far less hydrophobic than the serratamolide-deficient mutant cells were; the removal coefficients were 48 min-1 for the mutant, as compared with only 18 min-1 for the wild type. The data suggest that the presence of serratamolide on S. marcescens cells results in a reduction in hydrophobicity, presumably by blocking hydrophobic sites on the cell surface.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1989

Improved O-serotyping method for Serratia marcescens.

In a previous study, we found that some O serotypes of Serratia marcescens, as defined by agglutination tests, were not based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigens. We developed a dot enzyme immunoassay with a high degree of LPS specificity and tested 104 distinct clinical strains. Only 7 of the 24 existing O antigens were found in more than one strain: O12/O14 (30.8% of strains examined), O21 (12.5%), O8 (8.7%), O6/O7 (5.8%), O4 (3.8%), O18 (2.9%), and O9 (2.9%). Two new antigens, S1254 (13.5%) and S3255 (3.8%), were also found. Agglutination tests with O antisera identified the LPS antigen in only 36 strains. Prodigiosin production was restricted to serotypes O8, O6, and S3255 and strains with a rough or semirough LPS phenotype. Dot immunoassay appears to offer greater accuracy than agglutination tests for serotype identification in S. marcescens.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Biotyping of Serratia marcescens and its use in epidemiological studies.

A Serratia marcescens biotyping system using eight carbon sources (benzoate, DL-carnitine, m-erythritol, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, lactose, D-quinate, and trigonelline), a tetrathionate reduction test, production of prodigiosin, and horse blood hemolysis was derived from a recent numerical taxonomic study (Grimont et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 98:39-66, 1977). A total of 98.6% of 2,210 isolates from various sources could be assigned to 1 of 19 biotypes. Distribution and spread of 1,088 S. marcescens isolates throughout 13 clinical departments of Pellegrin Hospital (Bordeaux, France) were studied from 1968 through 1975. Except for one that colonized the intestinal tract of newborns, the six pigmented biotypes were seldom isolated. Each of the 13 nonpigmented biotypes showed a particular pattern of distribution and spread. The usefulness of S. marcescens biotyping was shown by relating several isolates recovered from patients and their inanimate environment and by pointing out the possible existence of infections or colonizations by two unrelated biotypes. S. marcescens strains isolated from the natural environment (water) are usually pigmented, and their biotypes are uncommon in hospitals. Biotyping can, therefore, be of help in epidemiological and ecological surveys.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1999

[Changes in the production of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 in relation to the immunity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

The specific features of production of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-2 were studied in 74 patients with various forms of tuberculosis by taking into account the magnitude of an immunological response. Tuberculin, phytohemagglutinin, prodigiosine were used as inducers of the synthesis of cytokines. Heterodirection was found in the changes of elaboration of cytokines in similar immunological disorders in persons with different clinical forms of tuberculosis. Examination of patients with infiltrative tuberculosis indicated that the increased synthesis of TNF-alpha and IL-2 was to a greater extent associated with the activation of cell-mediated immunity and that of IL-1 beta with its inhibition. The relationships found between the production of cytokines and IgA and IgM levels are suggestive of their involvement in the regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis. Cytokine spectral alterations are associated with the changes in specific lymphocytic populations. In patients with infiltrative tuberculosis, the production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta was directly related to the proportion of CD4+ and CDS8+ and that of IL-2 is associated with the proportion of CD25+ and CD20+ and with the count of lymphocytes. At tuberculin stimulation of mononuclear cells, it is expedient to bear in mind the detection rate of cytokines and the level of their production. It was shown that the measurement of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-2 may be used in the treatment of tuberculosis to assess the patients' immunological response and in the choice of immunomodulating therapy.

CD4-CD8 Ratio↗
PubMed1991

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a gene encoding proline oxidase of Serratia marcescens.

