[Studies on obesity in a rural district of East-Mecklenburg. I. Occurrence of obesity and degree of severity of obesity in dependence of sex and age].
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Adolescent↗
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[Obesity. Physiopathological considerations drawn from the study of the physiology of adipose tissue and behavior of experimental obesity, especially of obesity of genetic origin in animals].
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Animals↗
Epidemiological studies on obesity in a Japanese rural district: the metabolic aspects of adult obesity comparing with child obesity.
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Adult↗
Ovariectomy without obesity and obesity without hyperadipocytocity. Supermarket dietary and ovariectomy-induced obesities compared in weanlings and adult rats.
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Adipose Tissue↗
The effect of obesity on the single breath pulmonary diffusing capacity: a new equation for predicting normal values in obese and non--obese subjects.
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Adolescent↗
[Obesity and diseases. 1. Epidemiology of obesity. Additional report. Obesity and accumulation of risk factors--evaluation of junior high to college level students and middle-aged adults].
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Adolescent↗
[Evaluation of body composition by means of anthropometric measures in obese and non obese adolescents from two socioeconomic levels].
Anthropometric measures of 120 female adolescents were analyzed, 60 of them from a low socio-economic level (LSEL),and 60 from a high socio-economic level (HSEL), with 30 obese and 30 non-obese in each group, in an attempt to verify differences between the socio-economic levels in relation to the body-composition and the distribution of fat throughout the body. The weight,height, upper arm circumference and 4 skin folds (triceps, biceps,subscapular and suprailiac) were measured, and the arm muscle area, arm fat area and percentage of body fat were estimated. Those who were obese from LSEL presented an average height lower (p<0.05) than the obese from HSEL, and a greater proportion of this group presented a height deficit for their age. The arm muscle area was greater (p<0.05) in the obese from HSEL, but the percentage of body fat was similar in the two groups as well as the measures of the isolated skin folds. The increase in fat in the obese from LSEL, when compared with the non-obese, was 2.8 times greater than the muscle. In the HSEL, this increase was 1.3 times greater. It was concluded that the obese from both socio-economic levels presented different types of obesity in relation to body composition,but were similar in relation to body fat distribution.
English Abstract↗
Obesity in families of extremely obese women.
In order to assess the prevalence of obesity in families of extremely obese individuals, we conducted a mail survey of a national obesity organization. Thirty-nine percent (N=981) of the questionnaires were completed and returned. Respondents were excluded from further analysis if they were adopted, male, their gender could not be determined, provided incomplete information about their parents or their own height and weight, or were less than 22 or greater than 63 years of age. The analyses included 729 probands and their families. Both the prevalence and the extent of obesity were high in the families members. The average family members' body mass index (BMI=kg/m2) was 30, and 78% of the families studied had at least one other obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child). Although obesity was common in the families, survey respondents were generally the heaviest members of their families, having an average BMI of 47 kg/m2. Correlations among first-degree relatives were similar to those found for average weight groups, suggesting that obesity and BMI are similarly influenced by family genetic factors in this extremely obese population.
Adult↗
Low muscle mass--tall and obese children a special genre of obesity.
The prevalence of over-weight and obesity has increased markedly in the last two decades and vast international resources have been directed toward researching these issues. Obesity would appear to be a problem that is easy to resolve: just eat less and move more. However, this very common condition has turned out to be extremely troublesome, and in some cases even insolvable. A perspective is presented here suggesting that some of the insoluble cases of obesity are the result of an inborn condition of a very low muscle mass. The interplay between less muscle and more fat tissue is discussed from physiological and environmental perspectives with an emphasis on the early years of childhood. It is proposed that these interactions lead to bodily economic decisions sliding between thrift or prodigal strategies. The thrift strategy results not only in obesity and less physical activity but also in other maladies which the body is unable to manage. What leads to obesity (less muscle, more fat) in the medial population will result in morbid obesity when the children are short of muscle tissue from the start. Attempts to lessen the consequences of low muscle mass, which might be very difficult at adulthood, can be more fruitful if initiated at childhood. Early recognition of the ailment is thus crucial. Based on studies demonstrating a 'rivalry' between muscle build-up and height growth at childhood, it is postulated that among the both taller and more obese children the percentage of children with lower muscle mass will be significant. A survey of the height and BMI (Body Mass Index) of Israeli fifth graders supports this postulation. A special, body/muscle-building gymnastics program for children is suggested as a potential early intervention to partially prevent this type of almost irreversible ill progress of obesity.
Adipose Tissue↗
Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society.
Obesity causes serious medical complications and impairs quality of life. Moreover, in older persons, obesity can exacerbate the age-related decline in physical function and lead to frailty. However, appropriate treatment for obesity in older persons is controversial because of the reduction in relative health risks associated with increasing body mass index and the concern that weight loss could have potential harmful effects in the older population. This joint position statement from the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society reviews the clinical issues related to obesity in older persons and provides health professionals with appropriate weight-management guidelines for obese older patients. The current data show that weight-loss therapy improves physical function, quality of life, and the medical complications associated with obesity in older persons. Therefore, weight-loss therapy that minimizes muscle and bone losses is recommended for older persons who are obese and who have functional impairments or medical complications that can benefit from weight loss.
