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PubMed1986

Comparative sensitivity of survival-adjusted chi-square and normal statistics for the mutagenesis fluctuation assay.

Three statistics for analysis of microtitre plate mutagenesis fluctuation tests were studied by simulation, and in enzyme-activated assays of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitramine. A survival-adjusted chi 2 statistic ('Gsq') was compared with Katz's normally distributed statistic ('Phi'), and with the survival-independent statistic ('Zsq') of Gilbert. When toxicity was either very low or high, the Phi statistic either could not be evaluated over the whole range of possible background mutant frequencies, or sometimes it indicated unusually high levels of statistical significance, even when the other tests were negative. The survival-adjusted Gsq closely followed the Zsq statistic throughout the experimentally useful range of toxicities and mutant background values, with some improvement in sensitivity. Within the range 80 +/- 10% survival approximately, Katz's statistic 'Phi' was the most sensitive. The choice of statistical test could affect the estimate of the minimal effective mutagenic concentration by a factor of 10-100. For screening unknowns, both types of test (Phi and Gsq (or Zsq] may help in detecting suspect pro-mutagens and in designing a confirmatory assay. Bacterial population statistics are needed to assess the value of statistically positive results.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed2005

Patterns of drug use during a 15 year period: data from a Swedish county, 1988--2002.

PURPOSE: To present and interpret drug prescription patterns, related to various groups of the population in a Swedish county, in order to estimate the prevalence of drug use in different age groups. METHODS: Data on prescriptions, dispensed March-May 1988-2002, were combined with population statistics of Halland, a county in the south of Sweden, and analysed. Number of defined daily doses (DDD) per 100 inhabitants and day and prescriptions per 100 inhabitants and 3 months were used as indicators of drug prevalence. RESULTS: The total drug exposure in the population of Halland nearly doubled during the 15-year period. The most frequently used drugs overall, in 2002, were psycholeptics (N05), analgesics (N02), antibacterials (J01) and sex hormones (G03). Nearly 30% of the women of 15-69 years were exposed to sex hormones. Multiplied drug prevalence among people above 60 was found for antithrombotic drugs (B01), agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (C09), sex hormones (G03), serum lipid reducing agents (C10), antidepressants (N06) and drugs for peptic ulcer and GORD (A02B). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in drug prescribing over the 15 years concerned both symptom-related treatments, like hormone replacement therapy, analgesics, antidepressants and drugs for acid-related disorders, as well as preventive treatments, like antithrombotics, lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensives. The unit DDD/100 inhabitants and day gives a fairly correct measure of the percentage treated for chronic disorders. However, for short-term treatment courses and especially for drug use in children, number of prescriptions/100 inhabitants and adequate period of time, is easier to interpret.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The role of ethnicity in cancer susceptibility gene polymorphisms: the example of CYP1A1.

Individual susceptibility to cancer from environmental agents may be influenced by polymorphic metabolic genes such as CYP1A1. The CYP1A1 gene contains four major polymorphisms identified to date. A modern nomenclature system, used with other genes, is presented to clarify the identity of these polymorphisms. The various CYP1A1 alleles exhibit population frequencies that depend on ethnicity. The association of these alleles with cancer at several sites has also been found to depend on racial or ethnic origin of the study population. Statistical considerations, such as the need for large studies when the power to detect a rare polymorphism is low, and ethnic differences in genetic linkage disequilibrium are among possible reasons for ethnic-specific effects on cancer susceptibility related to metabolic gene polymorphisms. New efforts to determine population frequencies of such polymorphisms are essential for future research in this area.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Appraisal and psychological distress six months after diagnosis of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Four in ten women with breast cancer experience high levels of anxiety or depression, despite advances in oncology treatments. The study investigates the role of psychosocial, disease and treatment characteristics, and appraisal processes to better understand factors contributing to this high psychological morbidity. DESIGN: A postal survey was employed to observe psychological morbidity in women 2 and 6 months after initial diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The study was conducted as an adjunct to an Australian multi-centre feasibility study of an evidence-based specialist breast nurse (SBN) model of care. METHODS: In total, 195 women with a new diagnosis of early or locally advanced breast cancer completed the data collection relating to this study. Psychosocial, disease and treatment information for each woman at diagnosis was recorded in research logs. Women completed the GHQ-12 questionnaire 2 months after diagnosis, and at 6 months they completed the GHQ-12 and an appraisal process questionnaire designed by the National Breast Cancer Centre (NBCC). Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were undertaken to build a statistical model to account for GHQ-12 scores at 6 months. RESULTS: According to the GHQ-12, 43% of women had a likely affective disorder at either 2 or 6 months after diagnosis. Point prevalence decreased from 2 to 6 months yet remained substantial compared with general population statistics. Psychological functioning in women with breast cancer is related to a woman's psychiatric history, grade of tumour, and her appraisal processes. Most importantly, improved psychological functioning from 2 to 6 months after diagnosis is related to a woman having a lower primary appraisal of threat and a greater secondary appraisal of self-efficacy in terms of having confidence in her own ability to cope with concerns associated with the illness. CONCLUSION: Appraisal processes play a significant role in psychological adjustment to breast cancer. Adjustment may be facilitated by ensuring that the treatment team responds to shortfalls in a woman's appraisal of her illness and her perceived ability to cope, especially where a difficult prognosis is evident.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Lifetime risk for patients with mitral valve prolapse of developing severe valve regurgitation requiring surgery.

