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PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of low temperatures on fatty acid composition of plasmalogen and diacyl phospholipids from the rat liver].

Content of unsaturated fatty acids was increased in rat liver phospholipids under conditions of low temperatures: +10 degrees and +3 degrees within 2 weeks. At the same time, length of hydrocarbonic chains, even and odd orders of fatty acids and content of minor acids were altered in plasmalogen and diacyl forms of liver tissue phospholipids. These alterations were distinctly dissimilar under various temperature conditions.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1988

[Lipopolysaccharide-induced hydrolysis of plasmalogenic phosphatidylethanolamine in human platelets].

The composition of human platelet major phospholipids-phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), sphingomyelin (SM), plasmalogenic and diacyl species of phosphatidylethanolamine (PPE and APE, respectively) was quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Incubation (10 min, 37 degrees C) of washed platelets with lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) of Salmonella typhimurium was found to produce (in the absence of aggregation) marked hydrolysis of PI (ca. 15%) and PPE (ca. 19%) containing the bulk of polyenic fatty acids. PC and APE were less degraded (8-9%), while the amounts of PS and SM were practically unchanged and the level of PA rose by 20%. Addition of thrombin to LPS-pretreated platelets resulted in their more rapid aggregation which was accompanied by a decreased and nearly equal hydrolysis of APE and PPE (7-8%) as compared with control platelets (10 and 12%, respectively). The extent to which PI was degraded (ca. 34%), by the action of thrombin was not affected by preliminary incubation with LPS. It is suggested that thrombin (as well as LPS) activating endogenous phospholipase(s) A2 can liberate from PPE not only arachidonic acid but also other essential polyenic fatty acids present in PPE in relatively high amounts. Besides, the agents studied may activate the intrinsic platelet system of rapid arachidonoyl transfer from diacyl PC and PE to PPE.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1987

Active metabolism of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen in stimulated platelets, analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography.

To investigate the stimulus-linked metabolism of platelet phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (PEP) which is not separable from diacyl PE by conventional methods, phospholipids extracted from stimulated platelets prelabelled with 3H-arachidonate (AA) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reported by us (Thrombos. Res. 36, 335, 1984 & 42, 461, 1986). When washed human platelets were stimulated by thrombin or A23187, the amount of PEP monitored by optical density was significantly decreased in consort with phosphatidylcholine (PC), indicating an active participation of PEP in the liberation of AA. Unlike other major phospholipids, PEP hardly incorporated 3H-AA in the resting state but upon stimulation gradual but significant uptake of 3H-AA by PEP was observed. The amount of uptake was not affected by the level of cytosolic free Ca2+ or by the amount of liberated AA, ruling out a direct participation of this unique reacylation process as negative feed back system.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fatty aldehydes of the plasmalogenic form of phosphatidylethanolamine in the vertebrate brain].

Studies have been made on the composition of fatty aldehydes of plasmalogen form of ethanolamine phospholipid in the brain of 28 fish species (13 cartilaginous and 15 teleost species, exhibiting different level of organization of the nervous system, marine and freshwater, dwelling in different habitats), as well as in the brain of other vertebrates. It was found that in all primitive species of cartilaginous fish high degree of unsaturation of fatty aldehydes is observed; in higher species the degree of unsaturation is much lower. The highest degree of unsaturation of fatty aldehydes was demonstrated for abyssal species of cartilaginous and teleost fishes. In warm-water species which dwell in the upper layers, unlike all other fishes investigated, almost all fatty aldehydes are saturated. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty aldehydes in fish brain depends on the entity of phylogenetic and ecological factors. Studies on other vertebrates show that in warm-blooded animals saturated fatty aldehydes predominate, whereas in cold-blooded-unsaturated ones are more abundant.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1967

Synthesis of fatty aldehydes and their cyclic acetals (new derivatives for the analysis of plasmalogens).

Saturated and unsaturated fatty aldehydes were prepared in good yield by the reduction of acid chlorides with lithium aluminum tri-t-butoxy hydride. Saturated odd and even numbered aldehydes were prepared by the ozonolysis-reduction of 1-alkenes. Ozonides were hydrogenated with a Lindlar catalyst or reduced with dimethyl sulfide. Several diols, including 1,3-propanediol and ethylene glycol, were used to synthesize cyclic acetals from aldehydes and plasmalogens in quantitative yield. Cyclic acetals were synthesized from 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazones when an exchanger such as acetone or acetylacetone was included in the reaction mixture. A number of physical and chemical properties indicate that cyclic acetals are stable compounds which do not decompose during storage or gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis. The cyclic acetals have unusually long retention volumes which are probably related to the large dipole moments found with cyclic compounds. These derivatives are, therefore, readily separated from their aldehyde and methyl ester analogues on polar and nonpolar stationary phases. GLC analysis of the aldehydogenic moieties in plasmologens may be conveniently carried out by direct conversion to cyclic acetals without preliminary isolation of aldehydes or removal of methyl esters by saponification.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2003

Age-related changes of the endogenous cardiolipin and plasmalogens of guinea pig kidney and their in vitro hydrolysis by endogenous phospholipases: a thin layer chromatographic analysis in conjunction with densitometric measurement.

