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PubMed2000

Tissue print hybridisation and reverse transcriptase PCR in the detection of infectious bursal disease viruses in bursal tissues.

The genome segments of infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) in the bursa of Fabricius from experimently infected chickens or field samples were detected by tissue print hybridization (TPH) with subsequent reverse transcriptase (RT)- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bursae were imprinted onto nylon membrane and then hybridized with a cloned digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled cDNA probe. Tissue prints on nylon membrane were readily distinguished from control prints by color development and differences in signal intensity. In order to verify the TPH test, RT - PCR was used to amplify a 643-base pair fragment on the VP 2 gene of IBDV in the bursa of Fabricius. With all isolates, a c DNA fragment of 643 bp long was generated as expected and further confirmed the specificity of TPH. Our results suggest that a large number of field samples or selected tissues can be rapidly examined by TPH technique when combined with a cloned DIG -labeled c DNA probe.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Test method for measuring non-visible set-off from inks and lacquers on the food-contact surface of printed packaging materials.

The main objective was to develop a technique to expose spots of invisible set-off of inks and lacquers on the food-contact surface of food-packaging materials. Set-off is the unintentional transfer of components of printing inks from the outer printed surface onto the food-contact surfaces. The target sensitivity was 20 microg cm(-2) and the technique should be capable of examining large areas of printed substrate for no more than 4% coverage by set-off. These requirements equate to an ability to detect a worst-case migration potential of less than 50 microg kg(-1). Other objectives were the industrial requirements that the equipment should be inexpensive, should be easy to use by existing personnel and should preferably be non-destructive with a clear criterion for pass or fail. The approaches investigated included chemical analysis of solvent extracts, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and microbeam analytical techniques, but these were found to be cumbersome and had only limited success. The objectives were achieved using an optical approach to excite and observe luminescence from invisible set-off. In model experiments, resins were applied to different substrates (plastic, paper and cartonboard). For a given resin on a given material, the key to success was to maximize the discrimination between the luminescence from the resin and that from the substrate by selecting the optimal combination of exciting wavelength and viewing goggles with selective wavelength filters. The required level of detection (20 microg cm(-2)) was achieved or exceeded for all ten resins tested on three different plastics. It was also achieved for two different papers and in all but four cases of the resins on three different cartonboards. Quantitation was achieved by the use of a calibration palette prepared using different quantities of resin spotted onto the relevant blank packaging material.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗
PubMed1992

Automatic activation of word phonology from print in deep dyslexia.

The performance of deep dyslexics in oral reading and other tasks suggests that they are poor at activating the phonology of words and non-words from printed stimuli. As the tasks ordinarily used to test deep dyslexics require controlled processing, it is possible that the phonology of printed words can be better activated on an automatic basis. This study investigated this possibility by testing a deep dyslexic patient on a lexical decision task with pairs of stimuli presented simultaneously. In Experiment 1, which used content words as stimuli, the deep dyslexic, like normal subjects, showed faster reaction times on trials with rhyming, similarly spelled stimuli (e.g. bribe-tribe) than on control trials (consisting of non-rhyming, dissimilarly spelled words), but slower reaction times on trials with non-rhyming, similarly spelled stimuli (e.g. couch-touch). When the experiment was repeated using function words as stimuli, the patient no longer showed a phonological effect. Therefore, the phonological activation of printed content words by deep dyslexics may be better than would be expected on the basis of their oral reading performance.

Dyslexia↗
PubMed2002

The PRINTS database: a resource for identification of protein families.

The PRINTS database houses a collection of protein fingerprints, which may be used to assign family and functional attributes to uncharacterised sequences, such as those currently emanating from the various genome-sequencing projects. The April 2002 release includes 1,700 family fingerprints, encoding approximately 10,500 motifs, covering a range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides and so on. Fingerprints are groups of conserved motifs that, taken together, provide diagnostic protein family signatures. They derive much of their potency from the biological context afforded by matching motif neighbours; this makes them at once more flexible and powerful than single-motif approaches. The technique further departs from other pattern-matching methods by readily allowing the creation of fingerprints at superfamily-, family- and subfamily-specific levels, thereby allowing more fine-grained diagnoses. Here, we provide an overview of the method of protein fingerprinting and how the results of fingerprint analyses are used to build PRINTS and its relational cousin, PRINTS-S.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1996

Appropriateness of Hispanic print materials: a content analysis.