Severe mitral regurgitation requiring surgery is the most common life-threatening complication of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and is due to progressive myxomatous change in the valve. We identified all residents of New South Wales, Australia, who had mitral valve surgery for myxomatous valve disease during 1982 and, using these data and the adult population statistics from 1982, estimated the cumulative risk of valve surgery in patients with MVP. In 1982, 50 of the 5.36 million New South Wales residents required surgery for this complication of MVP. Of the 50, 36 were men and 14 were women, which was significantly different from the population sex distribution (p less than 0.02) for mean age +/- SD of 60 +/- 11 years (range, 26-78 years). Using our previously determined 4% prevalence of adult MVP in New South Wales, we estimated the number of male and female patients with MVP at risk for each 5-year age interval and calculated age-specific event rates. The results show that the cumulative risk is minimal below the age of 50 years but then rises steeply, particularly in men. The risks in men aged 50, 60, and 70 years (with 95% confidence intervals) were 1:202 (130-448), 1:53 (37-82), and 1:28 (22-41), respectively. In women, the risk was less than half that in men (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Projected number of Australians with visual impairment in 2000 and 2030.

This study aimed to project population-based prevalence data associated with visual impairment, in order to estimate the number of affected older Australians (aged 50 or older) in the years 2000 and 2030. We used data from the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) and Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (MVIP), together with Australian Bureau of Statistics population projections. Similar definitions for moderate (6/24-6/60 visual acuity) and severe (< 6/60 visual acuity) visual impairment were used. Combining age-standardized data, we estimated that in the year 2000, 38 820 (0.73%) and 25590 (0.48%) Australians aged 50 years or older will have moderate and severe visual impairment, respectively. By 2030, these rates will have more than doubled, to an estimated 85910 (0.92%) and 57930 (0.62%) Australians with moderate and severe visual impairment, respectively. Women aged 50 years or older will have a 1.8-fold and four-fold risk, respectively, of moderate and severe visual impairment compared to men. Visual impairment will affect an increasing proportion of older Australians, Newer approaches to therapy, rehabilitation and community support for persons with visual impairment will be needed to meet this challenge.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Sleeping habits in the Austrian population.

OBJECTIVES: To gain reliable data on sleeping habits and sleep disturbances of the Austrian population. BACKGROUND: Exact data on sleeping habits are of interest in relation to assessment of sleep disturbance-related illnesses and general social processes. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed with recruitment of a representative sample of 1049 Austrians (aged 15-82 years), according to the Federal Statistics population characteristics. Interviews were conducted in the households of the participants by specially trained interviewers of an institute for empirical research. RESULTS: Men consider their quality of sleep to be significantly better than women (P=0.00234), and younger persons consider their quality of sleep to be significantly better than older persons (P=0.00001). In comparison, women and people over the age of 50 report worse subjective sleep quality, worse sleep efficiency, more difficulty in falling asleep and sleep maintenance, more apneic events, more pathologic limb movements, more daytime dysfunction, and more intake of sleeping medication. Other sociodemographic factors influence sleep reports to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS: Subjectively disturbed sleep (prevalence in the total population 24.9%), excessive hypnotic drug intake (prevalence 13.0%), and daytime dysfunction (prevalence 17.4%) are a widespread problem, especially in women and older people. With increasing life expectancy in Western societies, the prevalence of sleep disturbances will increase.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Interregional migration in the U.S.S.R., 1981-1985 and 1971-1975.

