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PubMed2004

The relation between parental coping styles and parent-child interactions before and after treatment for children with ADHD and oppositional behavior.

This study examined the relation between parental coping styles, discipline, and child behavior before and after participating in a parent training program for parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and oppositional behavior. For mothers, use of more maladaptive and less adaptive coping styles was related to more self-reported lax and overreactive discipline, more observed coercive parenting, and more observed child misbehavior prior to parent training. No significant relations were found for mothers following parent training after controlling for pretreatment variables. For fathers, use of more maladaptive and less adaptive coping styles was related to self-reported lax discipline before and after parent training. Contrary to prediction, fathers who reported less seeking support and adaptive-focused coping showed the most improvement in their children's behavior. Most results remained significant after controlling for self-reported depression. Implications for improving parent training research and programs were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Teenage parent programs. A synthesis of the long-term effects of the New Chance Demonstration, Ohio's Learning, Earning, and Parenting Program, and the Teenage Parent Demonstration.

This article synthesizes the long-term findings from three major evaluations of programs that began in the late 1980s and were designed to improve the self-sufficiency of teenage mothers on welfare. Although each of the programs emphasized a different approach, an important story emerges. Economic outcomes for the mothers improved over time, and the interventions had some positive effects, particularly for the women who began these programs while they were enrolled is school. However, the interventions did not affect fertility, and the data on outcomes for the mothers' children raise concern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Children of parents with unipolar depression: a comparison of stably remitted, partially remitted, and nonremitted parents and nondepressed controls.

This study reports on 122 families with a depressed parent at baseline and matched nondepressed control families. The 10-year course of depression in parents was characterized as stably-, partially-, or non-remitted. At the 10-year follow-up, children of stably-remitted parents had more psychological distress, physical problems, and disturbance than children of controls. Unexpectedly, children of stably-remitted parents had as much distress and disturbance as children of partially- or non-remitted parents. Stably-remitted families emphasized independence less, and organization more, in comparison to controls at 10 years; partially- and non-remitted families were less cohesive and more conflicted than controls. More severe initial or current parental depression was associated with poorer child adaptation, and family functioning explained children's outcomes above and beyond parents' depression. Children living with parents treated for depression are at risk for problems irrespective of the parent's course, perhaps due to poor family functioning.

Child↗
PubMed2002

ADHD and parental psychological distress: role of demographics, child behavioral characteristics, and parental cognitions.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the relative roles of demographic, child behavioral, and parental characteristics in understanding the psychological distress suffered by parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It was hypothesized that a combination of child and parent demographics, severity of child behavioral disturbance, low knowledge of ADHD, causal and controllability attributions internal to the child, along with lower perceived parental control, would be associated with more severe psychological distress, as measured by parenting stress and depression. METHOD: One hundred mothers were interviewed and provided ratings of behavioral disturbance, severity of ADHD, knowledge of ADHD, attributions of cause and controllability of ADHD-related behaviors, parenting stress and depression. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the combination of these variables was significantly associated with parental psychological distress, accounting for 24% and 21% of the variance in parenting stress and depression, respectively. Unique contributions were evident for severity of behavioral disturbance and perceived parental control over child behaviors. Child's age, gender, medication status, and maternal education were controlled in the analyses. CONCLUSION: Results support the view that interventions for ADHD aimed only at child behavior are unlikely to alter long-term outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

The Bergen blood pressure study: offspring of two hypertensive parents have significantly higher blood pressures than offspring of one hypertensive and one normotensive parent.