Hispanic women living in the US have a higher rate of later-stage diagnosis of breast cancer, thereby decreasing their chances of surviving the disease. Research shows print materials are more heavily relied on than any other medium to inform this population about early detection and treatment of the disease. Hispanics, moreover, are more likely to read English at below the fourth-grade level than the general US population and have a lower educational attainment than that of non-Hispanic whites. This paper discusses the results of a content analysis of 26 national print breast cancer educational artifacts distributed to Hispanic women. The purpose was to assess the linguistic appropriateness and cultural sensitivity of the materials in efforts to establish preliminary guidelines for the development of future materials. The author concluded that though many of the artifacts displayed elements of cultural competency, all 26 failed to include components essential to reaching and impacting the designated target audience. Even more significant was a survey of health clinics nationwide that determined the 26 print materials as the most heavily relied upon to provide Hispanic women with information on breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Print material content and design: is it relevant to effectiveness?

Printed materials are widely used in cancer education. There are a considerable number of guidelines in the literature on the content and design characteristics of print materials. However, there is little outcome-based evidence about whether materials containing these characteristics are more effective under real-world conditions. Six pamphlets were designed such that two had most of these characteristics, one had content characteristics only, one had design characteristics only and two had few of the characteristics. The pamphlets encouraged women aged 50-69 years to join a Pap Test Reminder Service (PTRS). The pamphlets were mailed to a randomly selected sample of 7668 women. Registrations with the PTRS were monitored. Receipt, readership, acceptability, knowledge and attitudes were assessed by telephone interview. There were no significant differences between the pamphlet groups in registrations with the PTRS, receipt, readership, acceptability, knowledge or attitudes. It was concluded that the inclusion of content and design characteristics does not result in more effective print materials.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The role of the print media in informing the community about safety in public hospitals in Victoria, Australia: the case of "golden staph".

OBJECTIVE: In this article the authors explore how the print media contribute to information and education of the community on issues of safety and quality in the health services, since this is an important avenue of such information and education for many members of the community. STUDY DESIGN: The authors undertook a qualitative study of a random sample of articles in the Australian print press between 1996 and 2004 where "golden staph" was presented as a major issue of risk to the safety of consumers of health services. The content of each article was examined with reference to several criteria including title, the source of the article, and the metaphorical language employed by the journalist. RESULTS: Results show that while the articles are substantially accurate as sources of information on concrete events, they do not serve as sources of education on issues of safety, typically apportioning blame and serving to maintain the status quo. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that print media are not a good source of community education in areas of safety and quality and do not assist members of the community to participate in addressing issues of safety in health services.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2002

Print media coverage of risk-risk tradeoffs associated with West Nile encephalitis and pesticide spraying.

When mosquito-borne West Nile virus emerged in the United States in 1999 and triggered pesticide spraying, society was faced with a controversy over an important risk-risk tradeoff-the risks of pesticide exposure versus those of West Nile encephalitis. Effective public communication about risk-risk tradeoffs is important because it can assist individuals and society in investing resources optimally. This study examined how effectively major North American print media in the year 2000 provided information on this risk-risk tradeoff. My colleagues and I found that the print media were generally ineffective in providing precise information about pesticide risks and in comparing risks of pesticide exposure with those of West Nile encephalitis. The media were also ineffective in mentioning the efficacy of pesticide spraying or comparing the economic costs of pesticide spraying with those of West Nile encephalitis. We suggest that greater effort in collecting and reporting precise risk information, fostering more active relationships between journalists and scientists/public health professionals, and recognizing biases resulting from preconceptions can help improve reporting by the print media and public health agencies on risk-risk tradeoffs associated with emerging insect-borne infectious diseases. These efforts could help improve public health by improving decision making related to the control of insect-borne diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Progress with the PRINTS protein fingerprint database.

PRINTS is a compendium of protein motif 'fingerprints' derived from the OWL composite sequence database. Fingerprints are groups of motifs within sequence alignments whose conserved nature allows them to be used as signatures of family membership. To date, 400 fingerprints have been constructed and stored in Prints, the size of which has doubled in the last year. The current version, 9.0, encodes approximately 2000 motifs, covering a range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides, and so on. Fingerprints inherently offer improved diagnostic reliability over single motif methods by virtue of the mutual context provided by motif neighbours. PRINTS thus provides a useful adjunct to the widely used PROSITE dictionary of patterns. The database is now accessible via the Database Browser on the UCL Bioinformatics server at http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/dbbrowser .

