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PubMed1987

Organized labor and old age pensions.

Organized labor in the United States strongly supported pre-New Deal proposals for state pensions for the elderly. The idea that American labor, unlike its European counterparts, did not contribute to the rise of the welfare state is based on evidence from national organizations and their leaders. Review of the activities of the highly political state federations, and of the campaign for old age pensions in Massachusetts, indicates that labor, rather than middle-class reformers, was responsible for the promotion of new public welfare programs.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1995

Health and health care utilization among early retirement pensioners with musculoskeletal disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate subjective health status among early retired individuals pensioned due to disorders of the musculoskeletal system. DESIGN: A survey of self-reported health status and health care utilization by means of a mailed questionnaire. SETTING: Early retirees (cases) and a random sample (controls) of individuals from the municipality of Kristianstad, Sweden. SUBJECTS CASES: all individuals aged 25-59 years granted a full-time early retirement pension during the period 1986-1990 due to disorders of the musculoskeletal system (n = 450). The response rate was 83.6%. CONTROLS: An age- and sex-matched sample (n = 450). The response rate was 82.7%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported health status and health care utilization. RESULTS: Early retirement entailed a deterioration in self-reported health status among men, all ages, and women aged 25-54 years. Female retirees aged 55-64 reported an improvement in health status since retirement. Early retired female immigrants were less satisfied with their health status than the Swedish ones. Early retirees reported higher health care utilization than controls, but with a reduction since retirement. Drug consumption was high. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effects of early retirement were evident among old women. Men and young and middle-aged women may need support to adjust to life as a retiree. Special attention should be given to the female immigrant retiree.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pension provision for staff in the NHS.

Changes in the health service and employment patterns are likely to affect pension provision in the future. As the principle of 'a job for life' for National Health Service staff becomes less tenable and the large numbers of nurses recruited in the Seventies and Eighties reach retirement age, the ease of transferring pensions will become increasingly important.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Two ways to handle a pension plan surplus.

A healthcare organization wanting to tap into its pension plan surplus may be reluctant to do so for fear of Medicare recapture. By following a recent court decision and a reasonable interpretation of Medicare regulations, however, a facility may terminate an existing pension plan, purchase a group annuity contract, and reduce Medicare recapture. Two methods for treating termination of a plan are in line with Medicare rules. A facility considering termination should analyze the effects of both and use the method likely to produce a better financial result.

Financial Management, Hospital↗
PubMed1994

An indexing and price movement model for managing pension funds.

A model for the investment of pension funds has been created that combines passive and active portfolio management strategies. The model uses a passive index fund to reduce the amount spent in transaction costs. It applies a percentage band that identifies the portion of the portfolio that should be committed to equity investments at various stages of the market movement cycle. Finally, it uses price movement trigger points to dictate when pension funds should be moved into and withdrawn from stock market investments.

Financial Management, Hospital↗
PubMed1997

Claims procedures for employee benefit plans--Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration, Department of Labor. Request for information.

This document requests information from the public concerning the advisability of amending the existing regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) that establishes minimum requirements for employee benefit plan claims procedures. The term "claims procedure" refers to the process that employee benefit plans must provide for participants and beneficiaries who seek to obtain pension or welfare plan benefits, including requests for medical treatment or services, consideration of claims, and review of denials of claims by plans. The primary purpose of this notice is to obtain information to assist the Department of Labor (the Department) in evaluating (1) the extent to which the current claims procedure regulation assures that group health plan participants and beneficiaries are provided with effective and timely means to file and resolve claims for health care benefits, and (1) whether and in what way the existing minimum requirements should be amended with respect to group health plans covered by ERISA. The furnished information also will assist the Department in determining whether the regulation should be amended with respect to pension plans covered by ERISA and in developing legislative proposals to address any identified deficiencies relating to the claims procedures that cannot be addressed by amending the current regulation.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1989

Special report on taxation and reimbursement. Recovering excess funds from a defined-benefit pension plan: don't forget the hidden costs!

In light of the pitfalls and hidden costs associated with recovering excess pension plan funds, providers may consider examining more conventional sources of raising capital before proceeding. In any event, the process should always be initiated by a careful cost-benefit analysis conducted by the employer, with the help of pension consultants and counsel.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1999

[Persistent back pain, working situation and disability pension after lumbago surgery].

