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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Defining the ancestral karyotype of all primates by multidirectional chromosome painting between tree shrews, lemurs and humans.

We used multidirectional chromosome painting with probes derived by bivariate fluorescence-activated flow sorting of chromosomes from human, black lemur (Eulemur macaco macaco) and tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri, order Scandentia) to better define the karyological relationship of tree shrews and primates. An assumed close relationship between tree shrews and primates also assists in the reconstruction of the ancestral primate karyotype taking the tree shrew as an "outgroup" species. The results indicate that T. belangeri has a highly derived karyotype. Tandem fusions or fissions of chromosomal segments seem to be the predominant mechanism in the evolution of this tree shrew karyotype. The 22 human autosomal painting probes delineated 40 different segments, which is in the range found in most mammals analyzed by chromosome painting up to now. There were no reciprocal translocations that would distinguish the karyotype of the tree shrew from an assumed primitive primate karyotype. This karyotype would have included the chromosomal forms 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3/21, 4-11, 12a/22a, 12b/22b, 13, 14/15, 16a, 16b, 17, 18, 19a, 19b, 20 and X and Y and had a diploid chromosome number of 2n=50. Of these forms, chromosomes 1a, 1b, 4, 8, 12a/22a, and 12b/22b may be common derived characters that would link the tree shrew with primates. To define the exact phylogenetic relationships of the tree shrews and the genomic rearrangements that gave rise to the primates and eventually to humans further chromosome painting in Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Dermoptera and Chiroptera is needed, but many of the landmarks of genomic evolution are now known.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Paint as a source of recontamination of houses in urban environments and its role in maintaining elevated blood leads in children.

A detailed lead isotopic and scanning electron microscope investigation of particulates from three houses in urban Sydney, previously decontaminated by their owners, has shown that they have been recontaminated over varying periods, as short as 6 months. The source of recontamination is lead paint from adjoining dwellings whose paint is thoroughly deteriorated, as well as from unknown sources. In one house, the external to internal lead loading was > 10:1. The pathway for the lead paint contaminants is both airborne and mechanical transport into the houses. Recontamination of houses provides an explanation for the maintenance of elevated blood lead levels in the children residing in these houses. Recontamination can be a major urban problem applicable in any community which used leaded paints on dwellings in the past. It is a matter of concern for families with young children and couples, especially women who are, or intend to become, pregnant.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Thermal injuries due to paint thinner.

This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology and outcome of burn injuries due to paint thinner in a local burn center. During a 10-year period, 32 patients were admitted to our Burn Unit for paint thinner thermal burn. Patients were reviewed regarding the age, sex, etiologic factors, extent and localization of burn, treatment methods, length of hospitalization, and results. There were 30 males and 2 females. The mean age of patients was 25.9 +/- 11 years. The most common etiologic factor was kindling a fire with paint thinner. The mean extent of burn was 33.6 +/- 24% of the total body surface area. All patients sustained burn injury on the face, arms, and hands and five patients among them had extended burn areas on the trunk and/or lower extremity. The mean length of hospitalization for the survivors was 34.5 +/- 21.6 days. Twenty-eight patients were treated by early excision and split-thickness skin grafting. In four patients, burn wounds were healed by conservative management. Five patients with burn size of over 75% of the total body surface area died. In conclusion, paint thinner may be the cause of a catastrophic thermal injury and should not be used for the purpose of kindling fire.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Treatability of water-based paint wastewater with Fenton process in different reactor types.

Water-based paint wastewater which is formed during the coating step of metal surfaces performed with various spray processes include binders, pigments and additives. Binders and other additives may also affect the toxicity of the paint depending on the specific characteristics of the paint. This study deals with Water-based paint wastewater, which is hard to treat. Fenton oxidation process was principally used to treat the wastewater. Treatability runs were carried out by using rust (oxidized iron) particles obtained as a waste of the metal rolling process, as the Fenton's catalyst. In order to change the variables such as dimensions of the column, packing material size, reactive dosage, pH value and reaction time, the experiments on the basis of packed columns and mixed reactors were carried out to increase the COD removal. COD eliminations with pH adjustment were about 20%. With the contribution of Fenton process in both column and mixed-reactor studies, the COD removal was improved by about 80%.

