Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Personality Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Re-evaluating the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders: the case of borderline personality disorder.

The division between Axis I clinical syndromes and Axis II personality disorders is a long-standing distinction based primarily on three guiding principles: phenomenology, cause, and course. Clinical syndromes were generally thought to be characterized by transient symptoms with biological causes and an unstable course; personality disorders were supposed by many to be characterized by long-standing personality traits, whose roots were primarily psychological, and a stable and unremitting course. Borderline personality disorder (BPD), however, is a condition characterized by distinct clinical symptoms, varied causes, and a relatively unstable course. Past theorizing about the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders is presented in light of recent empirical evidence refuting the rationalization for the separation of personality disorders and clinical syndromes using BPD as a means for comparison.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1987

Inpatient treatment of multiple personality disorder.

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) was once thought to be rare, but there is increasing evidence that it is relatively common. In a period of a year the author had 73 inpatient admissions under his care, of which 8 were for MPD. Three of the MPD admissions were for previously undiagnosed cases in an unselected general adult population. Thus 4.4% of the author's inpatients, once MPD patients diagnosed prior to admission are excluded, had MPD. The implications of this finding are discussed. The diagnosis and inpatient treatment of MPD are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Ability to form an alliance with the therapist: a possible marker of prognosis for patients with antisocial personality disorder.

Antisocial personality disorder is generally perceived to be refractory to treatment, particularly psychotherapy. In this study, the ability of 48 patients with this disorder to form a working relationship with a psychotherapist or drug counselor was examined in relation to outcome of 24 weeks of treatment evaluated at 7-month follow-up. Some antisocial patients were able to form working relationships with their therapists, and there was a significant association between the ability to form such a relationship and treatment outcome. Measures of this ability, such as the Helping Alliance Questionnaire, may help identify antisocial patients who can benefit from psychotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal and amygdala volume in women with childhood abuse and borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common disorder associated with emotional dysregulation and other symptoms that have been hypothesized to be related to dysfunction of limbic brain areas including hippocampus and amygdala. The purpose of this study was to measure hippocampal and amygdala volumes in BPD. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes were measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 10 patients with BPD and 23 control subjects. Patients with BPD had a 21.9% smaller mean amygdala volume and a 13.1% smaller hippocampal volume, compared to controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that alterations in the hippocampus and amygdala are associated with BPD.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Fluoxetine trial in borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is defined by many of the symptoms associated with serotonin dysregulation, including affective lability, suicidal behaviors, and impulsive aggression, providing an ideal clinical model for studying the treatment of these serious disorders. The recent development of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine makes it possible to study the role of serotonin in the etiology of affective and behavioral dyscontrol in BPD. In this preliminary medication trial, 5 patients with BPD were treated openly with 20 mg to 40 mg of fluoxetine for 8 weeks, with weekly ratings of symptoms. The findings from this work suggested efficacy for fluoxetine in treating the depressive and impulsive symptoms of patients with BPD. The findings were mixed concerning the efficacy of fluoxetine in treating the hostility and psychotic symptoms of BPD. No evidence for effectiveness was found in the treatment of the anxiety, phobic anxiety, or interpersonal sensitivity of BPD.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacological treatment of borderline personality disorder].

Borderline personality disorder is characterised by a pervasive pattern of instability in affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships and self image. Clinical signs of the disorder include emotional dysregulation, impulsive aggression, repeated self-injury, and chronic suicidal tendencies, which make these patients frequent users of mental health resources. The treatment of this kind of patients (very dependent, with a great tendency to overestimating the power of the drugs prescribed) must be organized over a psychotherapeutic strategy, which will help them to deal with their troublesome relationships. The psychopharmacological approach is useful but is limited, giving the borderline patients a symptomatic relief. When the affective symptoms are the target, drugs like the SSRI antidepressants are the best choice. If the patient presents a behavioural discontrol pattern, then the psychiatrist will prescribe an SSRI alone or with a mood stabilizer or an antipsychotic. Finally, if the patient has transient psychotic symptoms, then the temporary use of typical or atypical antipsychotics is the rule.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2000