The phosphoglycerides profile of guinea pig kidney, fetal, young adult, and aged, and their in vitro response to the endogenous lipolytic enzymes, mainly in the phospholipase group were determined by TLC technology in conjunction with densitometric measurement. Changes in phosphoglycerides profile subsequent to in vitro incubation of these tissues at pH 7.4, and 38 degrees C for 45 min and prior to phospholipid extraction has provided evidence relating to their respective lipolytic enzymes capabilities and age. These changes are mainly related to endogenous cardiolipin (CL), alkenyl phospholipids (phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline) and their endogenous deacylation to their respective lyso derivatives monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), lyso alkenyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE), and lyso alkenyl phosphatidyl choline (LPC) by endogenous phospholipases. The hydrolysis of the plasmalogen confirms the action of endogenous PLA(2) on sn-2 fatty acids of these compounds.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Peroxyl radicals: inductors of neurodegenerative and other inflammatory diseases. Their origin and how they transform cholesterol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, and proteins into deleterious products.

The most oxygen-sensitive constituents of cells are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are incorporated in the outermost layer of cells in the form of phospholipids. PUFAs easily suffer oxidation. Identical marker compounds of these lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes are generated in both neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, indicating a close relationship between the inducers of these events. Apparently, any alteration of the cell membrane structure influences the channels crossing the cell wall and causes an influx of Ca2+ ions. Ca2+ ions induce activation of phospholipases, which cleave phospholipids. Thus, the generated free PUFAs serve as substrates of lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases. LOXs transform PUFAs into lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs). If an outside impact exceeds a certain limit, the catalyzing bivalent iron ions in LOXs are liberated. They cleave the enzymatically generated LOOH molecules and induce a switch to nonenzymatic LPO reactions that produce peroxyl radicals (LOO*). Although LOO* radicals are also intermediates in enzymatic LPO processes, they are prevented from leaving the enzyme complex before the reaction is completed by generation of LOOH molecules. LOO* radicals are much more reactive than LOOH molecules and attack nearly all types of biological molecules. The generated products seem to serve as ligands for proteins that in turn induce gene activation. Thus, PUFA-phospholipids are apparently the precursor molecules of signal molecules that respond in a dose-related manner to any event that influences the cell structure by inducing an appropriate gene response. In this paper an overview of the deleterious chemical reactions initiated by LOO* radicals is presented. Many of these reactions have not been taken into account in previous research. These include epoxidation of cholesterol-PUFA esters, plasmalogens, and sphingolipids, as well as the release of hydrogen peroxide by the reaction of LOO* radicals with alcohols (sugars) and amines. The oxidation of proteins generating plaque formation involves only the LOO* radical-sensitive functional groups in side chains of the protein backbone and is therefore a rather late event in the development of Alzheimer disease and atherosclerosis.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1989

Differential accumulation of diacyl and plasmalogenic diglycerides during myocardial ischemia.

The recent discovery of neutral active choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid specific phospholipase C in myocardium (Wolf RA, Gross RW. J Biol Chem 1985;260:7295) has demonstrated a novel catabolic pathway that potentially contributes to the accumulation of amphiphilic metabolites during myocardial ischemia. To assess the potential importance of this pathway, we quantified the temporal course of alterations in myocardial 1-0-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol (AAG) and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) content during control and ischemic intervals in an isolated perfused Langendorf model. AAG accumulated over fivefold to 8.70 and 18.27 nmol/g dry in 20- and 60-minute ischemic rabbit hearts, respectively (p less than 0.02). The only AAG molecular species that was detected in substantial amounts in control or ischemic rabbit hearts was 1-0-hexadec-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol. Since this molecular species is enriched in plasmenylcholine these findings suggest that AAG production is likely mediated by phospholipase C-catalyzed hydrolysis of plasmenylcholine. In contrast to ischemia-induced AAG accumulation, DAG content decreased during both control and globally ischemic perfusion intervals. In summary, these findings demonstrate that AAG, in contrast to DAG, accumulates during myocardial ischemia indicating that at least some metabolites of plasmalogen and diacyl phospholipids accumulate at differential rates during myocardial ischemia.

Animals↗