OBJECTIVE: To study blood pressure and antihypertensive drug treatment in subjects with contrasting family histories of hypertension. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We grouped 520 offspring examined in 1990 (mean +/- SD age 36 +/- 7 years) according to their parents' blood pressure screened in 1963-1964 as offspring of two normotensive (systolic/diastolic blood pressure < 135/70 mmHg) parents (group 1); offspring of one hypertensive (> or = 145/95 mmHg) and one normotensive (<135/70 mmHg) parent (group 2); and offspring of two hypertensive (> or = 140/90 mmHg) parents (group 3). Offspring blood pressure was measured with a conventional mercury sphygmomanometer by one observer. The mean of the last two of three seated measurements was used for analyses. Drug treatment was determined by interview. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD blood pressure was lowest in group 1 (121 +/- 12/72 +/- 10 mmHg), intermediate in group 2 (125 +/- 12/76 +/- 9 mmHg) and highest in group 3 (135 +/- 15/85 +/- 11 mmHg), P<0.01 for each. Of the subjects in groups 1, 2 and 3, 1.3, 2.4 and 11.7%, respectively, were taking antihypertensive drugs (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Screening blood pressure in parents has implications for offspring blood pressure almost 30 years later. Offspring of hypertensive parents have higher blood pressure and are given antihypertensive drugs at higher rates than the offspring of normotensive parents. Also, substantial differences were seen between the offspring of one and of two hypertensive parents. Thus, risk associated with a family history of hypertension varies with the definition of the family history. To obtain maximum contrast in the predisposition to high blood pressure, comparative studies in offspring of hypertensive and normotensive families should be based on blood pressure data from both parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The pilot parent program: helping handicapped children through their parents.

The problems of parents whose child is diagnosed or newly identified as mentally retarded or otherwise developmentally delayed are varied and difficult. As many authors have pointed out, the manner in which parents deal with this initial crisis of acceptance can have long term consequences for the parents, the family, and the handicapped child. In the past, neither psychiatry nor the other helping professions did much to provide parents with the elements they need in this profound emotional crisis: continuing emotional support and role modeling, information about the child's handicap, and information about service programs for handicapped persons. The Omaha Nebraska Pilot Parent Program is a volunteer program of parents of handicapped children whose purpose is to provide these supports to parents in need. After seven years such a program appears to provide satisfaction for its members, help to fellow parents, and an important resource to the human services systems in the community.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenting education for parents with intellectual disabilities: a review of outcome studies.

Parents with intellectual disabilities (i.e., IQ < 80; mental retardation) are overrepresented in child maltreatment cases and have a variety of parenting skill deficits. Their children are at risk for neglect, developmental delay, and behavioral disorders. This review of parenting education interventions for such parents identified 20 published studies with adequate outcome data. A total of 190 such parents (188 mothers, 2 fathers), with IQs ranging from 50 to 79 were involved. Parenting skills trained included basic child-care, safety, nutrition, problem solving, positive parent-child interactions, and child behavior management. The most common instructional approach was behavioral (e.g., task analysis, modeling, feedback, reinforcement). Overall, initial training, follow-up, and social validity results are encouraging. Generalization and child outcome data are weak. Further research is needed to (a) identify variables associated with responsiveness to intervention, and (b) develop and compare innovative programs that teach parents with cognitive disabilities the necessary generalized skills to demonstrate long-term beneficial effects on their children.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Parental socioeconomic position and parental life satisfaction as predictors of job strain in adulthood: 18-year follow-up of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to prospectively examine whether parental socioeconomic position (SEP) and parental life satisfaction predict job strain in adulthood. METHODS: The cohort comprised 755 participants from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. The parents reported their SEP and life satisfaction when the participants were aged 6-21 years. Eighteen years later at ages 24-39 years, the participants responded to a survey on job strain and its components, job control and job demands. RESULTS: According to structural equation modeling, lower parental SEP and higher parental life dissatisfaction independently predicted increased adulthood job strain. Lower parental SEP also predicted lower educational attainment, which in turn was linked with higher job strain and lower job control. We found no gender differences in these predictive relationships. CONCLUSION: Parental SEP and parental life satisfaction are associated with job strain in adulthood, and the effect is partly mediated by education. These prospective data suggest that preemployment factors should be taken into account as potential confounders in future research on job strain-health associations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Parental management of adolescent peer relationships in context: the role of parenting style.

