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PubMed1985

Cholinergic REM induction response: separation of anxiety and depression.

Five groups of subjects underwent EEG sleep recordings, arecoline rapid eye movement (REM) induction response testing, and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) interview. Group I: 20 patients with primary major depressive disorder (MDD) (endogenous) without any coexisting anxiety disorder; Group II: 19 primary MDD (endogenous) patients with secondary panic, GAD, or phobic disorders; Group III: 18 patients with primary anxiety disorder without coexisting MDD; Group IV: 14 patients with primary anxiety plus secondary MDD; Group V: 26 normal controls. Modified Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) were used for diagnosis, based on the SADS interview. There was considerable overlap of SADS scaled scores between patient groups, which is consistent with a heterogeneous clinical presentation of depressive and anxiety states. REM latency was significantly shorter in patients with primary MDD (without anxiety) as compared with that in patients with primary anxiety (no MDD) and normals. Arecoline REM induction response time was significantly shorter in both primary affective groups (I and II) as compared with primary anxiety (no MDD) patients and normal controls. REM latency and arecoline REM induction time was not significantly different between the primary anxiety groups (III and IV) and normals. The study highlights the use of biological markers in differentiating between clinical syndromes confounded by mixed or overlapping phenomenology.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder.

The temperature rhythms of 9 drug-free patients with primary affective disorder were measured during depression and after recovery and compared with those of 12 normal controls. The patients had higher nocturnal temperatures and decreased 24-hour amplitudes when depressed than when they had recovered and compared to the controls. There was no evidence that the temperature minimum occurred earlier in the night in depression compared to controls. However, in 4 of 7 patients the temperature minimum occurred earlier in the night during depression compared to recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A dental caries severity index for primary teeth.

Criteria for scoring the caries attack on each surface of an affected primary tooth are described. The score for each carious surface ranges from 1 to 3. The score per tooth is a sum of the surface scores. The caries severity index (csi) is the mean of the scores of all carious teeth in the population examined. Three groups of children aged 5-6.5 yr were examined. In Jerusalem, with a water fluoride concentration of 0.4 ppm, 54 children had a csi of 2.99 and a defs of 10.19. In a semirural African town, Soshanguva, with a 0.2 ppm fluoride concentration, 103 children had a csi of 3.10 and a defs of 5.75. In a nearby rural African area with a water fluoride concentration well above the optimum, 86 children had a csi of 1.93 and a defs of 1.99. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility of the csi were good. The csi expresses the severity of the caries attack on affected teeth and gives additional information to that of the def indices.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Mortality in a follow-up of 500 psychiatric outpatients. II. Cause-specific mortality.

In a six- to 12-year follow-up study of 500 psychiatric outpatients, death from natural causes occurred 11/2 times the expected rate, although the excess was not significant. Death from unnatural causes occurred 31/2 times the expected rate, a significant elevation. Suicide and homicide rates were particularly excessive. Unnatural mortality was excessive among younger, but not older, patients, and among all sex-race groups except black women, none of whom died unnaturally. Initial psychiatric diagnoses highly predictive of unnatural death included alcoholism, antisocial personality, drug addiction, and homosexuality. Secondary affective disorder was predictive of excess unnatural mortality, but in all cases of such death one of the four disorders associated with excess mortality antedated the affective disturbance. No patient with an index diagnosis of primary affective disorder died of an unnatural cause. Despite a frequent history of suicide attempts, hysteria was not associated with excess unnatural mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[The basic features of the pathogenesis of pseudotuberculosis (yersiniosis)].

A new pathogenetic pattern of pseudotuberculosis has been derived on the basis of original clinical, anatomical and experimental findings as well as literature data. Careful consideration is given to: a basic mode of infection (alimentary), emergence of the primary affection with a rapid blood invasion by the agent (primary bacteremia), development of specific sensitization, multiorgan secondary focal impairment with lymphogenic dissemination of the infective agent (specific pseudotuberculous polyadenitis), formation of secondary immunodeficiency, consequent repeat bacteremias, recurrences, symptoms of infectious process aggravations, immunological rearrangement with dominating delayed hypersensitivity. As a rule, the disease terminated by elimination of the secondary foci and recovery.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Genetic implications in assortative mating of affective disorders.

Psychiatric disorders in a sample of spouses of probands with recurrent Primary Affective Disorders (PAD) and in their first degree relatives were evaluated and compared with those in the spouse of control subjects without psychiatric illnesses. No differences were found in the risk for PAD, but spouses of PAD patients and their respective first degree relatives manifested a greater incidence of affective spectrum disorders.

Family↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secondary affective disorder in women with somatization disorder.