HIV risk behaviors in male substance abusers with and without antisocial personality disorder.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASP) is common in male substance abusers and may be associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors. In this study, 91 male substance abusers were recruited from the community, and 42% met diagnostic criteria for ASP. Although ASP and non-ASP subjects demonstrated equivalent knowledge about HIV, subjects with ASP participated in more risky behaviors. On a lifetime measure of drug risk behaviors, ASP subjects reported higher rates of intravenous drug use (IVDU), frequency of needle-sharing, and number of equipment-sharing partners and lower rates of needle-cleaning. On a measure of past-month risk behaviors, ASP subjects reported higher rates of IVDU and lower rates of needle-cleaning. Subjects with ASP also reported greater participation in lifetime sexual risk behaviors, including number of sexual partners and frequency of anal sex. These findings suggest that clients entering substance abuse treatment programs should be screened for ASP, and clients identified with ASP should be provided risk-reduction interventions early in treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Auditory evoked potentials in borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder is an increasingly recognized condition and frequent management problem in psychiatric and nonpsychiatric practice. Paroxysmal changes in affect and behavior, high incidence of soft neurologic signs and frequent EEG alterations, and evidence of clinical response to antiepileptic drugs have suggested cerebral dysfunction, particularly involving the limbic system or reticular activating system. We recorded early latency brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and long-latency auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in 20 patients fulfilling DSM-III-R criteria for this disorder. BAEPs were recorded from Cz to ipsilateral and contralateral ear reference, with rarefaction clicks presented at 11.1 per second and 70 dB SL. Two thousand averages were recorded and replicated for each ear, with filter band pass of 150-3000 Hz and 10 ms analysis time. ERPs utilized binaural stimulation with 1000 and 3000 Hz tones in an 80:20 ratio, with interstimulus interval 1.1 second, analysis time 1000 ms, and filter band pass 1-100 Hz. Two hundred averages were recorded and replicated from Cz with linked ear reference. No differences were evident in I-III, III-V, and I-V interpeak latencies between borderline patients and age-matched neurologically and audiologically normal controls. N1, P2, and N2 components of the AEPs were longer in latency and lower in amplitude in borderline patients, while P3 latency was longer and amplitude was attenuated in borderline patients as compared to controls. These findings may suggest differences from normals in attention maintenance and in limbic system function.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of comorbid psychopathy on criminal offending and emotion processing in male offenders with antisocial personality disorder.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy are two syndromes with substantial construct validity. To clarify relations between these syndromes, the authors evaluated 3 possibilities: (a) that ASPD with psychopathy and ASPD without psychopathy reflect a common underlying pathophysiology; (b) that ASPD with psychopathy and ASPD without psychopathy identify 2 distinct syndromes, similar in some respects; and (c) that most correlates of ASPD reflect its comorbidity with psychopathy. Participants were 472 incarcerated European American men who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for ASPD and Psychopathy Checklist criteria for psychopathy, who met the criteria for ASPD but not for psychopathy, or who did not meet diagnostic criteria for either ASPD or psychopathy (controls). Both individuals with ASPD only and those with ASPD and psychopathy were characterized by more criminal activity than were controls. In addition, ASPD with psychopathy was associated with more severe criminal behavior and weaker emotion facilitation than ASPD alone. Group differences in the association between emotion dysfunction and criminal behavior suggest tentatively that ASPD with and ASPD without prominent psychopathic features may be distinct syndromes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between clinical symptoms and EEG findings in borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) was diagnosed in female patients (N = 41) between the ages of 18 and 30 using the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients (DIB) and DSM-III. Comparing the EEG findings of BPD (N = 18) and non-BPD (N = 21) groups, there were no EEG findings characteristic of BPD. We also assessed the relationship between the EEG findings and DIB items. Positive spikes appeared in patients with high scores for Impulse Action Patterns, while wave and spike phantoms were observed in patients with high scores for Interpersonal Relations. Dividing the patients into BPD and non-BPD groups, a similar tendency to that observed from an analysis of all patients was observed in the non-BPD group, but no such tendency was observed in the BPD group. The results suggest that BPD patients include those in whom vulnerability of cerebral function plays an important role in the development of these two clinical symptoms as well as those in whom vulnerability of cerebral function plays almost no pathogenic role.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and deliberate self-harm are clinically important conditions for which additional economically and clinically feasible interventions are needed. Literature on both the emotion regulating and experientially avoidant function of self-harm and the role of emotional dysfunction in BPD provided the rationale for developing a group intervention targeting emotion dysregulation among self-harming women with BPD. This study provides preliminary data on the efficacy of this new, 14-week, emotion regulation group intervention, designed to teach self-harming women with BPD more adaptive ways of responding to their emotions so as to reduce the frequency of their self-harm behavior. Participants were matched on level of emotion dysregulation and lifetime frequency of self-harm and randomly assigned to receive this group in addition to their current outpatient therapy (N = 12), or to continue with their current outpatient therapy alone for 14 weeks (N = 10). Results indicate that the group intervention had positive effects on self-harm, emotion dysregulation, experiential avoidance, and BPD-specific symptoms, as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Participants in the group treatment condition evidenced significant changes over time on all measures, and reached normative levels of functioning on most. While these preliminary results are promising, the study's limitations require their replication in a larger-scale randomized controlled trial.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased diurnal salivary cortisol in women with borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. In previous studies, we have used portable mini-computers to assess the severity of recurrent states of aversive emotional distress and dissociation during ambulatory conditions. Here, we used this approach for the assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with BPD. We studied 23 unmedicated female patients with BPD and 24 matched healthy controls. Salivary cortisol was collected from all participants during ambulatory conditions in response to reminders provided by portable mini-computers on 3 consecutive days every 2 h for 14 h after awakening. In addition, cortisol in response to awakening was determined in four 15 min intervals on days 1 and 2. After the last collection of cortisol on the second day, 0.5 mg dexamethasone was administered in order to achieve cortisol suppression on day 3 (low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, DST). Patients with BPD displayed significantly higher salivary cortisol levels than healthy controls as demonstrated by higher total cortisol in response to awakening and higher total daily cortisol levels. There were significantly more non-suppressors of cortisol in the low-dose DST in the patient group when compared to the control group. The ambulatory assessment of saliva cortisol is a suitable approach to study basic parameters of the HPA-axis in patients with BPD. Increased adrenal activity and lowered feedback sensitivity of the HPA-axis may characterise BPD. Further studies have to reveal reasons of heightened adrenal activity in these patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

The relationship of DSM-III-R personality disorder to clinical variables in patients with major depression: possible difference between personality disorder clusters.