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Novel developments with the PRINTS protein fingerprint database.

The PRINTS database of protein family 'fingerprints' is a diagnostic resource that complements the PROSITE dictionary of sites and patterns. Unlike regular expressions, fingerprints exploit groups of conserved motifs within sequence alignments to build characteristic signatures of family membership. Thus fingerprints inherently offer improved diagnostic reliability by virtue of the mutual context provided by motif neighbours. To date, 600 fingerprints have been constructed and stored in PRINTS, representing a 50% increase in the size of the database in the last year. The current version, 13.0, encodes approximately 3000 motifs, covering a range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides, and so on. The database is accessible via UCL's Bioinformatics World Wide Web (WWW) server at http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/dbbrowser / . We describe here progress with the database, its Web interface, and a recent exciting development: the integration of a novel colour alignment editor (http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/dbbrowser++ +/CINEMA ), which allows visualisation and interactive manipulation of PRINTS alignments over the Internet.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Tissue printing.

An image of the tissue distribution of specific mRNAs, proteins, enzymes, or antigens is conveniently obtained by "printing" the cut surface of a tissue section onto a suitable substrate film and developing the film with appropriate reagents. It is also possible to localize metabolites by tissue printing. Most plant tissues leave a physical print/impression with detailed anatomical information. Epidermal surfaces of growing organs can be printed without damaging the organ. We provide this review to encourage further use and further development of these convenient and helpful procedures.

Enzymes↗
PubMed1995

Reading rates with artificial central scotomata with and without spatial remapping of print.

People with central field defects resulting from age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) read very slowly. In this study, oral reading rates were determined for unrelated sequences of words in samples of normal young and old subjects with simulated central scotomata of 2 degrees, 4 degrees, and 8 degrees. Scotomata were stabilized at the fovea of the right eye by electronic feedback of eye position, monitored using a SRI dual-Purkinje Eyetracker. Reading rates were determined by jumping print after each stationary presentation through an increasing number of character spaces on different trials. This procedure mimicked the sequence of retinal images produced during the saccades and fixations of normal reading, but without requiring subjects to make accurate eye movements. In Experiment 1, the letter size that yielded the optimal reading rate was found to increase systematically with scotoma size. However, the optimal reading rate decreased more or less linearly as the scotoma size increased. Experiment 2 showed that the optimal reading rate was obtained for essentially the same duration of text presentation, regardless of scotoma size. Experiment 3 investigated the effect of spatial remapping, in which print obscured by the scotoma was stretched electronically to reappear at the scotoma margin. Compared to a nonremapped control condition, spatial remapping produced small but significant increases in reading rate for both 4 degrees and 8 degrees scotomata. Across experiments, average reading rates were faster for the young than the old subjects. Overall, the results define how reading rate is expected to decrease for central scotomata of different sizes and suggest that spatial remapping of print may improve reading rates in patients with ARMD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Biochemical and tissue print analyses of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins in cell walls of sporophytic maize tissues.

In an effort to understand the role of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) in plant cell wall structure, we studied the distribution and physical properties of PC-1-like proteins (PC-1 being the major pericarp HRGP) throughout sporophytic tissues of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. We determined total amounts of hydroxyproline, an indicator of HRGPs, and did tissue print and Western blot analysis. We found hydroxyproline in cell walls of stems, leaves, roots, tassels, and silks. We also observed reactivity of anti-PC-1 monoclonal antibodies with anatomical prints of these tissues on nitrocellulose paper. Stem nodes and silks contained the most hydroxyproline and exhibited the strongest reaction with the antibody. PC-1 was localized in vascular bundles and the epidermis of stem tissue. However, localization to a specific cell type in the silk could not be determined at the resolution of the tissue print. The stem node protein had the same electrophoretic mobility as the pericarp protein as determined on Western blots prepared from cationic neutral gels. Protein extracts from silk tissues of both varieties studied contained one protein of the same size/charge as that found in pericarp, as well as some minor variant bands. The data presented here document that cell wall proteins are present in many tissues of the maize plant, although they are primarily in cell types contributing to support.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Aligned microcontact printing of micrometer-scale poly-L-lysine structures for controlled growth of cultured neurons on planar microelectrode arrays.