Hydrogen Peroxide↗
PubMed2007

A new simple method with high precision for determining the toxicity of antifouling paints on brine shrimp larvae (Artemia): first results.

The use of antifouling paints is the only truly effective method for the protection of underwater structures from the development of fouling organisms. In the present study, the surface to volume concept constitutes the basis for the development of a new and improved method for determining the toxicity of antifouling paints on marine organisms. Particular emphasis is placed on the attainment of a standardized uniformity of coated surfaces. Failure to control the thickness of the coat of paint in previous studies of this type, has led to inaccurate evaluation of the relative toxicity of samples. Herein, an attempt is made to solve this problem using a simple technique which gives completely uniform and smooth surfaces. The effectiveness of this technique is assessed through two series of experiments using two different types of test containers: 50 ml modified syringes and 7 ml multiwells. The results of the toxicity experiments follow a normal distribution around the average value which allows to consider these values as reliable for comparison of the level of toxic effect detected with the two types of test containers. The mean lethal concentration L(S/V)(50) in the test series conducted in the multiwells (20.38 mm(2)ml(-1)) does not differ significantly from that obtained in the test series using modified syringes (20.065 mm(2)ml(-1)). It can thus be concluded from this preliminary study that the new method and the two different ways of exposing the test organisms to the antifouling paints and their leachates gave reliable and replicable results.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2005

Effectiveness of lead-hazard control interventions on dust lead loadings: findings from the evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program.

From 1994 to 1999, the Evaluation of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program studied the intervention experiences of over 2800 homes in 11 states in the USA. Each interior intervention was categorized as (in order of increasing intensity) (a) cleaning/spot painting; (b) complete repainting; (c) complete repainting plus window treatments; (d) window abatement plus treatments to other components; (e) abatement of all lead-based paint hazards; or (f) abatement of all lead-based paint. Complete dust testing and environmental data were available for 1034 and 278 dwellings through 12 and 36 months postintervention, respectively. Strategies ranging from complete repainting to window abatement plus other treatments reduced geometric mean preintervention windowsill and floor dust lead loadings up to 36 months postintervention (reductions for complete repainting, from 16 to 5 microg/ft2 on floors and 182 to 88 microg/ft2 on sills; for window abatement plus other treatments, 27-8 microg/ft2 on floors and 570-124 microg/ft2 on sills). Full abatement reduced windowsill and floor loadings from baseline to 12 months postintervention [95-6 microg/ft2 on floors and 518-30 microg/ft2 on sills (data were not available for this strategy at 36 months)]. Window lead-hazard abatement was the most effective measure to reduce dust lead loadings on windows, but this treatment would need to be performed in conjunction with treatments to floors as well as exterior and soil treatments for the most effective control of dust lead on floors.

Dust↗
PubMed2006

The formation of ultra-fine particles during ozone-initiated oxidations with terpenes emitted from natural paint.

The formation of secondary products during the ozone-initiated oxidations with biogenic VOCs emitted from natural paint was investigated in this study. Mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy measurements have shown that the major components of gas-phase chemicals emitted from natural paint are monoterpenes including alpha- and beta-pinenes, camphene, p-cymene, and limonene. A significant formation of gaseous carbonyl products and nano-sized particles (4.4-168nm) was observed in the presence of ozone. Carboxylic acids were also observed to form during the reactions (i.e. formic acid at 0.170ppm and acetic acid at 0.260ppm). The formation of particles increased as the volume of paint introduced into a reaction chamber increased. A secondary increase in the particle number concentration was observed after 440min, which suggests further partitioning of oxidation products (i.e. carboxylic acids) into the particles previously existing in the reaction chamber. The growth of particles increased as the mean particle diameter and particle mass concentrations increased during the reaction. The experimental results obtained in this study may provide insight into the potential exposure of occupants to irritating chemical compounds formed during the oxidations of biogenic VOCs emitted from natural paint in indoor environments.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2006

A practical ranking system to compare toxicity of anti-fouling paints.

