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PubMedDate not supplied

[Analogs of juvenile hormones in the control of insects of medical or sanitary importance].

The growth and moulting or immature insects is related to three main groups of hormones : cerebral, ecdysonal and juvenile. Juvenile hormone analogues mark a new stage in the control of detrimental insects, and have significant advantages over the conventional insecticides. In order to establish the effectiveness of juvenile hormone analogues a series of biotests were performed : the wax pupal test, injections, systemic and topical applications, the treatment of food, pulverizations and exposure to vapors. In the laboratory, the efficiency of the analogues was tested against the following genera : Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Musca, Stomoxys and Blattella, obtaining several effects, such as : lengthening of the larval stages, blocking of metamorphosis and ecdysis, blocking of the emergence of adults, morphogenetic ovicide, sterilizing and lethal effects, etc. Exploratory trials were performed in the field with compounds whose effectiveness had been demonstrated, against some Aedes, Musca, Stomoxys, Pediculus and Bovicola species. Laboratory experiments showed, however, that the insects might become resistant to juvenile hormone analogues.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The head louse in Sierra Leone: an epidemiological study among school children, in the Njala area.

A survey of five primary schools in the Njala area, Sierra Leone showed that Pediculus humanus capitis infestation is wide-spread. The overall prevalence was 6.8% among 1007 school children examined. Infestation rates varied between schools from 1.4% to 14.6% and the prevalence of infestation increased with age, from 3.1% among class I children to 10.2% among class IV and decreased to 4.9% among class VI children. Females had a higher infestation rate (8.3%) than their male counterparts (5.4%). The infestation rate was higher' in children whose fathers were Farmers (9.4%) followed by Traders (7.8%), Artisans (6.5%) and Professionals who had the lowest infestation rate of (5.8%). Sharing of beds, beddings and combs had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on the rate of infestation. The infestation was light, therefore, impetigo was minimal. Overcrowding at home is the main factor facilitating the transmission of the infestation from one head to another among these children.

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Ivermectin].

Initial clinical trials in 1980 showed that ivermectin was remarkably effective against Onchocerca volvulus. Some 25 years after more than 50 million people are treated annually with Mectizan mainly within the framework of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). This success has been possible thanks to Merck Mectizan Donation Program and to distribution through a novel strategy based on the strong involvement of endemic communities. In the last few years Mectizan has been used in combination with albendazole to control lymphatic filariasis on a large-scale basis in African countries. More recently ivermectin (under the tradename Stromectol) received market approval in France for treatment of gastrointestinal strongyloidiasis and scabies. Clinical trials are under way to evaluate the activity of ivermectin on nematodes (Loa loa, Mansonella sp., intestinal nematodes, cutaneous and visceral larva migrans) and ectoparasites (Pediculus humanus capitis, Phtirius pubis, Tunga penetrans, myiases). Trials are also ongoing to explain the mechanisms underlying the severe adverse events sometimes observed in patients presenting high Loa loa microfilaraemia and to develop preventive measures. Fundamental research will provide a better understanding of the mode of action of ivermectin at the molecular and cellular level, evaluate the risk of resistance of human parasites, and to determine the extent to which ivermectin could be used in association with other agents for the treatment of nonparasitic diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Vascular complications in 237 recipients of renal transplant from cadaver].

Between July 1976 and June 1990, 244 transplantations were performed. Of the 237 patients monitored, 13 (5.4%) had vascular complications: 10 (77%) renal artery stenosis, 1 (7.7%) primitive iliac artery stenosis, 1(7.7%) renal artery thrombosis, 1 (7.7%) renal vein thrombosis. Six patients underwent surgery (Angioplasty was performed in three patients, re-anastomosis to the common iliac artery in one, by-pass of saphenous vein in another one, while in the last one it was tried a release of the vascular pediculus). Management with drugs was possible in one case. At present, 11 of the 13 patients are still alive and three of the grafts remain functional after a mean follow-up time of 83 months. According to a univariate study, the influential factors in the development of vascular complications are, the identity of Locus A, the type of extraction in Locus B, the length of cold ischaemia, the type of vascular anastomosis and the number of previous rejections. The factors with maximal influence in the development of complications are the type of vascular suture (with or without patch) and the number of previous rejections (according to a study of log regression models). The study demonstrates the significant influence vascular complications have on the graft's durability (p = 0.005).