373 patients who underwent lumbar disc surgery at our department were submitted to a follow-up after 2-17 years. The aim of our study was to find quality indicators: absence of complications, postoperative status including work capacity, and patient satisfaction Questionnaires were returned by 95% of the patients and showed that 58% had a persistent but usually light back problem. 23% had changed to less strenuous work and 13% had qualified for a permanent disability pension. These two groups had significantly higher rates of recurrences and reoperations and were significantly less satisfied. We found no significant relationship between these two groups and a strenuous occupation, nor did we find any gender disparity. Those who qualified for a permanent disability pension were significantly older than the rest of the patients. Our results compare well with other reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Risk indicators of disability pension. A 15 year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk indicators for granting of disability pension (DP) during a period of 15 years. DESIGN: Follow-up study. The initial data were obtained from a health survey in a general population 1977/78. Variables were initially collected through questionnaires and objective measurements. Information about the end-point for the follow-up, granting of DP, was obtained from the Registry for Early Retirement Pension in 1992/93. Data analyses were performed by logistic regression and Cox analyses. SETTING: The Glostrup Population Studies, Glostrup University Hospital and The Danish Committee for the Assessment of Substandard Lives. POPULATION: General population of 892 persons, born in 1918, 1928, 1938, and 1948, and living in the municipality of Glostrup, Denmark. Eighty-four were granted DP during the 15 years follow-up. RESULTS: Ninety-six variables from the initial study were analysed, age and 18 variables were found to be risk indicators for DP. These were general health variables, including dyspnoea, colic, nervousness, previous hospitalizations and operations, self-reported poor general health the last year, and low general health risk-score by the doctor. Objective measurements included high Body Mass Index, low peak flow and isometric endurance of the back muscles. Among the occupational variables unemployment and sick leave were found to be risk indicators. In addition, low physical activity in leisure time, self-reported worse physical condition than those at the same age and smoking were also identified as risk indicators. CONCLUSION: The main indicators for granting of DP can be covered by the heading poor physical condition and general health.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[More and more young people on disability pensions].

BACKGROUND: A considerable increase was noticed in Norway over the 1990s in the incidence of persons below 34 drawing disability pensions. In certain communities, the number almost tripled from 1992 to 1997. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In order to study the causes of this increase, we examined all applications for disability pension from persons below 34 in the years 1992 and 1997 drawn from 19 selected local communities all over Norway, a total of 239 files. Social and medical variables and elements of the application procedure were registered and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Apart from the medical diagnoses used, there were only small differences between the characteristics of applicants in the two years under study. The number of persons with a psychiatric diagnosis was, however, considerably higher in 1997 than in 1992, in relative as well as in absolute terms. INTERPRETATION: We cannot say for certain whether the higher number of applicants registered with a mental disorder really reflects an increase in such disorders among young people, but the observations may reflect a higher incidence, probably caused by more pressure in the workplace in terms of competition and the level of qualifications required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Conditions during childhood and adolescence as explanations of social class differences in disability pension among young men.

AIMS: This study investigates whether conditions present or established in youth and adolescence among young men contribute to the differences in the risk of an early disability pension (DP) among social classes. METHODS: The study is based on data from a nationwide survey of the 49,285 Swedish males born between 1949 and 1951 who were conscripted into military service between 1969 and 1970. Data on socioeconomic groups were based on information of occupation and educational level reported in the census of 1975 held by Statistics Sweden. Potential psychosocial and behavioural risk factors were linked to records from the Swedish Social Insurance Board up until 1993. The analyses were based upon those 33,609 conscripts with information on all background variables who reported an occupation and who were not granted a DP in 1975. RESULTS: The strongest social class difference in the distribution of risk indicators was found for low ranking on the psychometric tests and for having been in a remedial class. In the univariate analyses, the highest odds ratios were noted for unskilled manual workers. In the multivariate model, with all the background variables included, the increased risk ratios for lower socioeconomic groups decreased considerably for a DP irrespective of diagnosis, and diminished for a DP with an alcohol-related diagnosis. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that conditions present or established in youth and adolescence are of major importance to understand the strong social class gradient in disability pensions among young men. It is suggested that the increased risks for skilled and unskilled manual workers compared with non-manual employees might be interpreted according to the concept of unfavourable life careers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Final rules relating to use of electronic communication and recordkeeping technologies by employee pension and welfare benefit plans. Notice of final rulemaking.