Three hundred 9th-graders and their best friends participated in this short-term longitudinal study. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Parental Management of Peers Inventory (N. Mounts, 2000) suggested that the 4-factor structure provided a good fit to the data. Significant differences in adolescents' perceptions of parental management of peers occurred across 4 parenting style groups. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relation among 5 aspects of parental management of peers and adolescents' Time 1 drug use, friends' Time 1 drug use, and adolescents' Time 2 drug use. The parental management styles of monitoring, guiding, prohibiting, and supporting all had significant paths in the model, whereas neutrality was not significant. Multiple group comparisons were used to examine whether parenting style moderates the relation between parental management of peers and the drug use outcomes. Parenting style functioned as a moderator for 7 of the paths in the model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: efficacy for reducing future abuse reports.

A randomized trial was conducted to test the efficacy and sufficiency of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) in preventing re-reports of physical abuse among abusive parents. Physically abusive parents (N=110) were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: (a) PCIT, (b) PCIT plus individualized enhanced services, or (c) a standard community-based parenting group. Participants had multiple past child welfare reports, severe parent-to-child violence, low household income, and significant levels of depression, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior. At a median follow-up of 850 days, 19% of parents assigned to PCIT had a re-report for physical abuse compared with 49% of parents assigned to the standard community group. Additional enhanced services did not improve the efficacy of PCIT. The relative superiority of PCIT was mediated by greater reduction in negative parent-child interactions, consistent with the PCIT change model.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Parent psychopathology, parenting, and child internalizing problems in substance-abusing families.

A structural model accounting for child internalizing problems in substance-abusing families was tested. Parents receiving substance abuse treatment (N = 242) completed forms about children between the ages of 6 and 18 who resided in their home. The effects of parent gender, child gender, and child age were controlled. Negative parenting was examined as a mediator between parent internalizing and externalizing problems and child anxiety and affective problems using path analysis. Negative parenting mediated relations only between parent internalizing problems and child affective problems. High-positive involvement moderated relations between parent externalizing problems and child internalizing problems. Relations between parent externalizing problems and child anxiety and affective problems were significant only among families in which high-positive involvement was present.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Child maltreatment, parent alcohol and drug-related problems, polydrug problems, and parenting practices: a test of gender differences and four theoretical perspectives.

The authors tested how adverse childhood experiences (child maltreatment and parent alcohol- and drug-related problems) and adult polydrug use (as a mediator) predict poor parenting in a community sample (237 mothers and 81 fathers). These relationships were framed within several theoretical perspectives, including observational learning, impaired functioning, self-medication, and parentification-pseudomaturity. Structural models revealed that child maltreatment predicted poor parenting practices among mothers. Parent alcohol- and drug-related problems had an indirect detrimental influence on mothers' parenting and practices through self-drug problems. Among fathers, emotional neglect experienced as a child predicted lack of parental warmth more parental neglect, and sexual abuse experienced as a child predicted a rejecting style of parenting.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Child illness, the parenting alliance, and parenting stress.

Assessed relationship between children's minor illnesses during the first 3 years of life and parenting stress in the 4th year. Also examined whether a good parenting alliance would compensate for or moderate this relationship. Parents of 56 3- to 4-year-olds completed parenting alliance and stress questionnaires. Child morbidity, assessed from medical records, was directly related to mothers' but not fathers' feelings of stress. The parenting alliance was more strongly related to parenting stress for fathers than for mothers. However, child morbidity and parenting alliance interacted in predicting child-related paternal stresses. While fathers in a poor alliance reported more stress, stress was unrelated to their children's illnesses; for fathers in a moderate to strong alliance, illness and stress were positively correlated. Even minor child illnesses appear to be a source of stress for parents.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Brief report: parenting stress and quality of life during treatment for childhood leukemia predicts child and parent adjustment after treatment ends.

Evaluated relationships between parenting stress and parent-rated child quality of life during treatment for childhood leukemia and later parental posttraumatic stress symptoms and parent and child anxiety after completion of cancer treatment in 29 families of patients with leukemia. Correlations among in-treatment and off-treatment variables showed strong patterns of association between parenting stress during treatment and later parental adjustment, for both mothers and fathers. Parent-rated child quality of life was also significantly associated with later adjustment for mothers and children. Despite the small sample, data point to the importance and consistency of parental reactions from diagnosis through the end of treatment and have clinical implications for psychosocial services during and after treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