The toxicity of a number of new anti-fouling paints, claimed to function by physical means and not by leakage of toxic substances, have been tested on two common organisms in the Baltic Sea, i.e., the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne and the copepod Nitocra spinipes. In order to compare the toxicity between the paints a ranking system was developed based on the EC(50)- and LC(50)-values. The results showed a wide span in toxicity with the most toxic paints ranked 160 times more toxic than the ones ranked least toxic. Also, TBT, irgarol and diuron, which have been used as active ingredients in traditional anti-fouling paints, were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the two test organisms. The results showed that the test organisms were equally sensitive to the substances as similar organisms in earlier studies. In conclusion, the ranking system presented in this study permits ranking and comparison of total toxicity of complex mixtures.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Screening for specific chromosome involvement in hematological malignancies using a set of seven chromosome painting probes. An alternative approach for chromosome analysis using standard FISH instrumentation.

We report the application of multi-color fluorescence in situ hydribidization (FISH) for bone marrow metaphase cell analysis of hematological malignancies using a sub-set of the human karyotype for chromosome painting. A combination of chromosome probes labeled with three haptens enabled the construction of a "painting probe" which detects seven different chromosomes. The probe was used to screen three chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) derived cell lines and ten CML patient bone marrow samples for aberrations, additional to the Ph rearrangement, that are associated with the onset of blast crisis of CML. This approach was shown to identify karyotype changes commonly seen by conventional karyotyping, and in addition revealed chromosome changes unresolved or undetected by conventional cytogenetic analysis. The seven-color painting probe provides a useful, fast, and reliable complementary tool for chromosome analysis, especially in cases with poor chromosome morphology. This is a simple approach, since the probes can be displayed in a standard red/green/blue format accessible to standard fluorescence microscopes and image-processing software. The proposed approach using panels of locus-specific probes as well as chromosome paints will be useful in all diagnostic routine environments where analysis is directed towards screening for genetic rearrangements and/or specific patterns of chromosome involvement with diagnostic/prognostic value.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1997

The acute pathologic changes of paint-injection injury and correlation to surgical treatment: a report of two cases.

The early histologic changes of digital tissues after paint-injection injury support the urgent need to remove all contaminated tissue. Paint causes immediate tissue necrosis on contact and then incites an immediate necrotizing inflammatory reaction that persists if the tissues are not completely debrided. Early histopathologic changes include vessel thrombosis, tissue necrosis, and acute necrotizing inflammatory infiltrate, all occurring only hours after injection injury. In light of these histologic changes, if paint cannot be completely removed from digital arteries in an attempt to salvage the finger, then the wound should be left open and the finger monitored for further necrosis in response to the retained paint.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative measurement of lead in paint by XRF analysis without manual substrate correction.

X-ray fluorescence analysis has been used for measurement of lead in paint for more than a decade. The early systems provided a nondestructive alternative technology to laboratory-based technologies, but were somewhat time consuming and often led to inconclusive results. The procedure required manual substrate correction, multiple measurements, operator's discretion in validating a measurement due to interfering elements and laboratory analysis of inconclusive samples. A new instrument, the RMD LPA-1 system, has been developed based on X-ray fluorescence technology that addresses all of the drawbacks to the older systems. This new system uses a carefully designed and controlled geometry and modern microprocessor technology to automatically provide a rapid quantitative measurement of lead in paint with a 95% confidence level. The improved precision and accuracy achieved with this system are due to geometric enhancements and a mathematical approach which incorporates corrections for both random and systematic errors such as matrix effects and Compton scatter. This technology has been incorporated in a hand-held X-ray fluorescence lead paint analyzer system. A key design philosophy for this system was to maintain a very narrow, task-specific focus, the system was not designed to be an all purpose XRF analyzer, rather it is optimized to meet regulatory requirements of lead paint testing in the most efficient manner. The development of the LPA-1 system is an example of what can be accomplished by listening to the needs and desires of the users, rethinking the design of an existing technique and incorporating modern microprocessor technology.