"The publication in 1987 of a Soviet compendium of population statistics has made possible the calculation of net migration balances for the U.S.S.R.'s 20 large economic planning regions.... This paper compares the results for 1981-1985 and 1971-1975 and finds that Siberia has changed from a net loser to a net gainer of migrants, that the shift of population to the southern regions has been reversed, and that the traditional rural outflow from central-eastern European Russia has diminished. Nevertheless, the acclimatization of newcomers in the eastern regions, the stabilization of rural dwellers in the central regions, and the mobility of rural residents in Central Asia and the Transcaucasus all remain insufficient to overcome regional imbalances in labour." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic pattern and clinical characteristics of patients with smear- positive pulmonary tuberculosis in kuwait.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to document various clinical factors that are likely to be of help in the control of tuberculosis in Kuwait. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Details of patients with sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli in the period from January 1998 to December 2000 were collected retrospectively from the case records and population statistics from government sources. The data were then tabulated and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 526 cases, 83.5% were expatriates and 16.5% Kuwaiti; 373 (70.9%) were male. Of the expatriates, 66.7% were from Asia and the Far East, 5.7% were > or =60 years. The annual incidence was 8.34 per 100,000 population. The lowest incidence was observed in the Jahrah governorate with an overall incidence of 5 (2.0 among Kuwaitis and 6.4 among expatriates) per 100,000 population. The highest incidence overall (10.2) and among Kuwaitis (4.1) was observed in the Farwaniya governorate, while the highest incidence among expatriates was seen in the Capital governorate (13.4). Radiologically, 94 (19.5%) had minimal, 246 (51.5%) had moderately advanced and 141 (29.3%) far-advanced disease. The majority of the patients (72%) had only + status for AFB in the smear. Hypercalcemia (25.7%), hyponatremia (22.15%) and hyperglycemia (29.9%) were common in the patients. Mean serum albumin was low (28.7 +/- 5.5 g/l). Two hundred and forty-seven (47.2%) were declared cured while 116 (22.2%) completed treatment. Comparison between nationals and expatriates showed a significant difference only for age, smoking status, defaulter rate and place of residence. CONCLUSION: The lowest regional incidence was found in the Jahrah governorate. Both biochemical abnormalities and radiologically advanced presentations were common. Disease pattern and response to treatment was purely individual and did not differ with respect to nationality or race.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Information on parity in the medical registry of births of the National Board of Health. Validation with the help of a new fertility database in Danish Statistics].

Information on parity from the Medical Register of Births kept by The Danish National Board of Health was compared with a parity value calculated with the aid of a new, individual-based Fertility Database compiled by the Danmarks Statistik. The parity information contained in the Medical Register of Births is recorded by the midwife at each birth, where the woman's number of previous live-births is noted. The Register on Population Statistics records live-born infants with reference to their mother, and parity is calculated in the Fertility Database on the basis of these records. The results show a very high degree of accordance between the two measures of parity. More than 99.5% of women with parity one who have given birth since 1978 are classified as such by both systems. Due to an ambiguity in the midwife's birth notification form there has previously been uncertainty regarding the classification of first-time mothers based on the information contained in the Medical Register of Births. This evaluation shows that this information can be regarded as valid.

Birth Rate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased incidence of second malignancies associated with small bowel adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Some data suggest that there is an increased incidence of second malignancies associated with small bowel adenocarcinomas, but this has not been reviewed in the context of a tumour registry. OBJECTIVE: To review tumour registries based on population statistics to determine whether there is an increased incidence of second malignancies associated with small bowel adenocarcinomas. METHODS: The authors reviewed the tumour registries of two Canadian provinces (British Columbia and Manitoba) for small bowel adenocarcinoma to determine whether an increase in associated malignancies existed compared with those expected in the respective populations. RESULTS: A greater than eightfold increase in second malignancies was associated with small bowel carcinoma. The majority (73%) occurred before the diagnosis of the small bowel malignancy. Twenty-nine per cent were associated with cancers of the colon, rectum or both. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased association of malignancy and the diagnosis of small bowel cancer. Generally, small bowel cancer is the second malignancy to be diagnosed, and the diagnosis is most often made in the elderly. Does this represent a syndrome related to an unstable gene (or genes) or a lack of repair, which makes individuals susceptible to this malignancy as they age?