Of 60 women with somatization disorder (SD), 54 (90%) met DSM-III criteria for a major affective episode. This group with secondary affective disorder (SAD) was compared with 29 women who had primary affective disorder (PAD). SAD patients reported significantly more symptoms, more psychiatric admissions, more and longer episodes of depression; more had attempted suicide, and more had made multiple attempts. SAD patients had often been hospitalized and were likely to have been treated with lithium and a variety of antidepressants. Studying relatively homogeneous primary psychiatric diagnoses facilitates the identification of distinctions between SAD and PAD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder.

BACKGROUND: A review of studies of cognition in the euthymic phase of unipolar and bipolar affective disorder reveals diverging results. METHODS: The study was designed as a controlled cohort study, with the Danish psychiatric case register of admissions used to identify patients and the Danish civil register to identify controls. Patients who were hospitalized between 19 and 25 years ago with an affective diagnosis and who at interviews fulfilled criteria for a primary affective unipolar or bipolar disorder, according to ICD-10, were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Interviews and assessment of the cognitive function were made in the euthymic phase of the disorder. In all, 118 unipolar patients, 28 bipolar patients and 58 controls were included. Analyses were adjusted for differences in the level of education and for subclinical depressive and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: Patients with recurrent episodes were significantly more impaired than patients with a single episode and more impaired than controls. Also, within patients the number of prior episodes seemed to be associated with cognitive outcome. There was no difference in the severity of the dysfunction between unipolar and bipolar patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment in out-patients with unipolar and bipolar disorder appears to be associated with the number of affective episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents against murine bladder metastasis.

Three chemotherapeutic agents, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (cis-platinum), were examined for their effectiveness against metastases in a murine transitional cell carcinoma model. Systemic treatment of the drugs was applied against a MBT-2 derived subline which generates 100% incidence of lung metastases in C3H mice by five weeks. The drugs were examined for their effect against the number of metastases, incidence of metastasis and size of the subcutaneously implanted primary tumor. All three compounds significantly reduced both the number of lung metastases and the incidence when compared to untreated animals. None of the agents proved 100% effective against metastatic tumors. These results suggest the existence of a chemotherapeutic resistant population of metastatic cells. Administration of methotrexate and cis-platinum effectively reduced the size of the primary tumor as compared to untreated animals. Cyclophosphamide did not significantly affect primary tumor size. The response of the antineoplastic agents against the metastatic tumor cells indicates that the L3F2 metastatic cell line is an effective model to study agents against metastatic bladder cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of amputation and Corynebacterium parvum on tumour metastases in mice.

The effects of operation (lower-limb amputation) on the growth of the Lewis lung tumour and its metastases were studied. The role of C. parvum in counteracting these effects was investigated. Anaesthesia alone or with amputation did not affect primary tumour growth. C. parvum depressed this growth. Anaesthesia did not affect the number of pulmonary metastases, but amputation caused a significant increase. C. parvum inhibited metastases and completely counteracted the effects of operation on them. Large doses of cortisone acetate significantly increased metastases but small doses had no effect. Experiments with adrenalectomized mice suggested the effects of operation were due to non-specific stress.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2002

Passion in group: thinking about loving, hating, and knowing.

In his early work, Bion (1961) established the goal of learning about and getting beyond the basic assumptions to become a work group. Later, in his structural theory of affect, passion became a key concept. Passion describes the necessary and sufficient condition for a psychotherapy group to be a work group. Passion is an intersubjective process of bearing and utilizing one's most basic affects to reach self-conscious emotional awareness. Bion postulated three primary affects: loving, hating, and knowing (LHK). A clinical example illustrates how the therapist may represent, mentally organize, and mobilize the group's potential for passion by attending to the evolution of his or her own affects. Passion transcends transference-countertransference in that an optimal level of personal meaning from LHK is achieved and utilized in emotional participation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The changes in the myocardium under experimental conditions.

An effect of different interventions on the electron microscopic structure and morphometric parameters of the myocardium were studied. Application of cyclophosphamide and isoprenaline in the experimental animals allows the similar changes of mitochondrial partial volume like hypoxic periods of cardiac surgery by coronary bypass operation. Although the initial agents are different, the primary affected structures are sarcoplasm and mitochondria, whose proportions change promptly. The primary effect may be connected with alteration of membrane permeability caused by increased osmotic active ion transport on responsibility of the inhibited Na, K-ATP-ases (or F0 F1-ATP-ases irreversibly altered in mitochondria). The morphometric evaluation confirms not only statistically significant differences among the experimental groups treated by cyclophosphamide, isoprenaline and by cardioplegic ischaemic periods in the human myocardium but also by application of physiological saline in the control groups. Comparing the morphometric evaluation by manual processing with computer mediated image analysis we can conclude that the results correspond upon conditions of the specific defined raster for Weibel's intersection test only.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Primary and secondary affective disorders in adolescents and young adults.

