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PubMed1993

The attenuation of schedule-induced polydipsia by dopamine blockers is not an expression of extrapyramidal side effect liability.

The effects of scopolamine and diazepam on attenuation of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) produced by a dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, a dopamine D2 antagonist, raclopride, and a mixed D1/D2 antagonist, cis(Z)-flupentixol, were examined in a chronic dose regime, followed by 7 days of withdrawal. Scopolamine potentiated the effect of SCH 23390, but did not alter the effects of raclopride of flupentixol. Diazepam reversed the effect of flupentixol, suppressed the reversal of the SCH 23390-treated group to control level after withdrawal, and was without effect of the raclopride-treated group. It is concluded that the suppression of SIP behaviour induced by the dopamine blockers is not due to the induction of extrapyramidal side effects. However, it cannot be excluded that the effects of SCH 23390 and flupentixol may be mediated through the motoric dopamine system, as they inhibited the initiation of drinking behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Changes in the performance of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in rats after arecoline and amphetamine treatments.

This study investigated the performance of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) rats in novel or intermittent-reward SIP sessions after arecoline (AREC) and amphetamine sulfate (AMPH) treatments. Either automatic monitors or observers extensively examined the functional changes of parameters in behavioral performance followed by increasing drug dosage. The parameters included locomotion and stereotyped behaviors in the novel sessions; schedule-induced licks, water intake, schedule-dependent nose-pokes, pellets earned and stereotyped behaviors of the facultative stage in the SIP sessions. It was found that when the rats received AMPH (0.5 - 2.0 mg/kg) but not AREC (0.1 - 1.6 mg/kg) in the novel sessions, locomotion increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, when AREC (0.8 mg/kg) and AMPH (1.0 mg/kg) were both given, the effect of AMPH on locomotion was significantly attenuated. In the SIP sessions, a single injection of AMPH increased the number of schedule-dependent nose-pokes at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, whereas it decreased the number of schedule-induced licks and the amount of water intake at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. On the other hand a single injection of AREC caused no operant behavior changes at doses below 0.8 mg/kg. However, when the dose was increased to over 0.8 mg/kg (1.6 mg/kg), the number of schedule-induced licks and water intake increased, but the number of schedule-induced nose-pokes decreased. The effects of large doses of AREC on SIP were attenuated after co-administration of scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg), a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Furthermore, the effects of AMPH on SIP performance were not changed by co-administration of AREC at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg. These results are discussed based on the hypothesis that combined utilization of the main component in chewing betel quid, AREC, and AMPH may yield changes of AMPH-induced psychomotor responses in a special environmental context.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Salt (sodium) deficiency in dairy cattle: polyuria and polydipsia as prominent clinical features.

Polyuria in a herd of forty-five dairy cattle was the chief complaint in the first case. Polydipsia was the principle sign in a second case involving one dairy cow. Less conspicuous clinical findings included salt hunger, pica, weight loss and decreased milk production. Clinicopathologic investigation included monitoring the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloiride in urine, parotid saliva and plasma. These analyses indicated a primary sodium deficiency which responded to sodium chloride ad libitum.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Effects of amphetamine on schedule-induced polydipsia.

A series of experiments examined the effects of amphetamine (AMPH) at various doses administration for different length of time on a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) and possible associations with behavioral activation. Two stages of a two-week AMPH treatment were introduced with interposed interval of two months. In terms of behavioral activation, AMPH induced a robust depression across stages but with less potency in the second one. As for the SIP performance, the effects manifested qualitative difference in the two stages. For the first stage, there were no differential effects of AMPH on stereotypy intensity during the facultative phase of the inter-rewarding interval. However, AMPH reduced the high frequency of licks in the adjunctive (schedule-induced) phase and increased the low frequency of nose pokes in the terminal (schedule-dependent) phase. In the second stage, AMPH had no effect on the frequency of licking whereas the efficiency of licking and the frequency of nose pokes were reduced. These results were interpreted to support the current viewpoint that the behavior of SIP displaying is relevant to the function of central dopaminergic systems. The results were further discussed in the considerations of behavioral competition, stress coping strategy, and also the impact of AMPH at different time.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The successful treatment of psychogenic polydipsia and water intoxication with propanolol. A case report.