This document contains final rules under Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), concerning the disclosure of certain employee benefit plan information through electronic media, and the maintenance and retention of employee benefit plan records in electronic form. The rules establish a safe harbor pursuant to which all pension and welfare benefit plans covered by Title I of ERISA may use electronic media to satisfy disclosure obligations under Title I of ERISA. The rules also provide standards concerning the use of electronic media in the maintenance and retention of records required by sections 107 and 209 of ERISA. The rules affect employee pension and welfare benefit plans, including group health plans, plan sponsors, administrators and fiduciaries, and plan participants and beneficiaries.

Confidentiality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pension sponsorship and participation: trends and policy issues.

Employment sector and employer size account for substantial variation in workers' participation in employer-sponsored retirement plans. Other things being equal, employees in the public sector--that is, federal, state, and local governments--are much more likely to be offered a retirement plan than workers in the private sector. Within the private sector, workers in firms with 100 or more employees are significantly more likely than workers in smaller firms to have the opportunity to participate in a retirement plan. This situation has prompted Congress to seek ways of reducing small businesses' obstacles to pension coverage. For example, Congress has authorized retirement plans that have fewer reporting requirements and less stringent contribution rules than those imposed on larger employers. Evaluating the effect of these laws on pension coverage is complicated by the many other variables that affect an employer's decision to sponsor a retirement plan and a worker's decision to participate in it. Nevertheless, data collected in national surveys of employers and households can be used to establish a baseline against which future changes in retirement plan sponsorship and participation can be measured. Recent surveys of employers and households reveal that: During the 1990s, participation in retirement plans rose among workers in firms with fewer than 100 employees but remained steady among workers in larger firms. The 1990s saw a substantial shift from defined benefit retirement plans to defined contribution plans. Despite increases in participation, workers in firms with fewer than 100 employees are only about half as likely as those in larger firms to participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan. In both the public and private sectors, part-year or part-time workers are much less likely than year-round, full-time workers to be offered an opportunity to participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Monetary security for the aged--concepts of political distribution goals and income-related effects of pension security systems].

This contribution discusses some theoretical aspects related to the question of whether, and in what way, a uniform social security target has been defined for the monetary old-age protection in the Federal Republic of Germany, and to what extent different pension schemes fulfill this target. The analysis leads to the conclusion that only a "target range", and not a defined value, has been developed for the indicator "individual replacement rate". The investigation into the effects of old-age pension schemes on income shows that, even after benefit cuts, public sector employees, on the whole, are better protected than employees in the private sector. A future, detailed empirical analysis would have to investigate individual social groups.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Before the welfare state: Bastian's Civil List pension.

Bastian, an eminent, if controversial, naturalist, pioneer neurologist, and for 30 years, professor at University College, London, ended with a certain income of only Ł75 in his last year. Sir James Crichton-Browne initiated the grant of a Civil List pension. Prime Minister H Asquith, after consulting the London Royal Society, advised King George V to disburse a pension of Ł150.

England↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding NHS pensions.

How much pension will you receive from the NHS Superannulation Scheme upon retirement? Some hospital doctors do not have a clear idea of the likely benefits or indeed any appreciation of the ancillary features included in the NHSSS. It is therefore appropriate to begin this series of articles on pension options for doctors with an overview of the NHS Scheme.

Consultants↗
PubMed1991

[Disability pensions in Nordreisa in 1980-87].

During the years 1980-87 a total of 287 persons received disability pensions in the municipality of Nordreisa in northern Norway. The incidence rate among men increased to 2.1% of all economically active men aged 16-66 years in 1984 with a subsequent decrease to 0.8% in 1987. The incidence rate among women increased slowly during the whole period. In the males a strong correlation was found between incidence of disability pension and unemployment the year before. Inter-observer validation of the diagnoses showed considerable discrepancies between the evaluations of two independent doctors and between the local doctor and the official statistics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Physicians practicing for the legal requirements for eligibility for disability pensions].

For a person to become eligible for a disability pension in Norway the presence of illness must be confirmed by a physician. In theory, the task of confirming illness rests on scientific decision. In view of the fact that there is no formal definition of illness the definition must rest on current clinical practice. However, clinical practice, in addition to being based on present medical knowledge, is influenced by several non-medical factors such as conflicting interests associated with the various roles of the physician. This situation is illustrated by discussing underlying conflicts in consultations between doctors and patients suffering from bodily complaints but with no objective signs of disease. It is argued that eligibility for a disability pension should be dissociated from the requirement for declaration of illness.

Decision Making↗