Proline plays a central role in the biosynthesis of prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens. Proline catabolism takes place by oxidation catalysed by the enzyme proline oxidase encoded by the gene putA. A gene bank of chromosomal DNA from S. marcescens was constructed using the plasmid vector pBR328, and then recombinant DNA was used in transformation experiments with Escherichia coli HB 101 as recipient strain. One of the recombinant plasmids, pSL001, was encoded for proline oxidase. Subcloning experiments led to a second plasmid pSL008 able to maintain proline oxidase activity.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of catecholaminergic agents on the efficacy of immunostimulants].

The influence of combinations of immunostimulants (prodigiosin, methyluracil, levamisole) and catecholaminergic agents (dopamine, haloperidol, noradrenaline, phentolamine, isoproterenol, propranolol) on the results of antibiotic therapy of acute generalized Proteus infection and primary immune response to ram erythrocytes was studied on outbred albino mice. It was established that the agents influencing dopaminergic, alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors can in some cases change the efficiency of the studied immunostimulants. The direction and degree of their action depend on the administration schedule.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The economic and sociomedical efficiency of innovations in the practice of health protection].

The article discusses techniques for assessing the economic and medico-social efficiency of innovations introduced into health care practice starting from the example of a new procedure (prodigiosin inhalations) in prevention of ENT disorders and of influenza in preschool children. The analysis bears on the role and importance of evaluations of this type in the implementation of scientific findings, as well as in restructuring the health care sector and reorienting biomedical research. The authors contend that the expanding area of innovation use does not trigger more than insignificant rises in costs (costs allocated to scientific research, for instance), whereas cost containment is almost directly proportional to the expanding applications. It can, therefore, be concluded that imposing limitations and delays in the implementation of efficient innovations bars cost savings and diminishes the actual economic efficiency of biomedical research.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Induction of granulomatous liver inflammation by noninfectious particles].

A single intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/g of zymosan led to the formation of granuloma-type clusters of mononuclears in the liver of CBA mice or (CBA X C57B1)F1 hybrid mice. The area occupied by the granulomas grows for 3 to 9 days and then gradually diminishes so that the granulomas disappear practically in one month. Hydrocortisone injected in a dose of 125 mg/kg 2 and 24 hours before or 2 and 24 hours after zymosan inhibited the initiation of granulomas but, at the same time, led to their slower involution. Mice with zymosan-induced granulomas became hypersensitive to the derivate of an endotoxin--prodigiosin, a polysaccharide obtained from S. marcescens. After intravenous infusion of a preparation of corpuscular alkaline phosphatase (CAP) granuloma-like structures also appear in the liver of rats. In distinction from zymosan-induced granulomas they persist for a much longer time (up to 27 weeks). The first signs of CAP-induced granulomas appear in 3 days. The liver per cent by volume occupied by the granulomas gradually doubles by the 15th week and then reduces. At the same time, the number of granulomas per 1 mm3 of hepatic tissue remains practically constant for 3 to 21 weeks from the moment of the induction by CAP. Their average size grows slowly and reaches maximum by the 15th week, with significant variations. Desmine and reticular fibres accumulate in the granulomas, which is evidence of active involvement of hepatic fat-accumulating cells in their formation. The results show that resident macrophages are the triggers of granulomatous inflammation of the liver.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of the hematopoietic microenvironment in the mechanism of the antiradiation action of prodigiozan].

Preliminary administration of a radioprotective dose (3 mg/kg) of the bacterial polysaccharide prodigiozan 24 hours before irradiation of (CBA X X C57B1) F1 hybrid mice by a dose of 8 Gr increased the efficacy of exogenous clone formation of intact and irradiated bone marrow significantly. The efficacy of exogenous clone formation increased by 44-82% in transplantation of intact bone marrow and by 180-220% in transplantation of irradiated marrow (as compared to the values in animals who did not receive prodigiozan). This phenomenon was evidently associated with intensified reproduction of the transplanted CFU in mice given prodigiozan, evidence of which is the quantitative dependence of the effect on the dose of the transplanted cells. A conclusion is drawn that one of the aspects of the hematopoiesis-stimulating effect of prodigiosin in an irradiated organism is linked with its effect on the elements of the hematopoietic stroma. It is suggested that agents of other classes may be characterized by a similar mechanism of action; the same effect may be produced by some other factors which reduce radioresistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of immunostimulants on kidney tubule secretion of xenobiotics].