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

[Petechial typhus. History of men, armies and pedicula].

Since the Classical age, humankind has had to cope with petechial typhus, especially during wars and famine. Epidemics chiefly occurred during sieges and followed the paths of armies, when infected soldiers transmitted the infection to populations with whom they came into contact. Winter exacerbated the disease due to the use of unhygienic woollen clothes that allowed the spread of pediculosis. It was only in the early 18th century that petechial typhus outbreaks diminished thanks to the use of Marseille soap and to the new custom of changing clothing at bedtime. In many military campaigns, deaths from typhus were higher than those due to war wounds: recent studies established that the French defeat during the Napoleonic Russian military campaign has to be attributed more to typhus than to the military superiority of the enemy. Indeed, the contagion is estimated to have affected 80% of the 600,000 troops involved. The role of Pediculus as a vehicle of infection established in 1909 by Charles Nicolle, microbiological isolation performed by Howard Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazck, and finally the advent of antibiotic therapy, all laid the basis for controlling the disease in the 20th century.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trying to keep ahead of lice: a therapeutic challenge.

Pediculosis capitis, or head lice, is a world-wide public health concern affecting persons of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. It is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, an obligate ectoparasite that lives on human hair and feeds on the blood from the skin. Upon diagnosis, treatment should be initiated, since established infestations with head lice generally do not spontaneously resolve. Chemical pediculicides are currently the standard treatment, however, issues of resistance have made it necessary to explore new alternatives. If an infestation is resistant to these drugs, then the physician should consider treating with an agent from a different class of pediculicides or, potentially, with newer nonpediculicides.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Parasitic infections and maternal awareness of preschool children in Karmouz district, Alexandria.

Intestinal parasitic infections are widespread especially among preschool children living in poor areas. Also pediculosis has been perceived as a public health nuisance for decades. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 256 children and their mothers in a poor urban district to assess mothers' knowledge and practices as regards parasitic infections and infestations that may be present in her preschool child, and to correlate the presence of these infections with her awareness. A pre-designed questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, items to assess mothers' knowledge of sources and preventive measures of parasitic infections and infestations and her practices was completed. A stool sample was collected from children and examined using formol-ether technique and Sellotape technique was used to detect Enterobius vermicularis. Pediculus capitis was diagnosed by inspection of the scalp and was found to be the most prevalent parasite found in 58.9% of those children followed by Enterobius vermicularis in 46%. A strong positive association between pediculosis and enterobiasis was detected (phi coefficient = 0.956, p < 0.001). Socioeconomic level affected both knowledge and practices scores where one point change in knowledge score or socioeconomic score caused an increase in practice score of 0.279 and 0.071, respectively. Also higher risk of pediculosis was found to be significantly associated with female sex and low socioeconomic level. An increase of one point in practice score showed a decrease in the log likelihood ratio of enterobiasis of 14.3%. The majority of mothers (77.3%) were found to be aware that their children had a parasitic infection, which was significantly associated with results of stool analysis. This indicates that awareness building is not enough to be of practical benefit. Appropriate and detailed control methods of parasitic infections and pediculosis must be taught and applied by parents and community. Socio-economic development, organized health programs and motivation should be undertaken to help today's children.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The efficacy of pediculicides in Israel.