Lead↗
PubMed2003

Lead poisoning of seabirds: environmental risks from leaded paint at a decommissioned military base.

The sources and risk factors for lead exposure to humans are relatively well recognized, yet much less is known about lead exposure risks and effects to wildlife. Here we utilized lead isotopic fingerprinting to investigate sources of elevated lead exposure to Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) chicks in the Midway Island National Wildlife Refuge, which was established on the site of a decommissioned military base that previously had undergone lead remediation. Whole blood from chicks as well as soil and paint chips from the chicks' nests were collected from birds nesting close to (<5 m, building site) and distant from (>100 m, reference site) buildings and analyzed for lead levels and isotopic compositions using magnetic sector ICP-MS. Blood lead levels of chicks from the building site had a geometric mean of 190 microg/dL (average = 320 +/- 310 SD, range = 6.8-1400, n = 21) as compared to 4.5 microg/dL (average = 6.0 +/- 4.2 SD, range = 1.2-13, n = 15) in chicks from the reference site. Nest soil lead levels from both sites were similar and relatively low (0.05-11 microg/g) unless visibly contaminated with paint chips (building site). Isotopic analyses confirmed that leaded paint was the source of lead poisoning in these chicks and showed that the pathway of exposure was via direct ingestion of paint chips and not through contaminated soil. This study found continued risk to wildlife and possibly humans from lead hazards in a wildlife refuge established on a decommissioned military base. In addition, this study demonstrates the utility of lead isotopes to identify environmental lead hazards and exposure pathways to wildlife.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Reciprocal chromosome painting illuminates the history of genome evolution of the domestic cat, dog and human.

Domestic cats and dogs are important companion animals and model animals in biomedical research. The cat has a highly conserved karyotype, closely resembling the ancestral karyotype of mammals, while the dog has one of the most extensively rearranged mammalian karyotypes investigated so far. We have constructed the first detailed comparative chromosome map of the domestic dog and cat by reciprocal chromosome painting. Dog paints specific for the 38 autosomes and the X chromosomes delineated 68 conserved chromosomal segments in the cat, while reverse painting of cat probes onto red fox and dog chromosomes revealed 65 conserved segments. Most conserved segments on cat chromosomes also show a high degree of conservation in G-banding patterns compared with their canine counterparts. At least 47 chromosomal fissions (breaks), 25 fusions and one inversion are needed to convert the cat karyotype to that of the dog, confirming that extensive chromosome rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of the cat and dog. Comparative analysis of the distribution patterns of conserved segments defined by dog paints on cat and human chromosomes has refined the human/cat comparative genome map and, most importantly, has revealed 15 cryptic inversions in seven large chromosomal regions of conserved synteny between humans and cats.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of 24-color multifluor-fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) karyotyping by comparison with reverse chromosome painting of the human breast cancer cell line T-47D.

Multifluor-fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) chromosome paints for all the chromosomes in the human complement labeled with different combinations of fluorochromes is a recent technological development enabling assignment of chromosomal material to rearranged chromosomes. Little data is available on the accuracy and limitations of the approach to the analysis of complex karyotypes, which are characteristic of many malignant diseases. Here we compare M-FISH analysis of the breast-cancer-derived cell line T-47D with a previous analysis by reverse chromosome painting analysis of flow-sorted chromosomes from the same material. This demonstrated a high degree of concordance. It also illustrated the limitations of M-FISH analysis, including difficulties identifying small regions of chromosomal material and intrachromosomal rearrangements. Confirmation of selected aberrations using less-complex mixtures of painting probes and further definition of abnormalities using single copy markers may be required. The detailed karyotype description possible by M-FISH analysis contrasts with the definition in the original G-banding analysis. This and the level of concordance with reverse FISH painting supports the utility of the approach in the definition of complex karyotypes.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Comparative chromosome painting defines the karyotypic relationships among the domestic dog, Chinese raccoon dog and Japanese raccoon dog.

The Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides, 2n = 54 + 2-3 B) and Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes p. viverrinus, 2n = 38 + 3-4 B) are two subspecies of the same species. The genome-wide comparative chromosome map between the Japanese raccoon dog and domestic dog (Canis familiaris) has been established by fluorescence in-situ hybridization with a set of domestic dog painting probes. In this study, we established the comparative chromosome map for the Chinese raccoon dog and domestic dog. In total, dog probes specific for the 38 autosomes delineated 41 conserved chromosomal segments in the Chinese raccoon dog. Probes from dog chromosomes 1, 13 and 19 each painted two Chinese raccoon dog chromosome segments. Fifteen dog autosomal probes each hybridized to one Chinese raccoon dog chromosome, while each of the other dog autosomal probes painted to a single Chinese raccoon dog chromosomal arm. Dog X chromosome probe delineated the entire X chromosome of the Chinese raccoon dog; the dog Y chromosome probe hybridized to the pseudoautosomal region at the Xpter as well as the entire Y chromosome of the Chinese raccoon dog. Comparative analysis of the distribution patterns of conserved segments defined by dog paints in the genomes of the Chinese and Japanese raccoon dogs demonstrates that their differences in the karyotypes of these two subspecies could have resulted from eight Robertsonian translocations. The large difference in chromosome number between the Chinese and Japanese raccoon dogs suggests that they should be considered as two distinct species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Chromosome paints from single copies of chromosomes.

We have used OmniPlex library technology to construct chromosome painting probes from single copies of flow sorted chromosomes. We show that this whole genome amplification technology is particularly efficient at amplifying single copies of chromosomes for the production of paints and that single aberrant chromosomes can be analysed in this way using reverse chromosome painting. The efficient generation of painting probes from single copies of sorted chromosomes has the advantage that the probe must be specific for the chromosome sorted and will not suffer from contamination from other chromosomes particularly in situations where flow karyotype peaks are poorly resolved. These initial results suggest that OmniPlex whole genome amplification will be equally effective in other cytogenetic applications where only small amounts of DNA are available, i.e. from single cells or from small pieces of microdissected tissue.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Evolution of genome organizations of squirrels (Sciuridae) revealed by cross-species chromosome painting.

With complete sets of chromosome-specific painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of human and grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), the whole genome homologies between human and representatives of tree squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis, Callosciurus erythraeus), flying squirrels (Petaurista albiventer) and chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) have been defined by cross-species chromosome painting. The results show that, unlike the highly rearranged karyotypes of mouse and rat, the karyotypes of squirrels are highly conserved. Two methods have been used to reconstruct the genome phylogeny of squirrels with the laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as the out-group: (1) phylogenetic analysis by parsimony using chromosomal characters identified by comparative cytogenetic approaches; (2) mapping the genome rearrangements onto recently published sequence-based molecular trees. Our chromosome painting results, in combination with molecular data, show that flying squirrels are phylogenetically close to New World tree squirrels. Chromosome painting and G-banding comparisons place chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus ), with a derived karyotype, outside the clade comprising tree and flying squirrels. The superorder Glires (orde Rodentia + order Lagomorpha) is firmly supported by two conserved syntenic associations between human chromosomes 1 and 10p homologues, and between 9 and 11 homologues.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Representation of animals in the paintings of Albert Anker (1831-1910)].

Albert Anker broke with the old tradition to become a veterinarian and studied to be a painter at Paris. He lived from 1831-1910 and is one of the best known painters of Switzerland. His work consists of rough outlines, drawings, watercolours and numerous oil paintings (more than 800) in all fields of painting. In particularAlbert Anker gained great esteem with his numerous portraits and interpretations of the rural daily life (genre painting). Rarely pictorial representations of animals are to be found on his paintings in opposite to people. Especially these animals don't feature the fidelity of the details which is so typically for Albert Anker. Three examples demonstrate this lack and in what it consist of. An attempt will be made to explain the cause of this phenomenon.

Animals↗