Excretion of cardiotrast (diotrast) was used to study tubular secretion of organic compounds in rats. Immunostimulants prodigiosin (0.05 mg/kg) and levamisole (10 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously three times every other day increased cardiotrast excretion. High levamisole dose (50 mg/kg), having no stimulating effect on the immunity, failed also to influence tubular cardiotrast transport. Possible mechanisms of immunostimulants' action on the tubular secretion of xenobiotics is discussed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1983

[New species of actinomycete Streptomyces variegatus sp. nov. synthesizing an antibiotic of the alpha-hydroxyketopentaene group].

Stroptomyces strains INA T-511 and INA 3946 were isolated from 2 different soil samples. Both the strains produced an antibiotic of the group of alpha-hydroxyketopentaenes. The antibiotic was active against gram-positive bacteria, yeasts and fungi belonging to Penicillium. In addition, the strains produced a pigment antibiotic of the prodigiosin type and a pigment identified as ferroverdin. The study of the cultural and morphological features and the natural variation of the strains has shown that they belong to a new species, designated as Streptomyces variegatus sp. nov. Sveshnikova et Timuk.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Pigments and antibiogram of transconjugants from nonpigmented mutants of Serratia marcescens.

Serratia marcescens produces a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, which is formed by the enzymatic coupling of 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde (MBC) and 2-methyl-3-amylpyrrole (MAP). Many clinical isolates which are resistant to multiple antibiotics are nonpigmented. However, the relationship of pigmentation (or nonpigmentation) to drug resistance of the strains has not yet been established. In this study we demonstrated the pigment synthesizing capability in the transconjugants obtained from nonpigmented mutants WF and 9-3-3 of S. marcescens under the condition of cell-to-cell contact. Mutant WF produces MAP while mutant 9-3-3 synthesized only MBC. After genetic transfer, the color of the recombinant colonies was red indicating the successful transfer of the pigment synthesizing capability. The antibiogram of the transconjugants indicated that they inherited the resistance characteristics to polymyxin B and chloramphenicol from their parent strains. further supportive evidence was obtained by spectroscopic and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the resulting pigments extracted from the pigmented transconjugants. The pigments produced by the transconjugants were similar, if not identical, to those produced by the wild type strain 08 and those synthesizes syntrophically. The possibility of simultaneous transfer of pigment synthesizing capability and drug resistance remains to be explored .

Conjugation, Genetic↗
PubMed1996

Cell surface hydrophobicity and its relation to outer membrane proteins of Serratia marcescens.

Cell surface hydrophobicity measurement of S. marcescens and its two mutants, one having capacity of overproducing the red pigment prodigiosin, while another carrying no pigment, showed that the hydrophobicity, which always increased with ageing of the cells, was not totally due to the pigment present on the surface. The mutant having no pigment always exhibited higher hydrophobicity than that of two pigmented cells, irrespective of whether the experimented cells were of early log phase or static phase. The outer membrane proteins were isolated and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The non-pigmented cell outer membrane showed an extra band of protein (approximately 40 K Da molecular weight) besides the other bands common to those of other two pigmented cells. This extra protein of outer membrane may be responsible for higher surface hydrophobicity of non-pigmented mutant of S. marcescens.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The immunotropic properties of rifampicin and their correction].

The effect of rifampicin on antibody genesis depends on the dose, duration, and time of its administration in relation to the antigen, as well as on the character of immunosuppression. The antibiotic has no effect on delayed hypersensitivity and stimulates the activity of phagocytes, predominantly that of neutrophils. The effectiveness of rifampicin in experimental infection is maintained in treatment with cyclophosphane and azathioprine. When administered in combination with rifampicin and cytostatics methyluracil possesses a broader spectrum of immunostimulating activity than that of prodigiosin and levamisole.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