Fourteen pediculicides currently available in Israel were evaluated for their killing effect on the eggs, nymphs and adults from a laboratory-grown colony of body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus). The efficacy of all pediculicides was determined after a single treatment. The exposure time of the lice to the preparations was according to the manufacturers' instructions. The shampoo formulations Hafif (Abic, Israel), Pyracide (Fischer, Israel), A-200 Pyrinate (Norcliff Thayer, USA) and T-Pal (Fischer, Israel) killed 27-78% of the lice and 7-26% of the eggs. Prioderm (Rafa, Israel) shampoo 100% mortality of lice and 13% mortality of eggs. The gel formulation (A-200 Pyrinate) resulted in 100% mortality of lice and 42% mortality of eggs. The liquid formulation (Pyrinyl, Barre, USA) gave poor results with only 65% killing of lice and 26% of the eggs. The spray formulations (Kin-X and Kin-Soff, Milchan, France; and Ricide, Fischer) killed all the lice and 77-95% of the eggs. Lotion and solution formulations (Hafif; Monocide, Fischer; and Nouryl, Chefaro, Holland) caused 100% mortality of lice and 36-85% mortality of eggs. Mortality with control solutions varied between 4 and 16% for both lice and eggs.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasites and ectoparasites in the V region, Chile: study in the Psychiatric Hospital of Putaendo].

A prospective study was carried out in 229 chronic patients (of both sexes) from the Psychiatric Hospital of Putaendo, in order to find out the frequency of intestinal parasites and/or commensals in the period 1987-1989. One hundred and ninety four (84.7%) out of the 229 studied patients were infected by parasites and/or commensals. The high prevalence of commensals Entamoeba coli (55.0%) and Endolimax nana (50.5%) became more evident. Among the parasites, the most frequent was Trichuris trichiura (41.5%). The presence of Pediculus humanus capitis and lesions suggestive of those produced by Sarcoptes scabiei were detected in 7.2 and 0.6 of the examined patients. The results obtained show the high frequency of intestinal infections by parasites and commensals in the patients of the studied hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effectiveness of permethrin-treated military uniform fabric against human body lice.

Military uniform fabric patches treated with permethrin were evaluated against natural and laboratory strains of human body lice, Pediculus humanus, L. Permethrin-treated fabric was toxic to body lice on contact and quickly affected feeding behavior and the likelihood of disease transmission, even when washed up to 20 times. The use of permethrin-treated clothing offers a new passive approach in human louse control not previously feasible. Military personnel wearing permethrin-treated uniforms, therefore, can expect significant and long-term protection from lice and louse-borne diseases in endemic areas.

Clothing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of pediculosis capitis in children with permethrin 1% shampoo or lotion].

A clinical and entomological trial was carried out in 88 head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) infested children treated with a single dose of 1% permethrin shampoo or lotion. The sex distribution was 47 males an 41 females with ages ranging between 5 and 14 year olds. In order to assess the efficiency of treatments, search for adult forms, nymphs and eggs (nits) of the parasite was performed in each of the children, before and after treatment (30 minutes, 7 days and 21 days). The entomological evaluations consisted in stereoscopic and microscopic examinations of a mean of 12 hair samples taken from the retroauricular and occipital regions of each of the children, the biological condition of eggs, viable (immature, mature), dead and empty, was recorded. The cure rates--both clinical and entomological--obtained were 91.5% for shampoo and 95.2% for lotion. No adverse reactions with the two formulations used were reported. In conclusion, 1% permethrin shampoo or lotion in an effective and safe treatment for pediculosis capitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1994

Pediculosis capitis among urban school children in Ilorin, Nigeria.

A survey of 6882 primary school children living in Ilorin, Nigeria revealed that 3.7% of the children were infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Infestation rate among the children in the Islamic community was 4.1%, whereas in the Christian area, the infestation rate was 3%. Girls had a higher infestation rate (5.6%) than boys (2.1%). The highest infestation rate (28.4%) was observed among girls of low socioeconomic class, followed by their male counterparts (11.2%). Factors associated with the onset of pediculosis included overcrowding, long hair, family size, age, living in a sordid environment, and personal hygiene. Strategies for the effective control of pediculosis are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Occurrence of pediculosis capitis in a population of children from Gdańsk, Sopot, Gdynia and the vicinities.