We describe a method for producing high-resolution chemical patterns on surfaces to control the attachment and growth of cultured neurons. Microcontact printing has been extended to allow the printing of micron-scale protein lines aligned to an underlying pattern of planar microelectrodes. Poly-L-lysine (PL) lines have been printed on the electrode array for electrical studies on cultured neural networks. Rat hippocampal neurons showed a high degree of attachment selectivity to the PL and produced neurites that faithfully grew onto the electrode recording sites.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Legitimate family violence as represented in the print media: textual analysis.

AIM: This paper reports a study of how issues around the use of smacking by parents are represented in the print media. Our purpose was not to state a case for or against the use of smacking. Rather, within the contemporary social context we sought to answer the question, 'Why is smacking considered to be a legitimate part of parenting in the United Kingdom?' BACKGROUND: Although a number of government proposals aiming to ban the use of smacking by parents have been presented in the United Kingdom parliament and Scottish Executive, current legislation allows parents to use this form of physical discipline as long as it does not result in physical injury to the child. For the purposes of this discussion, smacking is considered as a social phenomenon rather than an activity simply to be favoured or to be opposed. METHOD: A sample of 244 articles from five different United Kingdom newspapers was examined during 2004. Schema analysis that drew upon semiotics was used to analyse these print media representations about the use of legitimate violence by parents towards children. FINDINGS: Newspaper reportage about the parental use of physical discipline has increased over the past 20 years. Only one newspaper (The Independent) published on this topic prior to 1994. The discourse about the use of physical discipline by parents has changed over time from one that focuses on the effectiveness of smacking to one that about the human rights of the child. The main themes identified in the print media discourse were the rights of the child, the effectiveness of smacking, long-term effects and consequences, and the role of the state. CONCLUSION: Media texts can influence and reinforce social dimensions of the label. The beliefs and attitudes of healthcare professionals and parents about smacking may be influenced by such representations.

Child↗
PubMed1999

All-Inorganic Field Effect Transistors Fabricated by Printing.

A solution of cadmium selenide nanocrystals was used to print inorganic thin-film transistors with field effect mobilities up to 1 square centimeter per volt second. This mobility is an order of magnitude larger than those reported for printed organic transistors. A field effect was achieved by developing a synthesis that yielded discretely sized nanocrystals less than 2 nanometers in size, which were free of intimately bound organic capping groups. The resulting nanocrystal solution exhibited low-temperature grain growth, which formed single crystal areas encompassing hundreds of nanocrystals. This process suggests a route to inexpensive, all-printed, high-quality inorganic logic on plastic substrates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits.

Direct printing of functional electronic materials may provide a new route to low-cost fabrication of integrated circuits. However, to be useful it must allow continuous manufacturing of all circuit components by successive solution deposition and printing steps in the same environment. We demonstrate direct inkjet printing of complete transistor circuits, including via-hole interconnections based on solution-processed polymer conductors, insulators, and self-organizing semiconductors. We show that the use of substrate surface energy patterning to direct the flow of water-based conducting polymer inkjet droplets enables high-resolution definition of practical channel lengths of 5 micrometers. High mobilities of 0.02 square centimeters per volt second and on-off current switching ratios of 10(5) were achieved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 1. Description of the system.

From March 1974 all reports from this microbiology department have been computer printed and filed. The system was designed to include every medically important microorganism and test. Technicians at the laboratory bench made their results computer-readable using Port-a-punch cards, and specimen details were recorded on paper-tape, allowing the full description of each specimen to appear on the report. A summary form of each microbiology phrase enabled copies of reports to be printed on wide paper with 12 to 18 reports per sheet; such copies, in alphabetical order for one day, and cumulatively for one week were used by staff answering enquiries to the office. This format could also be used for printing allthe reports for one patient. Retrieval of results from the files was easily performed and was useful to medical and laboratory staff and for control-of-infection purposes. The system was written in COBOL and was designed to be as cost-effective as possible without sacrificing accuracy; the cost of a report and its filing was 17-97 pence.

Computers↗