Psychogenic polydipsia (PPD), which can lead to water intoxication (WI), is a problem with many psychiatric patients. The case history of one schizophrenic patient presented here shows that propanolol therapy can reduce PPD and WI, possibly decrease thirst, and improve schizophrenic symptoms and behavior. When combined with regular weight evaluation and behavioral treatment to restrict water intake, the therapy can further reduce the risk of developing life-threatening WI complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Psychogenic polydipsia: pronounced cerebral edema after exaggerated consumption of boiled water].

A case of psychogenic polydipsia is presented. A 40 year old female was brought to the emergency room after a sudden seizure at home. The patient had spontaneous eye opening, was making incomprehensible sounds and had abnormal and agitated flexion of the limbs. Severe cerebral edema was seen on the computed tomogram. The patient was found to have hypotonic polyuria and hyponatremia. Two months previously, the patient had stopped taking bromazepam (a benzodiazepine) and on the advice of a neighbour had taken plenty of water to avoid withdrawal symptoms. The diagnosis and therapy are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The syndrome of psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia: evidence for diurnal volume expansion.

Seven patients (6 men and 1 woman, mean age 39.1 +/- SD 6.9 years) with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome) underwent serial determinations of serum sodium (SOD), plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and urinary osmolality (UOSM) at 7 AM and 4 PM. There was a diurnal increase in ANP (7 AM 17.9 +/- 5.1 pg/ml and 4 PM 27.7 +/- 9.0 pg/ml, p = 0.02), a diurnal decrease in serum sodium (7 AM 141.1 +/- 1.7 mEq/l, 4 PM 129.9 +/- 3.2 mEq/l, p less than 0.0001) and no diurnal change in UOSM. The diurnal increase in ANP in the the PIP syndrome contrasts to the diurnal decrease in ANP reported in normal subjects. Our data, while preliminary, suggest that patients with the PIP syndrome have increased intravascular volume leading to ANP secretion, natriuresis, and hyponatremia.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Polydipsia and chronic hyponatremia in schizophrenic inpatients.

The occasional presence of polydipsia in psychiatric patients, at times progressing to hyponatremia with severe medical complications, has been previously noted. The clinical history and laboratory data from eight chronically hyponatremic psychiatric inpatients were examined. Common characteristics were a diagnosis of chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia, an early age of onset of their illness, extended hospitalizations with minimal response to neuroleptic medications, heavy tobacco use, and a relatively high frequency of tardive dyskinesia and brain scan abnormalities. Water loading in three patients showed responses consistent with inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms and treatment considerations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Trimipramine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome after transient psychogenic polydipsia in one patient.

A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was induced by the antidepressant trimipramine in a 47-year-old woman with obsessive compulsive disorder and major depression. NMS symptoms were associated with a brief episode of polydipsia, and both conditions may have had dopaminergic dysfunction as a common etiology. The patient improved with bromocriptine and dantrolene.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1988

Correlation of parameters of urinary excretion with serum osmolality among patients with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome).

Nine patients (seven men and two women, mean age 36.3 +/- SD 6.7 years), six of whom had schizophrenic disorders, two of whom had bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness), and one of whom had schizoaffective disorder, manifested psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome). Their stable pattern of hyposthenuria allowed us to predict 24-hr urinary volume on the basis of estimated daily urinary creatinine and early morning urinary creatinine concentration. Lithium and carbamazepine (Tegretol) had little, if any, effect on polyuria. Correlations of parameters of urinary excretion with serum osmolality among our nine PIP patients failed to implicate water consumption as the exclusive cause of serum hypoosmolality and attendant complications usually ascribed to "water toxicity" in the PIP syndrome. Discussed, also, is the overlap of the clinical and laboratory features of the PIP syndrome with the clinical and laboratory features of both diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Acquired polydipsia in infants].

The authors report a case of acquired polydipsia in an infant. The case was unusual in its presentation, its late onset (without anorexia, nor vomiting), and the normal salt-water balance contrarily to what is observed in water intoxication. The course was favourable after progressive conditioning.

Conditioning, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Renal medullary solute depletion resulting from psychogenic polydipsia in a rhesus monkey.