Aged↗
TNFalpha expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese and morbid obese females: relationship to adipocyte LPL activity and leptin synthesis.
INTRODUCTION: Tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) has been invoked as an adipostat. Accordingly, the adipose tissue expression of TNFalpha has been shown to be proportional to the degree of adiposity. The regulatory role of TNFalpha in obesity may be controlled by several mechanisms. These include the inhibitory effect on LPL activity, the mediation on glucose homeostasis or the effect on leptin. To assess the role of TNFalpha in obesity we measured adipocyte TNFalpha expression in 96 females with a wide range of adiposity and with or without type 2 diabetes. We analysed the relationship between TNFalpha expression, adipocyte LPL activity, insulin resistance and leptin in this population. RESULTS: The TNFalpha and leptin expression of the adipose tissue in obese and morbid obese patients were significantly higher than in controls. Obese and morbid obese patients had slightly higher levels of LPL activity, but these differences were not significant. We observed a significant relationship between adipose TNFalpha expression and body mass index (r=0.35, P<0.001). TNFalpha expression was negatively related to LPL activity (r=-0.28, P<0.05) and positively related to leptin expression (r=0.35, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that obese women, even those with morbid obesity, over-express TNFalpha in subcutaneous adipose tissue in proportion to the magnitude of the fat depot and independently of the presence of type 2 diabetes. The TNFalpha system may be a homeostatic mechanism that prevents further fat deposition by regulating LPL activity and leptin production.
Adipocytes↗
Obese gene expression: reduction by fasting and stimulation by insulin and glucose in lean mice, and persistent elevation in acquired (diet-induced) and genetic (yellow agouti) obesity.
Mutations in the obese (ob) gene lead to obesity. This gene has been recently cloned, but the factors regulating its expression have not been elucidated. To address the regulation of the ob gene with regard to body weight and nutritional factors, Northern blot analysis was used to assess ob mRNA in adipose tissue from mice [lean, obese due to diet, or genetically (yellow agouti) obese] under different nutritional conditions. ob mRNA was elevated in both forms of obesity, compared to lean controls, correlated with elevations in plasma insulin and body weight, but not plasma glucose. In lean C57BL/6J mice, but not in mice with diet-induced obesity, ob mRNA decreased after a 48-hr fast. Similarly, in lean C57BL/6J controls, but not in obese yellow mice, i.p. glucose injection significantly increased ob mRNA. For up to 30 min after glucose injection, ob mRNA in lean mice significantly correlated with plasma glucose, but not with plasma insulin. In a separate study with only lean mice, ob mRNA was inhibited >90% by fasting, and elevated approximately 2-fold 30 min after i.p. injection of either glucose or insulin. These results suggest that in lean animals glucose and insulin enhance ob gene expression. In contrast to our results in lean mice, in obese animals ob mRNA is elevated and relatively insensitive to nutritional state, possibly due to chronic exposure to elevated plasma insulin and/or glucose.
Animals↗
Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society.
Obesity causes serious medical complications and impairs quality of life. Moreover, in older persons, obesity can exacerbate the age-related decline in physical function and lead to frailty. However, appropriate treatment for obesity in older persons is controversial because of the reduction in relative health risks associated with increasing body mass index and the concern that weight loss could have potential harmful effects in the older population. This joint position statement from the American Society for Nutrition and the NAASO, The Obesity Society reviews the clinical issues related to obesity in older persons and provides health professionals with appropriate weight-management guidelines for obese older patients. The current data show that weight-loss therapy improves physical function, quality of life, and the medical complications associated with obesity in older persons. Therefore, weight-loss therapy that minimizes muscle and bone losses is recommended for older persons who are obese and who have functional impairments or medical complications that can benefit from weight loss.
Aged↗
Proteome analysis of skeletal muscle from obese and morbidly obese women.
Obesity-related diseases such as the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes originate, in part, from the progressive metabolic deterioration of skeletal muscle. A preliminary proteomic survey of rectus abdominus muscle detected a statistically significant increase in adenylate kinase (AK)1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and aldolase A in obese/overweight and morbidly obese women relative to lean control subjects. AK1 is essential for the maintenance of cellular energy charge, and GAPDH and aldolase A are well known glycolytic enzymes. We found that muscle AK1 protein and enzymatic activity increased 2.9 and 90%, respectively, in obese women and 9.25 and 100%, respectively, in morbidly obese women. The total enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, which also regulates energy metabolism in muscle, was shown to increase 30% in obese/overweight women only. We propose that increased protein and enzymatic activity of AK1 is representative of a compensatory glycolytic drift to counteract reduced muscle mitochondrial function with the progression of obesity. This hypothesis is supported by increased abundance of the glycolytic enzymes GAPDH and aldolase A in obese and morbidly obese muscle. In summary, proteome analysis of muscle has helped us better describe the molecular etiology of obesity-related disease.