The relationship of DSM-III-R personality disorder (PD) to demographic and clinical variables was investigated based on 96 consecutive outpatients with major depression. No significant difference in the variables was found between those with and those without PD. Those with PD from each cluster were compared with those without PD in terms of the variables. In these comparisons many relationships of PD to the variables were found, and these relationships were different between the three PD clusters detailed in DSM-III-R. Patients with cluster B PD demonstrated a prominent uniqueness in his/her relationship to the variables. This uniqueness was similar to what had been reported previously with regard to patients with PD. There was no significant difference in the variables between those with cluster C PD and those without PD. Those with cluster A PD may have a negative family history of affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Disturbed sense of identity in borderline personality disorder.

Traditionally, personal identity is considered to be important for psychological health and adaptive functioning. Identity diffusion and other more severe forms of disturbance associated with personal identity are regarded as being essential parts of the borderline personality disorder. Moreover, disturbances in identity are seen as being part of the dynamic background for many of the symptoms and maladaptive behaviors found in borderline patients. It is argued, that the development of personal identity is intimately related to, and indeed dependent on, elements of modern culture, with significant cultural changes having affected the conditions under which human identity develops. Therefore, the identity diffusion seen in patients with borderline disorders must be understood in relation to not only the individual patient's personal history and inner structures but also contemporary late modern culture and social organization.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Etiological relationships between eating disorder symptoms and dimensions of personality disorder.

A preliminary exploration of the etiological factors that may contribute to the relationship between eating disorder symptoms and personality disorder traits is reported based on a general-population twin sample of 221 pairs. Symptoms of eating disorder, assessed using the Health Information Questionnaire (HIQ), formed 3 factors: Concern for Overeating, Purging, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Modest genetic influences were observed on Concern for Overeating, possible non-additive genetic effects on Purging, and substantial additive genetic effects for BMI. Substantial nonshared environmental effects occurred with the Concern with Overeating and Purging scales, and common environmental effects were noted for the Concern with Overeating scale. Personality disorder traits were assessed using the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ). Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between the HIQ scales and higher-order personality disorder factors were modest. The strongest relationship was between Concern with Overeating and Emotional Dysregulation. Relationships among DAPP-BQ basic trait scales and eating disorder symptoms were modest and relatively non-specific. The strongest relationships were with the Concern with Overeating scale. Purging also showed a modest relationship with affective lability and self-harm.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum.

Psychopathy has traditionally been characterised as a disorder primarily of personality (particularly affective deficits) and, to a lesser extent, behaviour. Although often used interchangeably, the diagnostic constructs of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and dissocial personality disorder are distinct. In this article, the relevant historical and contemporary literature concerning psychopathy is briefly reviewed. The diagnostic criteria for psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and dissocial personality disorder are compared. Consideration is given to the assessment, prevalence, and implications of psychopathy for violence risk and treatment efficacy. The DSM-IV-TR criteria for antisocial personality disorder, in particular, are largely behaviourally based. The ICD criteria for dissocial personality disorder, while paying more attention to affective deficits, also do not represent the broad personality and behavioural components of psychopathy. Since 1980, a great deal of research on these disorders has been conducted, using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, Revised (PCL-R). The PCL-R assesses both personality (interpersonal and affective) and behavioural (lifestyle and antisocial) deficits. As such, the research and clinical implications of psychopathy, as operationalised by the PCL-R, cannot be readily extrapolated to the diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder and dissocial personality disorder. As currently construed, the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder grossly over-identifies people, particularly those with offence histories, as meeting the criteria for the diagnosis. For example, research shows that between 50% and 80% of prisoners meet the criteria for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, yet only approximately 15% of prisoners would be expected to be psychopathic, as assessed by the PCL-R. As such, the characteristics and research findings drawn from the psychopathy research may not be relevant for those with antisocial or dissocial personality disorder.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1995

Interpersonal disorder in schizoid and avoidant personality disorders: an attachment perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics related to avoidant attachment of 13 schizoid/avoidant psychiatric outpatients and 20 nonschizoid/avoidant psychiatric outpatients. METHOD: Three scales ("maintains distance in relationships", "high priority on self-sufficiency" and "attachment relationship is a threat to security") differentiated schizoid and avoidant personality disordered patients from other personality disordered patients. RESULTS: The results are discussed in terms of the attachment and DSM diagnostic models of avoidant styles in relationships. CONCLUSION: The 2 groups of schizoid and avoidant personality disordered patients were not significantly different on the desire for close affectional bonds scale.

Adult↗