A rhesus monkey developed psychogenic polydipsia after a change in feeding regimen was instituted. Hyposthenuria, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and an abnormal calculated plasma osmolality were found. Water deprivation testing and administration of antidiuretic hormone indicated that renal medullary solute depletion had resulted from the prolonged polyuria. Restricted water consumption resulted in resolution of the electrolyte abnormalities and restored ability to excrete concentrated urine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Polyuria and polydipsia in a young boy--a case study (author's transl)].

A 13-year-old boy with a teratoma in the sellar region was presented. This patient had gradually developed polyuria and polydipsia since 2 years prior to the first admission. Endocrinological examination showed a marked reduction of pituitary function. Careful neuroradiological examinations including CT failed to show any mass lesion in the sellar and suprasellar regions but a marked increase of the width of the third ventricle. CSF examination revealed only a slight increase of cell count (lymphocytes). The patient was discharged with hormonal replacement therapy. Seven months later the patient developed visual disturbance and mental disorders. On the second admission, plain skull films showed enlarged sella and CT demonstrated a mass in the suprasellar region. Preoperative diagnosis was suprasellar germinoma. At surgery a teratoma, probably arising from the pituitary fossa, was totally removed. Histopathology of the tumor showed tri-dermal tissues including melanotic progonoma and germinoma. The authors presented various problems of the patient and their solving processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychogenic polydipsia - suicide as resolution of narcissistic crisis].

A 37 year-old patient had been suffering from considerable polydipsia over a period of almost 3 years. Examination of the pituitary gland, the neural and renal system produced negative results. The psychoanalytic interview revealed a conflict that could explain the origin of the symptoms. Against the background of the biography, the symptoms could be interpreted as regressive behaviour with defense mechanisms of denial of reality and idealization. A personal misfortune provoked a psychological breakdown of the patient's defense mechanisms and he committed suicide. The background for these correlations was found in the theory of narcissism.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychogenic polydipsia in a child].

At the age of 20 months a baby girl began with compulsive water drinking. The water intake reached 4,000 ml per day. The constant drinking of water created disorganization in the family life. At the age of 2 years and 9 months, the psychogenic polydipsia is confirmed, based in the patient's ability to concentrate her urine, which was demonstrated with 1-deamino-BD arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) and the water deprivation tests. Neither bacteriological, clinical, nor radiological evidences of urinary infection were found. The intravenous pyelogram revealed a unilateral and complete duplication of the collecting system. The abnormal urinary tract does not have a causal relationship with the polyuria. With progressive water deprivation, the polydispia stopped in two months. Psychogenic polydispia is rare in infants and children. The mistake and delay in diagnosis is frequency. The differential diagnosis with cranial diabetes insipidus and urological diseases may be difficult sometimes.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

[Polyuria, polydipsia].

A 24 year old patient with epigastric pain, polyuria, polydipsia and hypercalcemia was admitted to the hospital. Besides the frequent causes of hypercalcemia such as primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-related hypercalcemia we had to consider sarcoidosis because of massive splenomegaly. The interstitial lung disease shown on x-ray films of the chest, the epithelioid granulomas in lung tissue and the increased ACE confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Hypercalcemia is found in less than 5% of all cases with sarcoidosis. After treatment with steroids, diphosphonates and diuretics all symptoms and the hypercalcemia improved.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Bone pain, polydipsia, polyuria].

This 20 year old man suffered increasingly from multifocal bone- and back pain over the last 6 months. Painful weakness of the left leg with dysesthesia of the 4th and 5th toe, a weight loss of 15 kg and polydipsia and pollakiuria had developed. The clinical workup disclosed hard tumors in the right mandible and tibia, a waddling gait with bilateral sign of Trendelenburg, reduced muscular force in the left leg with missing achilles tendon reflex and a loss of sensibility in the distal S1 segment, epigastric tenderness on pressure and hypertension with a value of 160/100 mmHg. X-rays revealed multiple cystic bone lesions at all sites. Hypercalcemia and massively elevated parathyroid hormone were measured. Since the parathyroids were enlarged on sonography, primary hyperthyroidism with fibrosing osteitis v. Recklinghausen was diagnosed.

Adenoma↗