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic aspects of species structure of the compost worm Eisenia foetida (Sav.) (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)].

Distribution of frequencies alleles of polymorphous loci of peroxidase (Pox), leucineaminopeptidase (Lap), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and octanoldehydrogenase (Odh) were studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in 22 local samples of Esenia foetida in Russia (European part), Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Kirghizia. The samples form two spatial groups--"northern" and "southern", distinguished by set of alleles in every studied locus. The "northern" groups is formed by local populations of European Russia from Murmansk region on the north to Smolensk region on the south, and also by cultivated population of selection line "red California hybrid". The "southern" group is formed by local populations on the territory of Russia from middle Volga to the North Caucasus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, cultivated populations from Kirghizia and Portugal. High degree of genetic difference between samples and independence of alleles frequencies distribution from geographical location and habitat allows to consider almost all studied groups as separate populations. Statistical processing of Nei genetic distances (Nei, 1972) revealed reliable differences between averages of within- and intergroup distances. Besides, discrete differences between intervals of significance of genetic distances were revealed. The results indicate that on the studied territory E. foetida has hierarchical two level structure. The first level is formed by local populations differed by frequency of the same alleles. The second level is formed by local populations, united into spatial groups, that are qualitatively distinguished by the set of alleles in the same loci.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1986

Silicosis and risk of lung cancer or lung tuberculosis: a cohort study.

This is a study of cancer mortality, cancer incidence, and incidence of lung tuberculosis among cases of silicosis reported to the National Swedish Pneumoconiosis Register during 1959-1977. Two occupational categories were extracted--"mining, tunneling, and quarrying" (n = 284) and "iron and steel foundries" (n = 428), respectively. Control groups were drawn from a national register of persons undergoing periodic health examinations with regard to silicosis risk. The controls were matched for occupation, age, and time of first exposure. The follow-up was performed through record-linkage operations to computerized information in Swedish Death Statistics, Swedish Cancer Register, and the Swedish Tuberculosis Index. End of follow-up was set at December 31, 1980. In cases drawn from mining, quarrying, and tunneling workers seven deaths in lung cancer were observed and two among the controls. Among iron and steel foundry workers the corresponding numbers were 10 and 6. The values for expected numbers, based on general population statistics, were 1.3 and 2.6, respectively, for these two occupational groups. When cancer incidence statistics were used, the case/control ratio for lung cancer was 2.1 for "mining, quarrying, and tunneling" and 0.6 for "iron and steel foundries." There were 29 cases of lung tuberculosis registered among the silicosis cases during the follow-up period. Only one tuberculosis case was observed among the controls. The results demonstrate that persons with silicosis contracted in the mining, quarrying, and tunneling occupations are subject to an increased risk of lung cancer. The risk is observed when both the general population and a closely matched control population from the same occupations are used for values of reference. The results also demonstrate the high risk of persons with silicosis to contract lung tuberculosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Phylogenetic diversity of Pasteurellaceae and horizontal gene transfer of leukotoxin in wild and domestic sheep.