Elementary schools in Gdańsk, Sopot, Gdynia and the neighbourhood, were studied during 1990-1992 to determine the actual extent of head louse infestation in school children as well as to see if there was correlation between incidence of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) and some environmental factors as: the sex and the age of a child, the parents education, family situation and living condition of a child etc.--In the examined sample of normal population of 27,800 school children (aged 6-15 years) 881 (3.2%) pupils were infested with head lice, with the incidence being higher in girls. As many as 382 cases (1.3%) were qualified as a focal type, i.e. with stubborn, repeated reinfestations after following treatments. In the group with focal pediculosis 48.9% and 79.4% of children originated from the families of 4 or more children and from the families where parents had only elementary or trade education. Later, over 50% (53.3-56.6%) of village elementary school children focally infested with head lice lived in old houses mostly supplied only with cold water or even without running water at all. These data confirm the association between head louse infestation and familial, social and hygienic conditions of an infested child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

An epidemic of pediculosis capitis.

An epidemic due to Pediculus humanus capitis occurred in the public schools of Buffalo, New York, in the winter of 1973. A survey at one elementary school showed that 20% of whites and no blacks were infested, and a city-wide prevalence survey during the academic year September 1972 to May 1973 showed that 7.2% of all pupils were infested. An epidemiological investigation showed that sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, crowding, method of closeting garments, and family size influenced the distribution of pediculosis but that hair length apparently was not a factor. Poverty and ignorance appeared to contribute to the persistence of infestation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Abnormal distribution of the histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in lousy patients.

The histocompatibility antigens have important functions in the development of the immune response, in the development of immunologic tolerance and in the resistance and susceptibility to diseases. In the present study, the frequency of the human leucocytic antigens (HLA) were studied in 31 lousy children with Pediculus h. capitis (head lice) and 14 adults with Phthirus pubis (pubic lice) to evaluate the immune response in their pathogenesis. The patients (children and adults) were parasite-free as indicated by urine, stool and blood analysis and clinical examination. A significant increase was found between HLA-A11 and, -B5 and lousy children with P. h. capitis and between HLA,-A11, -B5 and -B27 and lousy adults with P. pubis. The association between HLA antigens and parasitic infection was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological study of pediculosis capitis and scabies in schoolchildren from Antofagasta, Chile, 1995].

In order to contribute to a better knowledge of the pediculosis capitis and scabies during March-December 1995, 1122 primary schoolchildren under 14 years of age in the city-port of Antofagasta in northern Chile (20 degrees South lat.), were examined. A total of 285 (25.4%) were found to be infested with Pediculus humanus capitis and only 20 (1.8%) with Sarcoptes scabiei. In general the rates of infestation to both ectoparasitic diseases were higher in groups of younger schoolchildren, also higher in women than in men and in those groups with high indexes of crowding and ignorance of the transmission mechanism of pediculosis capitis and scabies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pediculosis capitis, a permanent and renewed problem].

Pediculosis capitis is still a world-wide public health problem. Pediculus humanus capitis, the agent, is a permanent and specific human blood-sucking ectoparasite extended throughout the world. By the end of sixties and begin of seventies an important increase of prevalence of this parasitose was observed in many countries and lice infestation throughout the world was estimated to run into hundreds of millions. Decline of personal hygiene, increased promiscuity and long hairstyle, particularly in adolescents and young people seemed to mark the beginning of this new situation. At present pediculosis capitis not only affects low socio-economic groups, but middle and high level groups. Several observations have shown a clear relationship between long hair and pediculosis capitis. Prevention of pediculosis capitis is supported by community health education, stressing the personal hygiene, the use of reasonable short hair and frequent washing of head.

Female↗