Adenylate Kinase↗
Long-term pharmacotherapy in the management of obesity. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the rationale for long-term use of medications in the management of obesity, to provide an overview of published scientific information on their safety and efficacy, and to provide guidance to patients and practitioners regarding risks and benefits of treatment. DATA SOURCES: Original reports and reviews obtained through electronic database searches on anorexiant drugs supplemented by a manual search of bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION: English-language articles that discussed the role of medications in the treatment of human obesity, and studies that evaluated their safety and efficacy for a minimum of 24 weeks. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were reviewed by experts in the fields of nutrition, obesity, and eating disorders to evaluate study design and the validity of authors' conclusions. DATA SYNTHESIS: The long-term use of medications in the management of obesity is consistent with the current consensus that obesity responds poorly to short-term interventions. Net weight loss attributable to medication is modest, ranging from 2 to 10 kg, but patients taking active drug are more likely to lose 10% or more of initial body weight. Weight loss tends to reach a plateau by 6 months. Weight remains below baseline throughout treatment, although some studies show partial weight regain despite continued drug therapy. Most adverse effects are mild and self-limited, but rare serious outcomes have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacotherapy for obesity, when combined with appropriate behavioral approaches to change diet and physical activity, helps some obese patients lose weight and maintain weight loss for at least 1 year. There is little justification for the short-term use of anorexiant medications, but few studies have evaluated their safety and efficacy for more than 1 year. Until more data are available, pharmacotherapy cannot be recommended for routine use in obese individuals, although it may be helpful in carefully selected patients.
Appetite Depressants↗
Effects of daily exercise on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55-64-year-old obese Asian Indian men: the Calcutta longitudinal study.
The present longitudinal study was undertaken to study the effect of brisk walking on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55-64-year-old obese Asian Indian men. A total of 45 obese (body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2)) men took part in the study. They were monitored for 20 weeks. Obesity measures, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 30 min of brisk walking were recorded for each participant. Brisk walking was defined as 2 km of walking by 30 min with moderate sweating. A general linear model (GLM) repeated-measures analysis procedure with Scheffé's post hoc test revealed that group I (up to 5 weeks of exercise) had significantly greater means compared to groups II (6-10 weeks), III (11-15 weeks), and IV (16-20 weeks) for body mass index (P < 0.01), waist-hip ratio (P < 0.001), percent body fat (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and FPG (P < 0.001), whereas group I had a significantly lower mean than groups II, III, and IV for frequency of brisk walking (P < 0.01). It was also observed that change in Delta blood pressure and Delta FPG had a significant positive association with Delta obesity measures, independent of age effect. Therefore, brisk walking is recommended to lower blood pressure, blood glucose, and obesity (particularly central obesity) in middle-aged obese individuals.
Blood Glucose↗
Obesity level and attrition: support for patient-treatment matching in obesity treatment.
Obesity treatment studies report attrition rates from 20% to 45%. To reduce attrition, researchers have proposed matching patients to treatment based upon level of obesity. The current study attempted to validate the commonly held assumption that a mismatch between obesity level and treatment will promote attrition. The level of obesity and attrition rates of 39 adults who enrolled in a 12-session behavior therapy program were examined. As obesity level increased, so did attrition. Sixty-nine percent of subjects with mild obesity, 43% of subjects with moderate obesity and 0% of subjects with severe obesity completed treatment.
Body Mass Index↗
Antipyrine disposition in obesity: evidence for negligible effect of obesity on hepatic oxidative metabolism.
Following an overnight fast and 2 days of abstention from caffeine, a single 1.0-g oral dose of antipyrine was administered to 20 obese but otherwise healthy subjects (group A) and 11 healthy volunteers (group B). Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI) and % of Ideal Body Weight (IBW) were significantly greater in the obese than in the lean group. (Mean 110.4 vs 62.7 kg; 38.5 vs 22.3 kg.m-2 and 181 vs 106% respectively). In a subgroup of 6 obese subjects (group C) antipyrine was given again 11.3 months later after a 29.8 kg mean weight loss. Antipyrine apparent volume of distribution (V) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were significantly greater in the obese than in the lean group (V 49.9 vs 34.3 l respectively; t1/2 15.5 vs 12.0 h respectively), but its clearance rate (CL0) values were similar. V corrected for total body weight was significantly reduced in group A than in group B (0.45 vs 0.55 l.kg-1 respectively). Stratified comparison of antipyrine pharmacokinetics between obese and lean subjects according to age, gender and smoking habits did not alter the overall results. In group C, weight reduction was associated with a significant decrease in antipyrine V (from 51.8 to 47.5 l) and t1/2 (from 15.1 to 12.7 h), and a non-significant increase in antipyrine CL0. We conclude that in severely obese subjects, antipyrine total V is mildly increased but V corrected for total body weight is significantly decreased. In addition, obesity is associated with a slight prolongation of antipyrine t1/2 whereas its CL0 is unaltered. These findings may indicate that obesity, even in its extreme form, has a negligible effect on the oxidative metabolic capacity of the liver.
Adolescent↗