Wild and domestic animal populations are known to be sources and reservoirs of emerging diseases. There is also a growing recognition that horizontal genetic transfer (HGT) plays an important role in bacterial pathogenesis. We used molecular phylogenetic methods to assess diversity and cross-transmission rates of Pasteurellaceae bacteria in populations of bighorn sheep, Dall's sheep, domestic sheep and domestic goats. Members of the Pasteurellaceae cause an array of deadly illnesses including bacterial pneumonia known as "pasteurellosis", a particularly devastating disease for bighorn sheep. A phylogenetic analysis of a combined dataset of two RNA genes (16S ribosomal RNA and RNAse P RNA) revealed remarkable evolutionary diversity among Pasteurella trehalosi and Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica bacteria isolated from sheep and goats. Several phylotypes appeared to associate with particular host species, though we found numerous instances of apparent cross-transmission among species and populations. Statistical analyses revealed that host species, geographic locale and biovariant classification, but not virulence, correlated strongly with Pasteurellaceae phylogeny. Sheep host species correlated with P. trehalosi isolates phylogeny (PTP test; P=0.002), but not with the phylogeny of M. haemolytica isolates, suggesting that P. trehalosi bacteria may be more host specific. With regards to populations within species, we also discovered a strong correlation between geographic locale and isolate phylogeny in the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (PTP test; P=0.001). We also investigated the potential for HGT of the leukotoxin A (lktA) gene, which produces a toxin that plays an integral role in causing disease. Comparative analysis of the combined RNA gene phylogeny and the lktA phylogenies revealed considerable incongruence between the phylogenies, suggestive of HGT. Furthermore, we found identical lktA alleles in unrelated bacterial species, some of which had been isolated from sheep in distantly removed populations. For example, lktA sequences from P. trehalosi isolated from remote Alaskan Dall's sheep were 100% identical over a 900-nucleotide stretch to sequences determined from M. haemolytica isolated from domestic sheep in the UK. This extremely high degree of sequence similarity of lktA sequences among distinct bacterial species suggests that HGT has played a role in the evolution of lktA in wild hosts.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

A statistical analysis of motion sickness incidence data.

This paper analyzes motion sickness data that has been obtained from experiments involving the Office of Naval Research motion generator. Based on the analysis, a mixture of two statistical populations has been postulated as an overall model of time to first emesis. Empirical evidence indicates that the subpopulation corresponding to early emesis is Weibull.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Obesity among university students, Tehran, Iran.

Evaluating the nutritional status of individuals and population groups is an important tool in public health and a feasible indicator of standards of living. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of obesity and present nutritional status of university students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. The survey was conducted between Oct 2004 and June 2005. The statistical population included all students from School of medicine, nursing and midwifery, health services, management, science, and rehabilitation. The method of sampling was multistage random. The sample size for the survey was 1,150 students. We used a self-administered 24h food recall questionnaire. We categorized BMI to two groups in bivariate analysis (BMI <25 kg m(-2) as obese and less than 25 kg m(-2) as non-obese). Mean BMI for all subjects was 21.7 +/- 2.9 kg m(-2). Almost 88% of the subjects were classified into a non-obese group (BMI <25 kg m(-2)). About 10% were underweight and 12.4% of the students had a BMI more than 25 kg m(-2). A significant difference was observed for BMI between males and females; 7.9% of males versus 22.5% of females had BMIs over 25. About 18% of students aged 23 years and over had BMIs over 25 versus 7.7% of students aged under 18. Intakes of fiber, pre-vitamin A, folacin and iron were significantly different between BMI groups. Intakes of these nutrients were higher in the obese students than the students with BMIs less than 25 kg m(-2). Our results indicate that about 12.4% of the students had a BMI more than 25 kg m(-2). There was a significant association between BMI, and smoking habits, age, sex, place of resident and having specific dietary regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of general population mortality on the north-south mortality gradient in patients on replacement therapy in Europe.

In Europe there is considerable variation in mortality on renal replacement therapy (RRT). The causes of this variation are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that differences in mortality in the general population contribute to differences in mortality on RRT. To evaluate this relationship, we studied general population statistics obtained from Eurostat and the individual data of 67,692 patients on RRT from 15 national and regional renal registries. These 15 registries were divided into two geographical regions: North and South Europe. Cox regression was used to assess the relative risk of death (RR) for each region with adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, and additionally general population mortality. In patients on RRT the age, gender and diabetes adjusted RR of death was 0.65 (95% CI (0.64-0.66)) for South compared to North, while in the general population the age and gender standardized RR of death was 0.91. After adjustment for general population mortality in addition to age, gender, and diabetes, the RR of death for patients on RRT in the South changed from 0.65 to 0.74 (95% CI (0.72-0.75)), which indicates that general population mortality accounted for 26% of the region-related mortality difference on RRT. In conclusion, within Europe there exist considerable international differences in the mortality of patients on RRT. Twenty-six percent of the European north-south mortality difference in RRT could be attributed to differences in general population mortality. Our data support the hypothesis that general population mortality is an important factor to take into account when making RRT mortality comparisons.

Aged↗