The concepts of primary and secondary affective disorders have become widely accepted by researchers of adult psychiatric disorders. They are based on the chronological development of certain specified major affective disorders in relation to diagnosable, nonaffective psychiatric disorders. Despite potential etiological implications, little data are currently available on the primary-secondary classification applied to cases with early onset adolescent and young adulthood affective disorders. This study reports on the application and clinical implications of the primary-secondary classification in a sample of 65 adolescent and young adult inpatients who meet Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for an index episode of Major Depressive Disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Convergences in course of illness and treatments of the epilepsies and recurrent affective disorders.

The failure to achieve and maintain remission is a critical problem for a high percentage of patients with epilepsy and the primary affective disorders. Early illness onset and delayed initiation of treatment may contribute to primary treatment resistance or that associated with loss of efficacy (tolerance phenomenon). Neurobiological data and principles drawn from the amygdala kinding model of seizure progression are reviewed for their heuristic value in conceptualizing molecular mechanisms of illness progression and its prevention with pharmacological agents in the epilepsies and, indirectly, the recurrent affective disorders. Caveats in the use of this model and convergences and divergences in its predictive validity for seizures and affective disorders are noted.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1984

Nerve growth factor regulates central terminals of primary sensory neurons.

Transection of peripheral sensory axons results in transganglionic degenerative atrophy of central terminals of the affected primary sensory neurons. Nerve growth factor applied at the central stump of the transected nerve prevents or delays transganglionic degenerative atrophy. It is concluded that, under normal conditions, nerve growth factor taken up by receptors at peripheral sensory nerve endings and transported retrogradely to perikarya in dorsal root ganglia, regulates synthesis of neuroproteins destined for maintenance of central terminals of these neurons. Accordingly, transganglionic degenerative atrophy is the consequence of failure of nerve growth factor to reach perikarya of primary sensory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Corneal pathology in the cat and dog].

Corneal diseases in the Cat and the Dog are of great variety and present similitudes with human corneal disorders, as demonstrated by the present report which discusses dystrophies, degenerations and inflammations of the cornea successively. Deep endothelial dystrophies are rare, poorly understood, and related to certain breeds; lipid dystrophies are frequent and either primary, occurring in some breeds only, or secondary to hyperlipemia; calcareous dystrophies are breed-related affections. Primary corneal degeneration has been described in the cat only and is a very rare affection. Keratitis is by far the commonest corneal lesion reported, and may be of herpes virus origin in the Cat and due to adenovirus in the Dog. Dry keratitis as in humans has also been observed. Two types of keratitis of allergic origin are described which are closely related to two breeds of dog: Alsatians and the long-haired dachshund. Recurrent corneal erosions, poorly recognized in veterinary medicine, are now described; their etiology and histological appearances are comparable with those reported in humans. These findings emphasize the interest of using animal models for human pathology investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Parental cancer: characteristics of parents as predictors for child functioning.

BACKGROUND: The vulnerability of children when a parent is diagnosed with cancer may depend on a variety of variables. The current study examined the impact of characteristics of 180 parents diagnosed with cancer, along with 145 spouses, on the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in children. METHODS: Ill parents provided information on sociodemographics and illness-related variables and on the prevalence of problems in children by using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Both parents completed the two subscales that measure physical functioning and mental health of the RAND-36. RESULTS: The family situation (single parents, no or few siblings, oldest child) was one of the most important predictors of reported problems in primary school children, whereas adolescents were reported as having more problems when parents experienced treatment complications. A decrease in ill parents' physical functioning affected primary school daughters and adolescents, and both age groups were affected by the mental health of ill parents. Problems of ill fathers did not have a different impact on children from those of ill mothers. Spouses' physical limitations were indicative for problems in primary school children, whereas a worsening parental mental health was indicative for problems in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Findings illustrated that parents' characteristics must be taken into account when assessing vulnerability of children in this situation. Which variables particularly heighten the risk for problems depend on children's ages.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of aging on early B- and T-cell development.

Lymphocyte production in the bone marrow and the thymus is reduced during aging, but why this decline occurs has not been fully elucidated. The ability to isolate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using sophisticated flow cytometric strategies and to manipulate them in vitro and in vivo has provided insights into the effects of aging on primary lymphopoiesis. These analyses have showed that intrinsic changes in hematopoietic precursors that affect their proliferative potential are one factor that contributes to the age-related decline in B- and T-cell production. This and other age-related defects may be exacerbated by changes in the lymphopoietic support potential of the bone marrow and thymic microenvironments as well as by age-induced fluctuations in the production of various endocrine hormones. Particular attention with regard to the latter point has focused on changes in the production of sex steroids, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I. The present review summarizes recent studies of how age-related perturbations affect primary lymphopoiesis and highlights how the data necessitate the reevaluation of a number of existing paradigms.

Aging↗